Cristian B. Canales-Aguirre

Universidad de Los Lagos · Research and Development Centre for Coastal Resources and Environments

Pinnipeds are considered generalist predators that prey opportunistically on more abundant prey. Thus, their diet could be affected by natural and anthropogenic stressors, such as declines in native prey and increases in exotic prey such as escaped salmon. Using stable isotopes, we evaluated temporal and spatial variability in the diet of southern...

Diplomystidae is an early-diverged family of freshwater catfish endemic to southern South America. We have recently collected five juvenile specimens belonging to this family from the Bueno River Basin, a basin which the only previous record was a single juvenile specimen collected in 1996. This finding confirms the distribution of the family furth...

Estimating genetic diversity and population structure with polymorphic markers might provide information for the better management of fish that have economic importance. We used the Chilean jack mackerel, Trachurus murphyi, a pelagic species distributed in the south Pacific Ocean, to test the population genetic structure across its distribution. A...

La familia Sigalionidae (Kinberg, 1856) es una de las mas desconocidas y menos actualizadas en Chile, es más, solo cuenta con 9 ejemplares con el estado de “presente” en Chile. Se enfatizará en el género Sthenelais (Kinberg, 1856) que contiene 2 a 4 especies "presentes" en Chile. Por esta razón, se presentará una actualización de la familia Sigalio...

Patagonia is an understudied area, especially when it comes to population genomic studies with relevance to fishery management. However, the dynamic and heterogeneous landscape in this area can harbor an important but cryptic genetic population structure. Once such information is revealed, it can be integrated into the management of infrequently in...

Patagonia is an understudied area, especially when it comes to population genomic studies with relevance to fishery management. However, the dynamic and heterogeneous landscape in this area can harbor important but cryptic genetic population structure. Once such information is revealed, it can be integrated into the management of infrequently inves...

Patagonia is an understudied area, especially when it comes to population genomic studies with relevance to fishery management. However, the dynamic and heterogeneous landscape in this area can harbor important but cryptic genetic population structure. Once such information is revealed, it can be integrated into the management of infrequently inves...

Here, we review extensive information to estimate environmental risks from escaped non‐native salmonids based on the assessments of hazard, sensitivity and exposure of discrete water bodies in Chile. In 2020, the country harvested about 1 million tons salmonids from net pens located along 1500 km of highly biodiverse coastline. We base our analysis...

There is ongoing debate as to whether fish body size will decrease with global warming and how these changes may impact dispersal ability and speciation rate. Theory predicts that, under warmer temperatures, fish grow to a smaller size, undergo a reduction in dispersal ability and increase speciation rates. However, evaluations of such predictions...

The genus Sprattus comprises five species of marine pelagic fishes distributed worldwide in antitropical, temperate waters. Their distribution suggests an ancient origin during a cold period of the earth's history. In this study, we evaluated this hypothesis and corroborated the non-monophyly of the genus Sprattus, using a phylogenetic approach bas...

Domestication processes and artificial selection are likely to leave signatures that can be detected at a molecular level in farmed rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). These signatures of selection are genomic regions that contain functional genetic variants conferring a higher fitness to their bearers. We genotyped 749 rainbow trout from a commer...

Species diagnosis is essential to assess the level of mislabeling or misnamed seafood products such as sushi. In Chile, sushi typically includes salmon as the main ingredient, but species used are rarely declared on the menu. In order to identify which species are included in the Chilean sushi market, we analyzed 84 individual sushi rolls sold as "...

There is an ongoing debate as to whether fish body size will decrease with global warming and how body size changes may impact dispersal abilities and speciation rates. Although theory predicts that, when fish face warmer temperatures, they grow to smaller adult sizes, see a reduction in their ability to move, and increase their probability of spec...

Elysia diomedea varies in adult size and color across its geographical distribution in Ecuador. Because of morphological variation and the absence of genetic information for this species in Ecuador, we analyzed mtDNA sequences in three populations (Ballenita, La Cabuya, and Mompiche) and confirmed that (1) individuals from the three locations belon...

