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The Emerging Social Status of Generative AI: Vocabularies of AI Competence in Public Discourse

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2023 24th International Conference on Control Systems and Computer Science (CSCS)
2379-0482/23/$31.00 ©2023 IEEE
DOI 10.1109/CSCS59211.2023.00068
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... For instance, research into society's perception of ChatGPT's human-like traits [32][33][34][35] viewed the algorithm behind it as an author, interactor, and influencer. Other studies found conflicting narratives, with ChatGPT depicted as creative and beneficial, yet also as incompetent and polluting human culture [36]. Others emphasised the social agency conflicts affecting the adoption of an anthropomorphic perspective and treating AI as a social actor [37]. ...
... To date, there has been a small number of studies that have specifically investigated the agency and social actor status of ChatGPT. In their study, Bran et al. found that four analysed news sources presented conflicting narratives about Chat-GPT's competence as a social actor, with some depicting it as creative and healing, offering valuable novelty, companionship the need for social acceptance [36]. Conversely, some sources portrayed AI as incompetent, polluting human culture, and replacing human skills and knowledge with stochastic, illusionary competence or even imposture. ...
... This builds on existing research into the presentation of decision-making algorithms as social actors on social media sites [18]. Additionally, this gives further insight into how ChatGPT is presented as vacillating between creative actors and essentially unthinking tools, the findings associated with the research by [36]. This shift in how ChatGPT is presented on Twitter aligns with the ongoing debates about AI's societal impact, encompassing benefits, challenges, biases, and ethical considerations [29,114]. ...
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ChatGPT, a chatbot using the GPT-n series large language model, has surged in popularity by providing conversation, assistance, and entertainment. This has raised questions about its agency and resulting implications on trust and blame, particularly when concerning its portrayal on social media platforms like Twitter. Understanding trust and blame is crucial for gauging public perception, reliance on, and adoption of AI-driven tools like ChatGPT. To explore ChatGPT’s perceived status as an algorithmic social actor and uncover implications for trust and blame through agency and transitivity, we examined 88,058 tweets about ChatGPT, published in a ‘hype period’ between November 2022 and March 2023, using Corpus Linguistics and Critical Discourse Analysis, underpinned by Social Actor Representation. Notably, ChatGPT was presented in tweets as a social actor on 87% of occasions, using personalisation and agency metaphor to emphasise its role in content creation, information dissemination, and influence. However, a dynamic presentation, oscillating between a creative social actor and an information source, reflected users’ uncertainty regarding its capabilities and, thus, blame attribution occurred. On 13% of occasions, ChatGPT was presented passively through backgrounding and exclusion. Here, the emphasis on ChatGPT’s role in informing and influencing underscores interactors’ reliance on it for information, bearing implications for information dissemination and trust in AI-generated content. Therefore, this study contributes to understanding the perceived social agency of decision-making algorithms and their implications on trust and blame, valuable to AI developers and policymakers and relevant in comprehending and dealing with power dynamics in today’s age of AI.
... Generative AI has exacerbated insecure work and economic inequality, including in professional groups formerly considered immune to automation. This technology has raised worries and reactions from creative industries about its effects on employment and creative work (Bran et al., 2023). ...
... It highlights the thematic areas of interest in scientific debates from the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. Also, the current study contributes to the emerging scientific literature that employs the technology acceptance model (TAM) and similar theories to understand the importance of the perceived benefits of using these technologies for sustainable development, showing an overall positivity bias in the themes addressed in the literature [118]. Moreover, themes revealed by our research contribute to recent debates regarding the impact of AI on sustainable development acting as a basis for legislative initiatives such as the European AI Act. ...
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The current work aims to analyze the main themes related to artificial intelligence (AI) and sustainable development during the pandemic period. This study provides an overview of the specialized literature related to AI and sustainability from the beginning of the pandemic through 2023. The present paper analyses scientific literature emphasizing both artificial intelligence's positive and negative impacts on sustainable development objectives (SDGs). To conduct the research, we employed bibliometric analysis and text-mining techniques to identify the major themes in the literature indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus databases. Firstly, we used descriptive measures to identify the authors' impact, the article production by country, the main keywords used, and other descriptive data. We further used data reduction methods based on co-word analysis (such as multiple correspondence analysis) on authors' keywords to show patterns in the themes explored in the literature. Bibliometric analysis was supplemented by text mining using Latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA) and structural topic modeling on abstracts to provide a comprehensive view of scientific debates on AI and sustainable development. Our research has identified various themes in the literature related to AI and sustainable development. These themes include social sustainability, health-related issues, AI technologies for energy efficiency, sustainability in industry and innovation, IoT technologies for smart and sustainable cities, urban planning, technologies for education and knowledge production, and the impact of technologies on SDGs. We also found that there is a significant positivity bias in the literature when discussing the impact of AI on sustainable development. Despite acknowledging certain risks, the literature tends to focus on the potential benefits of AI across various sectors. In addition, the analysis shows a growing emphasis on energy efficiency, which is facilitated by the use of AI technologies. Our study contributes to a better understanding of current scholarly discussion trends and emerging scientific avenues regarding AI and sustainable development. It also highlights the areas where research is needed and the implications for practitioners and policymakers.
