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Approaches for Energy Harvesting and Power Management in Wireless Healthcare Sensor Networks
Abstract and Figures
Recent interest in providing better quality medical services is booming. This has given rise to development of many new wireless technologies and has made Healthcare Sensor Network (HSN) as one of the popular areas of research. HSN is composed of a Wireless Body area Sensor Network (WBASN) and an Infrastructure Area Sensor Networks (IASN). In this paper, we discuss various challenges involved in designing and evaluating the performance of a HSN. As the sensor nodes are supported by batteries, they run on limited power supply. Thus, enhancing the network lifetime by efficient power management and effective energy harvesting strategies has become an important research goal. HSN operate in a highly dynamic environment and hence consume more power. Past research concentrated on energy harvesting using ambient sources such as solar, wind, thermal and vibration energy. Very little research has been done on harvesting thermal heat from the body and surrounding wasted heat. As there are many professionals like firefighters or first responders, who experience very high degree of activity and drastically increased physical and physiological operations in a short period of time, we explore the use of Small Thermoelectric Generators (TEGs) in harvesting energy from the body heat for such personal. We also discuss the potential application of harnessing surrounding waste thermal energy during a firefighting operation.
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... The general architecture of a WBAN, as part of the remote healthcare monitoring system, is given in Fig. 1 [12]. In this work, the focus is on the WBAN, where nodes are equipped with two radios, and it comprises a two-tier topology. ...
In this paper, a generic wake-up radio (WUR) based medium access control (MAC) protocol (GWR-MAC) has been evaluated from the energy consumption point of view. GWR-MAC protocol’s goal is to achieve energy efficiency by avoiding idle listening since the sensor nodes are awakened only when there is a need for communication. A successful wake-up signal (WUS) transmission and reception is needed to awaken the WUR enabled node(s) from the sleep mode which must be taken into account in the energy consumption evaluation. Success of wake-up process depends on the physical layer detection of the signal, and also on the collision probability of the wake-up signals if there can be multiple nodes that are transmitting the WUS approximately at the same time. The success probability of GWR-MAC wake-up process is analyzed in this work taking into account physical and MAC layer aspects when assuming that wake-up signals are transmitted using Aloha channel access method. WUS success probability derivation is incorporated to energy consumption model and results are obtained to compare the total energy consumption of WUR based network and duty -cycling based network. The results show that the WUR based networks can improve energy efficiency in comparison to conventional duty cycling approach when taking into account also the error probability of the wake-up process. Results show also that in which conditions the duty-cycling approach should be preferred instead of WUR approach.
... Mallela et al. [8] showed that the battery life for cardiac pacemakers have to be between two years to ten years. Also, energy harvesting and power management techniques can be considered to enhance the battery power [9]. ...
Wireless Body area networks comprise of sensor nodes attached on or implanted inside the human body and promise large improvements in patients health monitoring. However, the heat generated by the sensor nodes circuitry can cause damage to the tissues in the human body. Therefore, in an attempt to reduce the heat generated, efficient sleep cycles and temperature-aware routing for the sensor nodes should be established. In this paper, we present a probabilistic sleep cycle management and a temperature aware data-packet routing algorithm.
... In addition, Leonov et al. [50] showed that the textile has an insignificant impact on harvested energy. In [51], the use of small TEGs was explored to harvest energy from persons that perform intense physical and physiological operations in a short period of time, such as firefighters or first responders. TelosB sensor motes, transmitting temperature data every 250 ms to the base station at a data transmission rate of approximately 250 kb/s, were used to investigate the potential of thermal body energy harvesting. ...
This paper demonstrates the compact integration of a power management system with multiple diverse scavenging transducers and a storage module on well-chosen textile antenna topologies.
ABSTRACT
Smart-fabric interactive-textile systems offer exciting new possibilities, provided that they exhibit sufficient robustness and autonomy to be reliably deployed in critical applications. Textile multiantenna systems, unobtrusively integrated in a professional garment, are key components of such systems, as they set up energy-efficient and stable wireless body-centric communication links. Yet, their functionality may be further extended by exploiting their surface as energy-harvesting platform. Different state-of-the-art energy harvesters are suitable for compact integration onto a textile antenna. We demonstrate this by integrating a power management system, together with multiple diverse scavenging transducers and a storage module, on a well-chosen textile antenna topology. We provide guidelines to ensure that the additional hardware does not affect the textile antenna's performance. Simultaneous scavenging from different energy sources significantly increases the autonomy of a wearable system, in the meanwhile reducing battery size.
A WSN
commonly has a large number of randomly deployed SNs that send their sensed data to a BS. As each SN uses battery as the energy source, energy consumption
is of prime concern. As the energy consumed is a function of square of distance, a transmitted signal can be received, and information is transmitted from a SN to BS in a multi-hop fashion.
In the medical healthcare system, wireless body area network (WBAN) is used to monitor the fall event of a patient by sensing his/her body state orientation (stand or fall posture). However, for a conventional WBAN, the only way to communicate with the doctors' computers or hospital's servers is through the local gateway. Hence, the reliability of the WBAN is greatly dependent on the life span of the gateway. In this paper, a selective gateway method based on the residual energy of the sensor nodes has been proposed. By changing the gateway, the lifetime of the WBAN can be extended. To further increase the lifetime of the WBAN, a thermal energy harvesting system has been proposed to harvest heat energy from human warmth. Energy harvested using the thermoelectric generator (TEG) is stored in an energy storage device until sufficient energy is available. Based on the experimental test results obtained, the accumulated energy is around 1.369 mJ to power the loads comprising of sensor, RF transmitter and its associated electronic circuits. The sensed information is transmitted in 5 digital words of 12-bit data across a transmission period of 120 msec. The receiver platform displays the patient identification number and sounds out an alarm buzzer for aid if a fall event is detected.