Life-history traits are among the most important factors affecting population abundance and genetic diversity of species. Here, we analysed the genetic patterns of two Galaxias species with different life-history traits to investigate how these biological differences impacted their evolution in the Valdivia River basin, Southern Chile. We analysed...

Partial migration, where migrant and resident organisms coexist within the same population, has been found in many fishes. Although it seems obvious that different life cycles exploit habitats and food webs differently, few assessments about the trophic consequences of partial migration are available. To unveil part of this complexity, we combined...

Numerous self-sustaining naturalized or introduced populations of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) are widely distributed throughout the freshwaters of southern Chile. In this study, analysis of the mitochondrial DNA control region (CR) marker was conducted to investigate the level of genetic divergence among populations and their phylogenetic r...

The present review provides an in-depth look into the complex topic of delimiting species in sea anemones. For most part of history this has been based on a small number of variable anatomic traits, many of which are used indistinctly across multiple taxonomic ranks. Early attempts to classify this group succeeded to comprise much of the diversity...

Partial migration is a key adaptive strategy, increasingly observed across multiple taxa. To investigate partial migration and life-cycle diversity of Merluccius australis in northwestern Patagonia, we analysed isotopic (d 13 C, d 18 O) and elemental (11 B, 23 Na, 24 Mg, 55 Mn, 86 Sr, 138 Ba) compositions of otoliths from juveniles, sub-adults, and...

The anchovy, Engraulis ringens, is an economically valuable fish, and the most heavily exploited resource in the Humboldt Current System. To analyze its genetic structure and diversity, microsatellite markers were developed using 454 pyrosequencing. A total of 27,352 reads containing di-, tri-, tetra-, penta-, and hexanucleotide microsatellite repe...

Species that occur in low abundances and that are morphologically similar to the target fish are often undetectable infisheries hauls; however, they add to the catch statistics of the target species. Using mitochondrial DNA and phylogenetic approacheswe identified 6 individuals of the species Xenobrama microlepis in a haul targeting the southern Ra...

Previous studies of population genetic structure in Dissostichus eleginoides have shown that oceanographic and geographic discontinuities drive in this species population differentiation. Studies have focused on the genetics of D . eleginoides in the Southern Ocean; however, there is little knowledge of their genetic variation along the South Ameri...

Microsatellite genotypes for Disosstichus eleginoides Contains original individual genotypes in GENALEX format.

Details of parameters of genetic variability for each sample location and locus in Dissostichus eleginoides

Details of percentage of putative migrants and most likely origin area

Graphs of allelic frequencies by cluster Blue bar correspond to South American Cluster (SAC) and red bar correspond to South of Georgia Cluster (SGC).

Null allele frequency using Brookfield 1 formulae

Correlation between standardized genetic distances (FST∕1 − FST) and the logarithm of the geographic distance (km) among sampling sites (A) all possible pairwise combinations (in red SGI), and (B) pairwise excluding South Georgia Island samples.

Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of sampled locations of the D. eleginoides Plot of the first two principal components calculated on the genotypic dataset. NP, Northern Peru; SP, Southern Peru; IQ, Iquique; GP, Gulf of Penas; PW, Puerto Williams; DRI, Diego Ramírez Islands; FI, Falkland Islands; SGI, South Georgia Island.

The Patagonian sprat, Sprattus fuegensis, is a small pelagic marine fish that inhabits the continental shelf along the coasts of Chilean Patagonian and Argentina, a distribution that was highly impacted during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). In order to identify how the LGM played a role on the current observed genetic diversity and population stru...

Different pathways of propagation and dispersal of non-native species into new environments may have contrasting demographic and genetic impacts on established populations. Repeated introductions of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) to Chile in South America, initially through stocking and later through aquaculture escapes, provide a unique setti...

