A Review of Visible Light Communications in Automotive Applications

Abstract

This paper presents the concept of an intelligent transportation network based on Visible Light Communications (VLC) applications by enabling wireless communication among vehicles and the traffic infrastructure, safety, efficiency, and the Environment and reducing fuel waste. Intelligent Transport Systems resulted in the safer, more efficient, and eco-friendlier movement of vehicles. Considering the numerous advantages of the VLC technology encouraged the survey in automotive applications as an alternative to traditional radio frequency-based communications.

Full text

Engineering and Technology Journal e-ISSN: 2456-3358
Volume 08 Issue 10 October -2023, Page No.- 2917-2925
DOI: 10.47191/etj/v8i10.15, I.F. – 7.136
© 2023, ETJ
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Cornelius A. D. Pahalson1, ETJ Volume 08 Issue 10 October 2023
A Review of Visible Light Communications in Automotive Applications
Cornelius A. D. Pahalson1, Atang Bulus Azi2
1Dept. of Science, Plateau State Polytechnic Barkin Ladi, Nigeria
2Dept. of Electrical/ Electronics Engineering, Plateau State Polytechnic Barkin Ladi, Nigeria
ABSTRACT: This paper presents the concept of an intelligent transportation network based on Visible Light Communications
(VLC) applications by enabling wireless communication among vehicles and the traffic infrastructure, safety, efficiency, and the
Environment and reducing fuel waste. Intelligent Transport Systems resulted in the safer, more efficient, and eco-friendlier
movement of vehicles. Considering the numerous advantages of the VLC technology encouraged the survey in automotive
applications as an alternative to traditional radio frequency-based communications.
KEYWORDS: Visible Light Communication (VLC), Intelligent Transport System (ITS), Vehicle to Vehicle (V2V)
Communication
1. INTRODUCTION
In recent years, modern society has presented an increasing
interest in wireless communication technologies, and the
demand for wireless data transfer is expected to increase
exponentially in the next five years [1]. In most cases, radio
frequency (RF) type communications satisfied the solution
for this unprecedented demand. Due to the maturity level and
wide acceptance, RF communications are now the best
solution for wireless communications. However, this
technology has its drawbacks, such as limited bandwidth.
Besides this, there are some cases or scenarios where RF can
cause interferences, such as in aircraft, airports, or hospitals.
Meanwhile, the development of Solid-State Lighting (SSL)
devices, especially of Light-Emitting-Diodes (LEDs), had
tremendous growth. Nowadays, LEDs are highly reliable,
energy-efficient, and have a lifetime far exceeding classical
light sources. Considering the numerous advantages, LEDs
began to be used in more and more lighting applications, and
it is considered that, shortly, they will completely replace
traditional lighting sources [2] - [5]. Besides these remarkable
characteristics, LEDs can rapidly switch, enabling them to be
used for lighting and communication.
Visible Light Communication (VLC) represents a new
communication technology that uses energy-efficient solid-
state LEDs for lighting and wireless data transmission. VLC
uses visible light (380-780 THz) as a communication
medium, which offers enormous bandwidths free of charge;
no law limits it, and it is safe for the human body, allowing
for high-power transmissions. VLC has the potential to
provide low-price, high-speed wireless data communication.
Even if VLC is a new technology, it developed quickly,
proving its vast potential. In just six years, the maximum data
rate reported for VLC systems evolved from 80 Mb/s in 2008
[6] to 3000 Mb/s in 2014 [6].
Visible Light Communication uses light to transmit
information. In addition, the idea behind VLC applications is
to provide lighting and communication simultaneously. Thus,
VLC systems will always have components to transmit and
receive light. In the vast majority of work available in the
literature, LEDs are used as transmitters. These LEDs are
used to modulate the intensity of light to send data. On the
receiver side, photo sensors capture this light directly (Direct
Detection), converting it into a data stream [7]. In VLC,
lighting illumination brightness mustn't be affected by
manipulating light while transmitting the information. Hence,
the type of LED impacts the performance of a VLC system.
Figure 1 gives an overview of the architecture of a VLC
system. LEDs transmit data through Intensity Modulation.
The receiver must be in the line of sight of the LED so that it
receives the light beams containing the information. In fact,
during light transmission, there will be a loss in light signal
quality due to particle diffusion and the inherent interference
of ambient light. Filters may be used to reduce interference.
At the receiver node, light is incident on the photosensor,
directly altering the current. Amplifiers make the signals less
prone to interference and noise [8]. Finally, the signal is
demodulated to retrieve the original information.