... Those with a large vocabulary can understand and communicate in a variety of situations. Advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) have led to the emergence of generative AI models as a potentially useful tool for improving vocabulary acquisition (Bran et al., 2023). Language models and other generative AI models are made to produce text that resembles that of a human being using patterns and structures that are acquired through extensive training data (Ebrahimzadeh, 2017). ...
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Natural Language Generation (NLG) has improved exponentially in recent years thanks to the development of sequence-to-sequence deep learning technologies such as Transformer-based language models. This advancement has led to more fluent and coherent NLG, leading to improved development in downstream tasks such as abstractive summarization, dialogue generation and data-to-text generation. However, it is also apparent that deep learning based generation is prone to hallucinate unintended text, which degrades the system performance and fails to meet user expectations in many real-world scenarios. To address this issue, many studies have been presented in measuring and mitigating hallucinated texts, but these have never been reviewed in a comprehensive manner before. In this survey, we thus provide a broad overview of the research progress and challenges in the hallucination problem in NLG. The survey is organized into two parts: (1) a general overview of metrics, mitigation methods, and future directions; and (2) an overview of task-specific research progress on hallucinations in the following downstream tasks, namely abstractive summarization, dialogue generation, generative question answering, data-to-text generation, and machine translation. This survey serves to facilitate collaborative efforts among researchers in tackling the challenge of hallucinated texts in NLG.
Conference Paper
Scholarly Abstract Recent advances in AI and machine learning have raised questions about higher-skilled and creative endeavors in which AI might match or even outperform humans. Art is one domain in which advances in AI have caused lines over authorship to become blurred. Coeckelbergh (2017) argues that AI-generated products can be considered "art" by both objective and subjective criteria. [1] In light of this point the question "Can AI create art?" should be differentiated from the question "Can AI create art that is good and worthy?" (Qfiasco, 2018). [2] Taking this question as a point of departure, this study asks whether products created by AI are accepted equally as artwork created by human artists and if so, how knowledge of the artist's identity (AI or human) affect participants' evaluation of the artwork. This study approaches these questions using Schema theory and the theory of Computers Are Social Actors (CASA) in order to consider how previously held biases and social norms might affect peoples' evaluation of AI created artwork. There already exists substantial discourse from the technical perspective that discusses creative artificial intelligence (Eppe et al., 2018; Walther, 1994). [3][4] However, research considering AI created arts often fails to bring in nuanced, humanistic perspectives. For instance, measuring aesthetic value requires the consideration of multiple factors, including stimulus, personality, and situation. The aesthetic of AI created art can be better understood when these aspects are considered (Jacobson, 2006), rather than merely focusing on the technical competence of an AI artist. [5] Therefore, this study adopted scales used in the art world in order to better capture peoples' perceptions of AI art. This study used a 2x2 survey-experiment design (real vs attributed identity artists, human vs AI-created artwork) to examine participants' attitudes toward AI artwork. Participants (n=288) were recruited using Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). First, four groups were formed based on the real identities of artists (AI vs. Human) and attributed identities of artists (AI vs. Human). Then, participants were randomly placed into one of four groups, which were A) AI artist (actual) x AI artist (attributed), B) human artist (actual) x AI artist (attributed), C) human artist (actual) x human artist (attributed), and D) AI artist (actual) x human artist (attributed). The study employed three types (two images per type) of AI-created artworks and three types of human-created artworks. The pieces were chosen for their similarity in composition and style. The AI-created artworks were based on several already existing AI art generators. Multiple AI generators were selected because each generator had different ways of producing images, or "styles," even though they were all AI-based. Human-created artworks were chosen based on the rough similarity of a style or theme to each AI-created artwork. Six images of artwork (either AI-created or human-created) were shown to participants. Participants were given either the actual identity of the artists or an attributed identity. Screening measures were undertaken to ensure that participants were unaware of the purpose of the