The diversity of free-living nematodes in the beaches of two Antarctic islands, King George and Deception islands was investigated. We used morphological and molecular (LSU, and two fragments of SSU sequences) approaches to evaluate 236 nematodes. Specimens were assigned to at least genera using morphology and were assessed for the presence of cryp...

Molecular Operational Taxonomic Units (MOTU). (XLSX)

List of all identification results using BLAST search of GenBank. (XLSX)

Morphological data. (XLSX)

SSU1 Bayesian tree. (PDF)

SSU2 Bayesian tree. (PDF)

Summary of families identified. (XLSX)

It has been proposed that Antarctic environments select microorganisms with unique biochemical adaptations, based on the tenet ‘Everything is everywhere, but, the environment selects’ by Baas-Becking. However, this is a hypothesis that has not been extensively evaluated. This study evaluated the fundamental prediction contained in this hypothesis—i...

Marine environmental variables can play an important role in promoting population genetic differentiation in marine organisms. Although fjord ecosystems have attracted much attention due to the great oscillation of environmental variables that produce heterogeneous habitats, species inhabiting this kind of ecosystem have received less attention. In...

Schematic map of horizontal water circulation in different depth layers, including sample locations. A) surface layer (0–~30m); B) intermediate layer (~30–~150m); and C) deep layer (~150 m to bottom of the sea). Image modified from Sievers and Silva [15]. Sample locations in black dots. (EPS)

Bayes factor comparison among different models incorporated in STRUCTURE and GENELAND software. AdUn: admixture and uncorrelated model, AdCo: admixture and correlated model, NAdUn: no admixture and uncorrelated model, NAdCo: no admixture and correlated model. (DOCX)

The standardized measure of population differentiation F'ST under the diagonal and DST above the diagonal. (DOCX)

Sum of posterior probabilities of models that include a given factor. GESTE analyses included all 6 factors. Bold value indicates the two highest factor scores. (DOCX)

Relative contribution of each environmental variable tested using Akaike’s information criterion. Phos: Phosphate, Lat: Latitude, Long: Longitude, Nit: Nitrate, Oxy: Oxygen, Sal: Salinity, Tem: Temperature. Ave: average, Rang: Range, Max: Maximum, Min: Minimum. Bold values show significant p-values. Variable kept means environmental variables that...

Pearson coefficient per each environmental variable tested. Bold values show the correlation coefficient between environmental variables kept in the RDA analysis. (DOCX)

Dataset of loci microsatellites used in this study. (XLSX)

Environmental variables used in our analyses. Ave: average, Rang: Range, Max: Maximum, Min: Minimum. (DOCX)

Cluster number by GENELAND assigned to each locus based on posterior probability density and assignment of each location to cluster found per locus. (DOCX)

Plots to estimate the best number of genetic clusters. A) Evanno et al. [88] plot for detecting the number of K groups that best fit the data. B) Plot of the mean likelihood L(K) and variance per K value from STRUCTURE. C) Plot of the number of populations simulated from the posterior distribution obtained with GENELAND. (EPS)

Ambientes marinos pueden jugar un rol importante promoviendo diferenciación genético poblacional en organismos marinos. Aunque los ecosistemas fiordos han llamado mucho la atención debido a la gran oscilación de sus variables ambientales las cuales producen hábitats heterogéneos, especies que habitan en este tipo de ecosistema han recibido menos at...

One of the most important issues in biological invasions is understanding the factors and mechanisms determining the invasion success of non-native species. Theoretical and empirical works have shown that genetic diversity is a determinant of invasion success; thus, studying spatial patterns of genetic diversity, and exploring how biological and ph...

We isolated and characterized a total of 33 microsatellite loci from the Patagonian sprat Sprattus fuegensis, a recent exploited marine resource with a conservation status unknowing. Loci were screened in 24 individuals from the inshore waters of the Aysén Fjord, Chile. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 7 to 24, observed heterozygosity ra...