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Figure 1. VLC System Architecture, adapted from [9].
Transmitters:
In general, LEDs are used as transmitters in VLC systems.
Most commercially available light bulbs contain several
LEDs. These light bulbs contain a driver responsible for
controlling the current passing through the LEDs, directly
influencing the intensity of the illumination. In other words,
the current arriving at the LED is controlled by transistors,
which manipulate the light signals that the LED emits at high
frequency, thus making the communication imperceptible to
human eyes [10].
Receivers:
Receivers are responsible for capturing light and converting
it into electrical current. Normally, photodiodes are used as
receivers in Visible Light Communication systems [11].
However, photodiodes are extremely sensitive and capture
waves beyond the visible light spectrum, such as ultraviolet
and infrared [12]. They also saturate quickly in an external
environment and are exposed to sunlight; for example, the
photodiode would fail to receive data due to high
interference. For this reason, other components can be used
to capture light. The smartphone camera lets any cell phone
receive data from a VLC transmitter. In addition to these
devices, LEDs themselves can be used as receivers because
they feature photo-sensing characteristics [13]
2. INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION SYSTEM
Transportation is an essential component of the growing
society, so it needs to be more efficient, secure, reliable, cost-
effective, and environmentally friendly. The above can be
done in one structure known as Intelligent Transportation
System (ITS). The number of vehicles that use the
transportation infrastructure increases every year. For this
reason, it is mandatory to improve the safety and efficiency
of the transportation system continuously. Even if the
automobile industry has progressed a lot and cars are safer
today than ever, road accidents kill more people yearly. More
than 1.3 million people die yearly because of car accidents,
while 0ver 50 million are injured [14]. Road accidents are the
leading cause of death among young people aged between 15
and 29 years due to the slow response and inability of
automobile drivers to take the right action at the right time
[15]. Furthermore, the forecasts are even worse: it is
estimated that 2020 road accidents will be the sixth cause of
death, with 1.9 million victims yearly [16] and [17]. In this
work, the concern for reducing the number of road accidents
and the associated victims is increasing. The United Nations
has declared 2010 a Decade of Action for Road Safety to
improve the safety of vehicles and roads.
The increasing number of road fatalities is a paradox because
today's cars integrate high-quality safety equipment and
advanced driver assistance systems. Electronic Stability
Control (ESP), Anti-lock Braking System (ABS), or
electronic brake-force distribution are some of the most
popular active driver assistance systems meant to increase the
safety of the transportation system and reduce the number of
road fatalities. Each system proved its efficiency on
individual vehicles, but the number of crashes increased.
Awareness of different vehicles sharing information is
needed for the next generation of car safety systems to
improve safety. To be able to create a highly efficient road
accident prevention system, there is the need to enable
cooperation among vehicle-vehicle(V2V) and infrastructure-
to-vehicle (I2V) communication to ensure the safety of
people, traffic flow, and comfort of drivers, as shown in
Figure 2 to increase the safety and the efficiency of the
transportation system [18]. ITS relies on reliable, robust,
secure communication among vehicles and infrastructure
(traffic lights, billboards). ITS integrates advanced wired and

