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Vol 10, Issue 3, 2017
Online - 2455-3891
Print - 0974-2441
PHYTOCHEMICAL STUDIES AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY-MASS SPECTROMETRY ANALYSIS
OF SARCOSTEMMA BREVISTIGMA, WIGHT & ARN.
DHIVYA SM*, KALAICHELVI K
Department of Botany, Vellalar College for Women (Autonomous), Thindal, Erode, Tamil Nadu, India. Email: diviproject27a8@gmail.com
Received: 09 December 2016, Revised and Accepted: 28 December 2016
ABSTRACT
Objective: To explore the phytochemical constituents present in Sarcostemma brevistigma using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS).
Methods: Preliminary phytochemical analysis of secondary metabolites was made by following standard procedures. GC-MS analysis of the plant
extracts was performed by using GC-MS equipped with a DB-35MS capillary standard non-polar column and gas chromatograph interfaced to a Mass
Selective Detector (MS-DSQ-II) with Xcalibur software.
Results: The qualitative phytochemical analysis of this species exhibited the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, amino
acids, tannins, terpenoids, quinones, and coumarin. The GC-MS analysis revealed the presence of 24 compounds in the ethanolic extract of aerial part
of Sarcostemma brevistigma. The most prevailing compound was 14,17 bis(dimethylaminoamino)[3.3]paracyclophan-5,8-diacetonitrile (14.86%).
Conclusion: The study concludes that the species Sarcostemma brevistigma is a potential source for bioactive compounds such as esters, alkanes,
alcohols, alkenes, amide, amine, phenol, ketone, and so forth. This study justifies the traditional usage of this species.
Keywords: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, Sarcostemma brevistigma, Phytochemical compounds, Medicinal plants.
INTRODUCTION
For millennia, people around the world have healed the sick with herbal
derived remedies and handed down through generations. Traditional
medicine is the sum total of knowledge, skills and practices based on the
theories, beliefs and experiences indigenous to different cultures that
are used to maintain health, as well as to prevent, diagnose, improve
or treat physical and mental illness [1]. Various types of traditional
medicine and other medical practices referred to as complementary
or alternative medicine are increasingly used in both developing and
developed countries.
Presently, there is an increasing interest worldwide in herbal
medicines accompanied by increased laboratory investigations into
the pharmacological properties of the bioactive ingredients and their
ability to treat various diseases. Various drugs have entered into the
international market through exploration of ethnopharmacology
and traditional medicine. Although scientific studies are carried out
on a large number of plants, smaller number of marketable drugs or
phytochemical entities has entered the evidence-based therapeutics [2].
Even today, bioactive compounds from plants continue to play a major
role in health-care benefits [3]. GC for bioactive components is the more
appropriate technique to identify the new phytochemicals of medicinal
importance which have higher activity against many diseases [4,5].
Sarcostemma brevistigma, Wight & Arn. is a potential medicinal plant
belonging to the family Asclepiadaceae. It is used in the traditional
systems of medicine for various ailments. The decoction of the plant
is useful to gargle for throat and mouth infection. Fresh roots are
prescribed for jaundice [6,7]. The plant is hot, bitter, tonic, expectorant,
pungent, dry and indigestible causes flatulence, diuretic, laxative,
aphrodisiac, anthelmintic, useful in leukoderma and bronchitis. The
juice is used in gleet, gonorrhea, pain in the muscles, cough and given
to children as an astringent [8]. Leaf powder stimulates articulatory
system, increases secretion of urine and activates uterus [9]. The fruit
juice is used in gonorrhea and to relieve pain in muscles [10]. The
leaves, roots, and latex are employed in treating asthma, rheumatism,
arthritis, chronic ulcer, fever, cough, snake bite, bronchitis, dysentery,
purgative, leprosy, tumor, vesicant, constipation, skin diseases, and
stomach distension [11] in Tamil Nadu, India. However, no much
scientific validation has been made for this species for its medicinal
uses.
To address the lacuna, this study was aimed to evaluate the
phytochemical compounds present in the ethanolic extract of aerial
part of Sarcostemma brevistigma using gas chromatography-mass
spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis.
METHODS
Chemicals
In this study, all the chemicals were purchased from Hi Media Pvt. Ltd.,
Mumbai. The chemicals used were of analytical grade.
Collection and identification of plant material
Sarcostemma brevistigma was collected from Pillur Beat (Pillur slope
RF and Nellithurai RF), Karamadai Range, Western Ghats, Tamil Nadu,
India. The authenticity of the plant was confirmed in Botanical Survey of
India, Southern Circle, Coimbatore by referring the deposited specimen.