El objetivo principal del proyecto que se informa es identificar la estructura poblacional del jurel (Trachurus murphyi) en el océano Pacífico sur. El estudio aplicó un enfoque metodológico multidisciplinario que incluye marcadores genéticos, parásito fauna, morfometría de otolitos, química de otolitos y aspectos oceanográficos. Su diseño considera...

The Southern Darwin’s frog Rhinoderma darwinii is a charismatic, mouth-brooding amphibian endemic to temperate forests of South America with a Vulnerable conservation status according to the IUCN Red List. We developed microsatellite markers from next generation sequence data that will aid genetic monitoring during and after re-introduction efforts...

Un tema fundamental en el campo de la ecología microbiana es la identificación de la biodiversidad presente en comunidades bacterianas. En la actualidad muchos marcadores genéticos, entre ellos el gen 16S ARNr, se han utilizado para resolver esta situación. En el presente trabajo se presentan los resultados del análisis filogenético de un filamento...

Although the degree of mate competition, given extreme differences in sex ratio, explains much of the pattern of male-biased size dimorphism among diverse taxa, it fails for some species which have potential for intense male competition for mates and yet exhibit little or no sexual size dimorphism (SSD). This fact suggest that species with low SSD...

Although the degree of mate competition, given extreme differences in sex ratio, explains much of the pattern of male-biased size dimorphism among diverse taxa, it fails for some species which have potential for intense male competition for mates and yet exhibit little or no sexual size dimorphism (SSD). This fact suggest that species with low SSD...

La diversidad genética constituye la materia prima que le permite a una especie adaptarse a un ambiente en constante modificación. Para el camarón de roca existe un desconocimiento total de su diversidad genética a pesar de que es una especie que cumple un importante rol en la estructuración de las comunidades bentónicas de hábitats rocosos. Marcad...

It is widely recognized that macroecological patterns are not independent of the evolution of the lineages involved in generating these patterns. While many researchers have begun to evaluate the effect of ancestor–descendant relationships on observed patterns using the phylogenetic comparative method, most macroecological studies only utilize the...

Insects in many species vary greatly in the expression of secondary sexual traits, resulting in sexual dimorphism, which has been proposed to be a consequence of differences in sexual selection. In this study, we analyze the occurrence of sexual shape dimorphism and the correlation between geometric body size in males and females and sex ratio in t...

The genetic structure of present-day populations has been highly affected by glacial periods and physical oceanographic forcing, particularly with respect to species distributions and population gene-flow patterns. We assessed the current genetic composition of the Jasus frontalis population in the southeastern Pacific Islands off the coast of Chil...

The genus Perinereis, family Nereididae, consists of approximately 66 worldwide distributed species with marine, estuarine, and freshwater representatives. The objective of this study is to use morphological and molecular traits to evaluate the taxonomic differentiation of the estuarine polychaete P. gualpensis. Also we reconstruct the phylogenetic...

This communication informs that presence of the Chilean mussel, Mytilus chilensis (Hupe 1854) in the coast of the Bay of Concepcion (Chile) reported in the scientific literature is an erroneous identification, being Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck 1819) the right species.

At the macroevolutionary level, one of the first and most important hypotheses that proposes an evolutionary tendency in the evolution of body sizes is "Cope's rule". This rule has considerable empirical support in the fossil record and predicts that the size of species within a lineage increases over evolutionary time. Nevertheless, there is also...

Bayesian tree sample, Bayesian consensus tree, and Maximum Likelihood tree used for comparative analyses. All trees are calibrated with fossil data (see methods). (TXT)

Maximum Head-Body length (mm), and GenBank Access Number for Oryzomyini' species used in phylogenetic comparative analysis. Missing data for maximum head-body length are indicated by gap (−). (*) species used as outgroup. (DOC)

Nine novel microsatellite loci were developed for Trachurus murphyi. These loci were characterized in samples from three sites along the eastern South Pacifi c Ocean. One of the loci was monomorphic, whereas the rest of the loci had between six and 19 alleles per locus and showed the expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.653 to 0.933. These loci d...