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wireless communication technologies for data gathering and
distribution. ITS has the potential to change the point of view
regarding road accidents. If, until now, the problem was how
to help people survive accidents, ITS's future objective will
be to help people avoid accidents. Enabling wireless
communications among vehicles and between vehicles and
infrastructure can substantially improve the safety and
efficiency of road traffic. Inter-Vehicle Communication
(IVC) or Vehicle-to-Vehicle Communication (V2V) systems,
as shown in Figure 2, allow modern vehicles to communicate
with each other and to share information regarding their
mechanical state (position, velocity, acceleration, engine
state, etc.) or information about the traffic. At the same time,
IVC systems can potentially improve passengers’ comfort.
Figure 2: Vehicle to Vehicle communication
ITS adds value to the transportation system by offering real-
time access to traffic information. ITS continuously gathers,
analyzes, and distributes information to increase efficiency.
The collected data automatically adapts the transportation
system to different traffic situations. From this consideration,
an essential requirement for the ITS is its widespread
distribution. For the system to be operative, it needs as many
intelligent vehicles as possible to achieve interoperability.
Large geographical distribution of the intelligent
infrastructure is also required so that the system can gather
more data and distribute it efficiently. At the same time, a
significant challenge for the ITS is to keep the
implementation cost as low as possible without affecting its
reliability. ITS is concerned with three significant issues:
safety, congestion, and environment. The safety of the
transportation system can be improved by increasing vehicle
awareness. Studies show that combining V2V and V2I
communication has the potential to reduce 81 percent of all-
vehicle target crashes annually [19]. Enabling V2I
communication can help the transportation system by
providing real-time data regarding traffic, data that can help
manage transportation to increase efficiency and reduce
traffic jams, which can help reduce gas consumption and CO2
emissions. The benefits of adding intelligence to the
transportation system are the efficient monitoring and
management of the traffic, which will help reduce congestion
and provide optimized alternative routes depending on the
traffic situation. Increasing the transportation system’s
efficiency will help save time and money and reduce
pollution. However, the most crucial benefit of the ITS will
be the millions of lives saved. The primary beneficiaries of
the ITS are the travelers who will travel safely and will use
optimized travel routes, as well as the transportation
companies and the industry.

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Figure 3: ITS architecture, including the three major components
ITS has three significant components connected by wireless
and wired communication technologies. The three
components are:
• the intelligent vehicles;
• the intelligent infrastructure;
• the traffic centers.
The interconnectivity of the ITS components is illustrated in
Figure 3. Intelligent vehicles equipped with onboard
equipment for wireless communication are connected to the
intelligent infrastructure, forming a vehicular ad hoc network
(VANET) [20]. This is the data-gathering component.
Vehicles transmit data to the traffic infrastructure data that is
analyzed and redistributed. Intelligent infrastructure also uses
wireless communication technologies to communicate with
intelligent vehicles and wired communications to connect
with the traffic center and for interconnections. The
intelligent infrastructure is the connection between intelligent
vehicles and the traffic center. This way, the infrastructure
has the role of fixed gateways for the communication network
while the cars are the mobile nodes. The intelligent
infrastructure has two primary functions: data distribution
and data collection. It gathers information from the vehicles
and sends it to the traffic center. The traffic center analyzes
the data, decides the required measures, and distributes the
results geographically to vehicles through intelligent
infrastructure. The distributed information can be either
safety-related information, like accident warnings or traffic
sign warnings, information regarding the weather, or
messages containing alternative routes. IVC and vehicle-to-
infrastructure communication (I2V/V2I) are the two major
research preoccupations in developing the intelligent
transportation system (ITS). Vehicular communications
enable intelligent vehicles that use wireless short-range
communications to connect and form the VANETs. V2V
communications can address 79% of all vehicle crashes [17].
I2V communications link the vehicles with the road
infrastructure through wireless short-range communication
technologies. I2V communications can target 26% of all
vehicle crashes [17]. An essential component of I2V
communications is broadcasting traffic safety information
from the traffic infrastructure to vehicles. This way, the
presence of stop signs, signal status, speed limit, surface
condition, and pedestrian crosswalks is transmitted, helping
the drivers/vehicles to take the necessary safety
measurements. The other component of the I2V/V2I is the
data gathering component. Vehicles transmit data to the
traffic infrastructure data that is analyzed and redistributed.
3. RF COMMUNICATIONS
Several technologies were proposed and investigated for
communication between vehicles and infrastructures, such as
infrared [21], Bluetooth [22], 3G [23], [24], LTE [25], or even
combinations of these technologies [26]. However, the
strongest focus is radio frequency Dedicated Short Range
Communication (DSRC). DSRC is regulated by the IEEE
802.11p standard for Wireless Access in Vehicular
Environments (WAVE) [27]. The IEEE 802.11p standard
was developed based on the IEEE 802.11a standard but with
the improvement of the PHY and MAC layers. The
enhancements performed on the standard aim to provide
higher robustness and to adapt to the fast movement
conditions imposed by vehicular applications. The DSRC
channel is divided into 7 channels of 10 MHz for different
applications, where each channel is divided into 52 sub-