The voucher number of the specimen was BSI/SRC/5/23/2015/
Tech./2334.
Preparation of extract
The aerial parts were washed under running tap water, shade dried
at room temperature, and powdered. The powdered plant sample
(50 g/250 ml) was extracted successively with ethanol, methanol,
hexane and water using Soxhlet apparatus at 55-850°C for 8-10 hrs
to extract the polar and non-polar compounds [12]. For each solvent
extraction, the powdered pack material was air dried and then used.
The solvents of the respective extracts were reduced under room
© 2017 The Authors. Published by Innovare Academic Sciences Pvt Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.
org/licenses/by/4. 0/) DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i3.16538
Research Article
463
Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 10, Issue 3, 2017, 462-466
Dhivya and Kalaichelvi
temperature and stored at 4°C for further use. The dried plant extracts
were then redissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide to get the solution of
10 mg/10 ml for each extract which was subjected to analysis of
phytochemicals and GC-MS studies.
Phytochemical screening
Preliminary qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out to
identify the secondary metabolites present in ethanol, methanol,
hexane, and aqueous extract of aerial part of test plant.
GC-MS analysis
Ethanolic extract of aerial part of Sarcostemma brevistigma was analyzed
for the presence of different volatile compounds by GC-MS technique.
GC-MS analysis of some of the potent volatile constituents present in the
extract was performed at the South India Textile Research Association,
Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India. GC analysis of the extracts was performed
using a GC-MS (Model; Thermo Trace GC Ultra Ver. 5.0, Thermo MS DSQ
II) equipped with a DB-35MS capillary standard non-polar column
(30 m length × outside diameter 0.25 mm × internal diameter 0.25 µm)
and gas chromatograph interfaced to a Mass Selective Detector (MS-
DSQ-II) with Xcalibur software. For GC-MS detection, an electron
ionization system with ionization energy of −70 eV was used. Helium
gas was used as a carrier gas at a constant flow rate of 1 ml/minutes and
the sample injected was 1μl; Injector temperature 260°C; Ion source
temperature 200°C. The oven temperature was programmed from 75°
to 260°C at the rate of 10°C/minutes, held isothermal for 1 minute and
finally raised to 260°C at 6°C/minutes. Interface temperature was kept
at 260°C. Total GC run time was 37.53 minutes. The relative percentage
of each extract constituent was expressed as a percentage with peak
area normalization.
Identification of bioactive compounds
The identification of the components in the extract was assigned by the
comparison of their retention indices and mass spectra fragmentation
patterns with those stored on the computer library and also with
published literatures. NIST (Mc Lafferly, 1989), WILEY (Stein, 1990)
library sources were also used for matching the identified components
from the plant material.
RESULTS
The preliminary phytochemical screening of Sarcostemma brevistigma
revealed the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, flavonoids, phenols,
saponins, steroids, amino acids, tannins, terpenoids, quinones,
anthraquinones, and coumarin (Table 1).
The total ion chromatogram of ethanol extract of Sarcostemma
brevistigma showing the GC-MS profile of the compounds identified
was given in Fig. 1. The peaks in the chromatogram were integrated
and were compared with the database of the spectrum of known
components stored in the GC-MS library. The detailed tabulation of GC-
MS analysis was given in Table 2.
A total of 24 compounds were identified in the ethanolic extract of
the plant. The identification of phytochemical compounds was based
on the peak area, retention time, molecular weight, and molecular
formula. The highest peak area (%) of 14.86 was obtained by 14,17
bis(dimethylamino amino)[3,3] paracyclophan-5,8-diacetonitrile
(cyanide) with retention time 34.66 and the lowest peak area (%) of
1.73 was obtained by O,O-dipropyl isopropylphosphonate (phenol)
with retention time 32.32.
DISCUSSION
The phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids,
glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, saponins, steroids, tannins, terpenoids,
anthraquinones, quinones, starch, gum, amino acid, coumarin, and fixed
oil (Table 1). These phytochemicals exhibited a wide range of biological
effects as consequence of their antioxidant properties [13,14].
The bioactive compounds phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins, and
many other compounds have been reported to be free radical scavengers
and inhibitors of lipid peroxidation [15], and these compounds show
important properties such as anticancer, hepatoprotective effect, anti-
oxidant, antiglycemic, anti-inflammatory, wound healing, analgesic, and
many more [16,17]. The antioxidant properties of phenolic acids and
flavonoids were due to their redox properties, ability to chelate metals,
and quenching of singlet oxygen [18].
