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Impact of Major Rice Bacterial Diseases on Agriculture and Food Security
Abstract
Bacterial diseases of rice have a great impact on the sizable scale as yield losses that become alarming affairs to major rice-producing countries of South Asia and Africa, where rice is the main food. Under favorable conditions, sometimes bacterial diseases become very devastating (viz. bacterial blight (BB) and bacterial leaf streak (BLS)) for susceptible rice cultivars and result in up to 70% crop losses. Different bacterial pathogens cause mild to severe diseases, viz. seedling blight (Pseudomonas plantarii or Burkholderia plantarii), bacterial 2brown stripe (BBS) (Pseudomonas avenae and Pseudomonas syringae pv. Panici), BB (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)), BLS (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola), bacterial foot rot (Erwinia chrysanthemi/Dickeya zeae), grain rot (Pseudomonas glumae/Burkholderia glumae), bacterial halo blight (Pseudomonas syringae pv. Oryzae), bacterial palea browning (Erwnia herbicola), and sheath brown rot (Pseudomonas fuscovaginae) in rice crop at different growth stages under favorable conditions. These diseases bring out sudden outbreaks and create problems of food scarcity that carry on negative impacts such as food and livelihood security in the concerned country. In the current scenario, COVID-19 (coronavirus disease of 2019) has a threatening impact on agriculture and allied sectors. Therefore, consolidated approaches (viz molecular breeding, gene pyramiding, antagonists rhizobacteria, resistance cultivars, and transgenic modifications) are required for combating emerging pathogens as well as related diseases.
Crop microbiomes, comprising diverse assemblages of microorganisms associated with plants, exert significant influence on plant health, growth, and productivity. When confronted with biotic stress, arising from pests, pathogens, and weeds, the intricate interplay between crop microbiomes and the host plant assumes heightened importance. Comprehending the response of crop microbiomes to biotic stress and their potential for alleviating such stress represents an emerging research area. This investigation elucidates the existing knowledge regarding the response of crop microbiomes to biotic stress and delineates prospective avenues for research in this domain. Recent investigations have unveiled the dynamic responses of crop microbiomes to biotic stress, manifested as alterations in microbial community composition and functionality. These responses frequently entail shifts in the abundance of beneficial microorganisms, including plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, as well as modifications in the diversity and activity of pathogenic or parasitic organisms. Such perturbations within the crop microbiome can impact plant defense mechanisms, nutrient acquisition, hormone regulation, and overall plant fitness. Furthermore, crop microbiomes have been ascertained to influence plant resistance to biotic stress through diverse mechanisms. Beneficial microorganisms can directly impede the proliferation of pathogens or pests through the synthesis of antimicrobial compounds or by eliciting systemic resistance in plants. Moreover, the presence of a diverse and stable microbiome can enhance plant resilience by priming the immune system and fostering the production of defense-related metabolites. Looking forward, future investigations in this field should prioritize the elucidation of precise mechanisms underpinning the responses of crop microbiomes to biotic stress. Advanced techniques such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics, and metabolomics should be harnessed to unravel the intricate interactions transpiring within the microbiome and between the microbiome and the host plant. Furthermore, studying the temporal dynamics of microbiome–plant interactions under diverse stress conditions will furnish invaluable insights into the stability and resilience of crop microbiomes.
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