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channels with a bandwidth of 156.25 kHz. All the safety-
related messages are broadcast using the control and center
channels. Depending on their criticalities, the messages are
categorized into four priority categories to reduce the latency
of the high-importance messages. The IEEE 802.11p standard
uses the well-known Carrier Sense Multiple Access/Collision
Avoidance (CSMA/CA) as a collision-preventing
mechanism. DSRC involves half-duplex communication with
data rates from 3 to 27 Mbps. It uses orthogonal frequency
division multiplex (OFDM) as a modulation technique to
ensure data multiplex. DSRC aims to achieve communication
ranges of up to 1000 meters. Even if the standard were
developed considering the difficult conditions of the
vehicular application, numerous studies would report issues
related to its ability to support vehicular communications.
Channel congestion affects communication performances
and represents the major impediment to reliable
communication [28]. Channel congestion is determined
mainly by vehicle density, message generation rate, and
transmission range. Since communication-based vehicular
safety applications aim to exchange a large amount of real-
time dynamic data, it is obvious that this will generate serious
issues. In the case of VANETs, the different nodes will
increase the channel congestion, causing mutual interference
and the phenomenon called a "broadcasting storm" [29].
VANETs are considered extremely dynamic topologies with
strict constraints concerning delays and packet delivery. The
quality of the channel modifies randomly in time and is
difficult to predict since it depends on the behavior of each
communication link. Furthermore, each node (vehicle)
creates interference that covers an area wider than the covered
communication area. Another significant problem in high-
traffic densities is the CSMA/CA. Recent studies showed that
when such conditions are fulfilled, the behavior of the
CSMA/CA is approaching the one of ALOHA, meaning that
the nodes transmit their message after a random time without
sensing other transmissions [30], [31]. This phenomenon
generates packet decoding failure even for communication
between nearby vehicles. The failure of the CSMA
mechanism in high traffic densities was also observed in [32]-
[34]. These aspects are significant, especially in traffic safety
applications requiring latencies as low as 20 ms [35]. Under
these circumstances, in high traffic densities, such as on
highways or in crowded cities, the reliability of
communications is rather questionable [36]. Ensuring proper
message delivery in high traffic, not even for high-priority
messages, was also demonstrated in [37]. This paper
concluded that DSRC cannot ensure time-critical message
distribution. Analysis of the DSRC in a highway scenario also
points out that even if the latency requirements could be
satisfied, the reliability requirements are difficult to meet,
mainly due to external collisions [38]. The same study points
out that the hidden node is a stringent problem in the highway
scenario, significantly affecting the packet delivery ratio. In
addition to channel congestion, the Doppler spread is another
disturbing phenomenon affecting the DSRC. The Doppler
spread causes signal spread, leading to a broader spectrum
than the transmitted signal. The channel variations cause sub-
carrier interference, which degrades the performance. The
Doppler spread negatively affects BER and throughput
performances [39]. The effect of the Doppler spread is
proportional to the velocity of the vehicles and the distance
separating the vehicles [40]. The multipath effect is also a
perturbing phenomenon for DSRC. The multipath distortions
are mainly caused by different length paths resulting from
unwanted reflections. Due to the highly dynamic nature of
VANETs, this application area is characterized as a rich
multipath environment. The multipath components also
widen the Doppler spectrum. The no line of sight (NLoS)
condition represents a stringent problem for VLC and the case
of 802.11p. Buildings situated at crossroads pose a major
problem for communication [41]. The roadside vegetation
blocks communication in the case of tight curves [32]. In the
case of the steep crest, the NLoS condition makes
communication impossible [42]. Also, vehicles interposed
between the emitter and receiver lead to packet losses or
communication breakdown [43]. In all these instances, the
connectivity is lost almost immediately after the LOS is
altered. To conclude, it can be observed that DSRC is mainly
affected by high traffic densities, NLoS, and high velocities.
These factors reduce the communication range, cause
numerous packet collisions, increase delays, and reduce
reliability. Considering the mentioned analytical and
experimental results, it can be observed that DSRC systems
are fully reliable, just in ideal conditions. However, in real
situations, the aforementioned perturbing factors will
cumulate in plenty of cases (e.g., high speed with NLoS),
leading to even poorer performances than the ones described
above. Moreover, it is also observed that communication
breakdowns occur mostly in the situations they were meant
for. At high speed, in tight curves, is the moment when these
systems are required the most. Considering that [23]- [43]
represents just a narrow segment of studies that question the
DRSC's capability to face all problems related to vehicular
communications, the competition for the winning
communication technology in vehicular networks remains
open.
4. THE APPLICATIONS VLC IN ITS
Whereas IVC has been in the attention of academic society
for more than 20 years, due to its early stage, only recently
was VLC considered a possible solution to enable IVC. The
low complexity, reduced implementation cost, and ubiquitous
character represent the main advantages of VLC usage in
automotive applications. All these characteristics can
facilitate rapid and broad market penetration, representing a
solid consideration (argument) in favor of VLC. LEDs are
highly reliable and energy-efficient and have a lifetime that