Alkaloids have been associated with medicinal uses for centuries, and
one of their common biological properties was their cytotoxicity [19],
Table 1: Qualitative phytochemical screening of the plant
extracts of Sarcostemma brevistigma
S. No. Phyto
constituents
Aerial parts of Sarcostemma brevistigma
Hexane Ethanol Methanol Aqueous
1. Alkaloids In traces ++ ++ In traces
2. Flavonoids ++ +++ +++ ++
3. Quinones In traces ++ In traces In traces
4. Phenols ++ ++ ++ ++
5. Tannins ++ ++ ++ ++
6. Saponins - + - -
7. Steroids + ++ ++ +
8. Antraquinones + + + +
9. Terpenoids ++ ++ ++ +
10. Coumarin + + + ++
11. Glycosides +++ +++ +++ +++
(+++): Highly present, (++): Moderately present, (+): Low Present, (-): Absent
Fig. 1: Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry chromatogram of ethanolic extract of Sarcostemma brevistigma
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Asian J Pharm Clin Res, Vol 10, Issue 3, 2017, 462-466
Dhivya and Kalaichelvi
S. No. RT Compound name Molecular
formula
Molecular
weight
Area
%
Functional
groups
Biological activities
1. 9.95 3,4[methylenedioxy] phenethylamine C9H11NO2165 1.33 Amine Analgesics that are
pain killers, increase
brain function,
disinfection of
drinking water
2. 17.32 9-chloro-9-methoxy-9H-fluorene C14H11ClO 230 1.53 Methyl ester Antiinflammation and
antimicrobial activity
3. 20.89 Butyl glycol acetate C8H16O3160 2.58 Ester Antioxidant, flavour,
hypocholesterolemic,
nematicide,
pesticide, lubricant,
antiandrogenic,
haemolytic, 5-alpha
reductase inhibitor
4. 25.78 5,10-dimethyl-6,8
-bisdehydropentatridecafulavalene
C20H16 256 2.98 Alkene Anti-HIV activity and
anticancerous activity
5. 26.37 Methyl 2-diazo-3-oxo-4-propylhept-
6-enoate
C11H16N2O3224 1.08 Ester Antioxidant, flavour,
hypocholesterolemic,
nematicide,
pesticide, lubricant,
antiandrogenic,
haemolytic, 5-alpha
reductase inhibitor
6. 27.02 1-(dimethylamino)-4,5-dihydro
-3-methyl-1H-benz[g] indole
C15H18N2226 1.12 Amine Analgesics that are
pain killers, increase
brain function,
disinfection of
drinking water
7. 29.24 Cyclohexane, 1,3,5-trimethyl
-2-octadecyl- (CAS)
C27H54 378 4.50 Alkane Antimicrobial
agents, trans ducer
for immunosensor
and its method
of production,
carcinogens, enzymes
inhibitors
8. 30.04 6-Methyl-14H-benzo[6,7]cyclohepta[1,2-b]
naphtha [1,2-d] indole-14-one
C22H15NO 309 1.22 Ketone Dry asthma, colds, flu
and dry cough
9. 30.53 7-Hydroxycymopochromenol C16H21BrO3340 1.89 Hydroxyl Antimicrobial activity
10. 31.26 Cis-2,3-epoxy-1-cyclohexanol C6H10O2114 2.28 Alcoholic
compound
Antimicrobial activity
11. 31.85 7-hydroxymethyl-1-bromo
-4-isopropoxy-5-methoxy naphthalene
C15H17BrO3324 4.64 Aromatic
bicyclic
compound
Anticancerous
activity
12. 32.32 O, O-dipropyl isopropylphosphonate C9H21O3P 208 1.73 Phenol Antioxidant,
analgesics antipyretic
and antiinflammatory
13. 32.87 Tricarbonyl [ü(4)-diethyl
-2,5-dihydro-2,3-dimethyl-ex o
-2-phenyl-1H-1,2,5 azasilaborol] iron
C17H22BFeNO3Si 383 2.87 Phenol Antioxidant,
analgesics, antipyretic
and antiinflammatory
14. 33.32 Methyl-2,3,4-Tris-O-[9 borabicyclo[3.3.1]
Non-9-Yl]-À-D-Xylopyranoside
C30H51B3O5524 2.47 Heterocyclic
compound
Antiinflammatory,
anti-HIV,
anticancerous,
antifungal and
antiviral activity
15. 33.68 2’,3’,5,6,6’7’-hexamethylspiro
[benzofuran-3 (2H)-9’-[9 H]-xanthen-2-one
C26H24O3384 5.49 Ketone Dry asthma, colds, flu
and dry cough
16. 33.97 3,4 bis (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl)
-1-[2-(4-methoxyphenyl) ethyl]
pyrrole-2,5-dicarboxylic acid
C33H35NO11 621 2.90 Carboxylic
compound
Joint pain and fever
17. 34.66 14,17 bis (dimethylaminoamino)[3.3]
paracyclophan-5,8-diacetonitrile
C26H32N4400 14.86 Cyanide Tuberculosis and
leprosy
Table 2: Bioactive compounds identified in the ethanolic extract of Sarcostemma brevistigma
(Contd...)