Healthcare sensor networks (HSNs) now offer the possibility to continuously monitor human activity and physiological signals in a mobile environment. Such sensor networks may be able to reduce the strain on the present healthcare workforce by providing new autonomous monitoring services ranging from simple user-reminder systems to more advanced monitoring agents for preventive, diagnostic, and rehabilitative purposes. Potential services include reminding people to take their medication, providing early warning for the onset of heart attacks or epileptic seizures, and monitoring a child's physical activity in order to assess their growth and mental development. Healthcare Sensor Networks: Challenges Toward Practical Implementation discusses the fundamental concepts in designing and building such networks. It presents the latest developments in HSNs, explores applications of the technology, and provides insights into practical design and deployment challenges. Bringing together contributions from international experts in the field, the book highlights the key areas that require further research for HSNs to become a technological and commercially viable reality. The first part of the book concentrates on the engineering challenges, covering new biosensors, energy harvesting techniques, new wireless communication methods, and novel security approaches. Building from single sensing devices to networked sensing systems, the second part of the book looks at various health applications of HSNs. It addresses the human-centric requirements that should be considered in the design of HSN technologies-cost, portability, functionality, and user acceptance-and demonstrates how engineering compromises must be made in HSN solutions. A useful and timely resource for researchers, postgraduate students, and engineers looking for innovative solutions in healthcare, this book will also be of interest to medical and allied health personnel working in hospitals. It offers a practical reference on novel, cost-effective, and user-oriented sensing technologies and networks that are set to revolutionize the delivery of healthcare in the future.
This book introduces a new explanatory Cross-Layer model specifically designed to understand all aspects of ad hoc and sensor networking, from design through performance issues to application requirements. Future directions, challenges and potential simulation projects are also discussed. The topics included represent a significant portion of what is going on in academia and industry. The vast materials provided will enable readers to not only understand and position themselves in this hot area, but also to develop new capabilities, enhance skills, share expertise, consolidate knowledge and design future solutions. Thus, the book is useful for researchers and engineers, and anyone who seeks a deeper understanding of this growing field and wishes to pursue it as a future research topic. © 2006 by World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. All rights reserved.
This is the 11th edition of the textbook, Heart Disease: A textbook of cardiovascular medicine. As with each edition of this reference work, international experts have totally revised every chapter. In addition, multiple new chapters have been added to recognize the ever-expanding role of cardiology into areas such as oncology, chronic lung disease, environmental toxins, catheter-based treatments of congenital heart disease, and other topics. Some sections have been revised for clarity, such as arrhythmias; some have been expanded, such as diseases of heart valves; others have had a shift of emphasis, such as congenital heart disease for the adult. Finally, to maintain vitality of standard topics, new authors have replaced more than a third of those who have tirelessly written for previous editions, in chapters on ethics, personalized and precision medicine, imaging, obesity, diabetes, sleep disordered breathing, autonomics and other areas.
Thermoelectric generators are all solid-state devices that convert heat into electricity. Unlike traditional dynamic heat engines, thermoelectric generators contain no moving parts and are completely silent. A thermoelectric produces electrical power from heat flow across a temperature gradient. Recently, the field of thermoelectric materials is rapidly growing with the discovery of complex, high-efficiency materials. A diverse array of new approaches, from complexity within the unit cell to nanostructured bulk, nanowire and thin film materials, have all lead to high efficiency materials. The energy density of a combustible fuel is 10 to 100 times that of a battery. Thus in principle, even for low thermal-to-electric conversion efficiencies, a small combustor supplying heat to a thermoelectric generator could provide greater energy density than a battery.
A secure mobile web framework is proposed based on MVC Struts 2 to support embedded browsers in mobile devices. The framework integrates JAAS with Tomcat providing Authentication and Authorization. Encryption Utility to support multiple providers, implementing a scheme for short-lived session objects, support for the menu items using xml configuration depending on the role and device category, view layer integration with Tiles 2 and rendering views for both desktop and mobile without duplicating the Struts 2 control action logic. Finally, an Electronic Medical Record - web application is designed and implemented for Dialysis Center to further demonstrate the feasibility of the unified secure mobile web framework.
We present a novel radio interference based sensor localization method for wireless sensor networks. The technique relies on a pair of nodes emitting radio waves simultaneously at slightly different frequencies. The carrier frequency of the composite ...
Solar cell comparison is generally based on an arbitrary maximum terrestrial intensity and spectra (of 1 sun, 1000 W/m2) at 25 °C perpendicular to the cell plane [1] referred to by specialists as AM1.5. In practice, no solar cell experiences such conditions, yet few alternative bases for comparison exist [2]. Our interest in this paper is to explore the correct design of indoor Photovoltaic (IPV) products. Given that the indoors, when compared with the outdoors, are characterised by much lower radiant energy intensities, various spectra (including artificial light sources), complete comparison data for indoor conditions are not freely available. More general level reports have been published [3–6].Twenty-one different solar cells representing eight different Photovoltaic material technologies are reproducibly electrically characterised under laboratory based simulated AM1.5 (1 sun; solar spectrum) from 1000 W/m2 intensity down to the 0.1–1 W/m2 decade. Some were measured under an artificial light source (fluorescent tube) in the 1–10 W/m2 decade.The results are used to validate a phenomenologically based model.
Firefighter fatalities and injuries, the role of heat stress and PPE
- D Smith
- G Horn
- E Goldstein
- S Petruzzello
D. Smith, G. Horn, E. Goldstein, S. Petruzzello et al., "Firefighter
fatalities and injuries, the role of heat stress and PPE," University of
Illinois Fire Service Institute, Fire Fighter Life Safety Research Center.