Nine microsatellite loci were developed for Octopus mimus, a cephalopod of commercial importance for artisanal fishermen. Genetic variation at these loci was examined in samples from Clavelito, a Benthic Resources Management Area (AMERB, in Spanish). All nine loci were highly polymorphic, with the number of alleles per locus ranging from 4 to 28 an...

Nine microsatellite loci were developed for Octopus mimus, a cephalopod of commercial importance for artisanal fishermen. Genetic variation at these loci was examined in samples from Clavelito, a Benthic Resources Management Area (AMERB, in Spanish). All nine loci were highly polymorphic, with the number of alleles per locus ranging from 4 to 28 an...

This communication informs that presence of the Chilean mussel, Mytilus chilensis (Hupe 1854) in the coast of the Bay of Concepcion (Chile) reported in the scientific literature is an erroneous identification, being Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck 1819) the right species.Esta comunicación informa que la presencia de Mytilus chilensis (Hupe 1854)...

Nine novel microsatellite loci were developed for Trachurus murphyi. These loci were characterized in samples from three sites along the eastern South Pacific Ocean. One of the loci was monomorphic, whereas the rest of the loci had between six and 19 alleles per locus and showed the expected heterozygosity ranging from 0.653 to 0.933. These loci do...

Background/Question/Methods While many researchers have begun to evaluate the effect of ancestor-descendent relationships on observed patterns using the Phylogenetic Comparative Method, most macroecological studies only utilize the Cross-sectional Comparative Method to “remove the phylogenetic history”, without considering the option of evaluating...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of COI, of the mitochondrial DNA, for the taxonomic determination of soft-bottom benthic polychaetes in the Chiloé Inner Sea as a particularly important zone for polychaete fauna of the southeast Pacific. The results show high genetic differentiation between morphological species of polychaetes (pos...

The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of COI, of the mitochondrial DNA, for the taxonomic determination of soft-bottom benthic polychaetes in the Chiloé Inner Sea as a particularly important zone for polychaete fauna of the southeast Pacific. The results show high genetic differentiation between morphological species of polychaetes (pos...

Three loci microsatellites were used to determine genetic variability and population structure at 15 locations within three zones where Genypterus blacodes is being fully exploited in Chilean waters. A total of 209 individuals were used: 77 from Cuadra Meulin (CM), 65 from the northern Magellan Strait (NMS), and 67 from the southern Magellan Strait...

El objetivo General de Este Documento es determinar las unidades poblacionales de jurel (Trachurus murphyi) existentes en el Pacifico Sur y estudiar los procesos migratorios de este recurso.

Eight microsatellite loci were developed for the jack mackerel (Trachurus murphyi), a fish of significant commercial importance in the Southeast Pacific. Genetic variation at these loci was examined in 15 samples from the locality of Talcahuano (Chile). All eight were highly polymorphic, with a number of alleles per locus ranging from 4 to 22 and a...

Analizamos la utilidad de cinco loci de microsatélites aislados en Genypterus blacodes de Australia en especies de Genypterus presentes en Chile (G. chilensis, G. maculatus y G. blacodes). Los resultados muestran que los loci microsatélites amplifican positivamente en cada especie y podrían ser utilizados en futuros estudios poblacionales.

Analizamos la utilidad de cinco loci de microsatélites aislados en Genypterus blacodes de Australia en especies de Genypterus presentes en Chile (G. chilensis, G. maculatus y G. blacodes). Los resultados muestran que los loci microsatélites amplifcan positivamente en cada especie y podrían ser utilizados en futuros estudios poblacionales.

Background/Question/Methods The processes that give rise to ecological patterns of body size and diversification remain poorly understood. The recently proposed Cope-Bergmann hypothesis provides a causal association between interspecific body size evolution and environmental temperature. Using the phylogenetic comparative method within a Bayesian...