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Dhivya and Kalaichelvi
S. No. RT Compound name Molecular
formula
Molecular
weight
Area
%
Functional
groups
Biological activities
18. 35.11 6á-Acetylamido-5à
-hydroxyandrostane-3á,7á-diiacetate
C25H39NO6449 1.31 Ester Antioxidant, flavour,
hypocholesterolemic,
nematicide,
pesticide, lubricant,
antiandrogenic,
haemolytic, 5-alpha
reductase inhibitor
19. 35.60 1-(3-chloro-phenyl)-5-[(2-mercapto-phe
nylamino)-methylene]-2-thioxo-dihyd
ro-pyrimidine-4,6-dione
C17H12ClN3O2S2389 7.66 Diketone Antiulcer, and
gastroprotective
drugs, antiasthmatics
and lung diseases,
carcinogenic agents,
antidiabetic agents
20. 36.23 Butanesulfonic acid, 4-
(diphenylphosphinyl)-, methyl ester
C17H21O4PS 352 3.15 Methyl ester Antiinflammation and
antimicrobial activity
21. 37.49 12-Hydroxy-9-methyl-5H,11H
-pyrano[3’,2’:6,7][1]benzopyrano[3,4-c]
pyridine-5,11-dione
(Isoschumanniophytine)
C16H9NO5295 5.01 Diketone Antiulcer, and
gastroprotective
drugs, antiasthmatics
and lung diseases,
carcinogenic agents,
antidiabetic agents
22. 37.76 1-(ethoxycarbonyl)-5-chloro
-4-methoxy-3-ethylpent an-2-one
C11H19CIO4250 2.51 Ketone Dry asthma, colds, flu
and dry cough
23. 38.70 N-fluoresceinylpropanamide C23H15NO6401 1.74 Amide Anesthetic agents
24. 39.39 2,9-bis[(diethoxyphosphinyl)
methyl]-1,10-phenanthroline
C22H30N2O6P2480 1.68 Amine Analgesics that are
pain killers, increase
brain function,
disinfection of
drinking water
used as central nervous system stimulant, topical anesthetic in
ophthalmology, powerful pain reliever [20], antipyretic, antispasmodic,
and antibacterial [21]. Cardiac glycosides were known to lower the
blood pressure according to many reports [22].
In general, the reliability of medicinal plant for its usage was evaluated
by correlating the phytochemical compounds with their biological
activities [23]. GC-MS analysis of plant extract showed the presence of
24 compounds (Table 2 and Fig. 1). Out of these, various compounds have
got their applications in pharmaceutical industries. The methyl ester in
the plant extract had anti-inflammatory, antiandrogenic, antioxidant,
hypercholesterolemic and antimicrobial activities [24-26] and the
esters have been reported to have antioxidant, hypocholesterolemic,
nematicide, pesticide, lubricant, antiandrogenic, hemolytic, 5-alpha
reductase inhibitor activities. Alkanes were antimicrobial agents,
transducer for immunosensor and anticarcinogens [27]. Ketone could
act on dry asthma, colds, flu, and dry cough. Phenol was an antioxidant
and showed analgesics, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory properties.
As GC-MS was the first step toward understanding the nature of active
principles [28,29], further investigation in this species was suggested
for the development of novel drugs.
As per our knowledge, this is the first study on the identification of
important phytoconstituents in ethanolic extract of Sarcostemma
brevistigma aerial parts. Plant extract has shown the presence of various
compounds of pharmaceutical and industrial importance. Therefore,
aerial parts could be used for the sourcing of these compounds from
the extract prepared through the method described herein.
CONCLUSION
The results obtained in this study thus suggested that the aerial part
of Sarcostemma brevistigma was an increasingly valuable reservoir of
potential bioactive compounds with socioeconomic importance. This
study also helps to predict the formula and structure of biomolecules
which can be used as drugs. Further investigation may lead to the
development of drug formulation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors are highly thankful to the Ranger and Guard who have
provided the valuable information and accompanied us during field
collection of the study plant in Pillur Beat. We are also thankful to South
India Textile Research Association (SITRA) for helping us with our
experiments.
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