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far exceeds classical light sources. These unique features
made the car manufacturers consider replacing the classical
halogen lamps with LED lighting systems. At this moment,
as illustrated in Figure 2, vehicle lighting systems based on
LEDs are standard. The efficiency of the LEDs made them
used also for LED-based traffic lights. This new generation
of traffic lights is becoming increasingly popular and is
beginning to be used on an extended scale. The main
advantages of these traffic lights are low maintenance cost,
long life, and low energy consumption but also better
visibility [44]. These advantages had already convinced some
of the city's authorities to replace the classical traffic lights
with new-generation LED-based traffic lights. Meanwhile,
other cities are progressively following in their footsteps. The
standard sizes for the traffic lights are 200 and 300 mm in
diameter [45]. The LED-based traffic light consists of a large
number (100-200) of HB-LEDs that offer data
communication besides the signaling function. Enhancing the
LED traffic light with communication capabilities does not
affect compliance with the standards [45]. Considering the
trends in the lighting industry, it is expected that street
lighting is expected, so road illumination will also be able to
provide communication support [46], [47]. In this case, the
constant short distance between the street light and the
vehicle and the high power implied allows for high data rates
and increased communication stability. Under these
circumstances, this particular case of I2V VLC has vast
developing potential. Moreover, due to the low cost and high
reliability, LEDs began to be integrated into traffic signs to
improve visibility. This type of traffic sign is used mainly on
road segments with increased accident risk.
Figure 4. An intelligent transport system using visible light communication (VLC).
In this context, one can see that LED-based lighting will be
part of the transportation system, integrated into vehicles and
the infrastructure. The large geographical area in which LED
lighting will be used, combined with VLC technology, will
allow ITS to gather data from a widespread area and enable
the distribution of high-quality communications. These
additional functions will be possible without affecting the
primary goal in any way, which is signaling or lighting. The
success of ITS largely depends on its penetration [48].
Insufficient penetration means insufficient data collection
and distribution. Suppose it is to think of RF solutions for the
ITS. In that case, this will only be possible for a short time
ahead because all intersections and streets must be equipped
with RF units for the system to be effective, which implies
substantial implementation costs. One of the most significant
advantages of VLC compared with DRSC is its low
complexity and reduced implementation cost. Being already
half integrated into the existing transportation infrastructure
and in-vehicle lighting systems makes VLC a ubiquitous
technology and ensures its fast market penetration. In the case
of RF, the problem of market penetration is considered a
severe issue that can block deployment. It is estimated that
for such a system to begin to be effective, it requires at least
a 10% market penetration [49]. However, achieving this
would require a few years in which the systems bring little or
no benefits, meaning that the early buyers mainly support the
deployment cost. Even with that, most consumers replaced
their cars in this period without benefiting from the purchased
system. The safety vehicles proceed on the damaged cars and
transmit the information in the neighborhood of this area. The
neighboring cars receive the data using light sensors and send
them further to the nearest neighbors using their head/back

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lights. Data are thus propagated throughout the highway. The
traffic infrastructure contributes to the information broadcast
as well. Furthermore, the cars can also communicate with
each other regarding their mechanical state or other issues
needed to enhance traffic safety and security. The fact that
VLC can satisfy the requirements imposed in vehicular
networks in actual working conditions has been confirmed.
Furthermore, VLC was also found compatible with
platooning [50]
5. VLC RESEARCH DIRECTION AND FUTURE
CHALLENGES
Concerning the VLC receivers, it has been observed that there
are two primary directions in their development. One
considers using camera systems as a receiver, and the other
one considers the usage of photoelements, generally
photodiodes. Embedded cameras have the main advantage of
a wider angle, which increases mobility. Such systems can
achieve communication ranges up to 100 meters but at a high
BER (as high as 10-2 – 10-1). In the best cases, decent BER
results can be obtained for distances up to a few tens of
meters. As for the data rate, VLC links that can achieve a few
Mb/s have been reported. However, the communication
performances are strictly related to the camera, meaning that
the camera has to be a high-speed model, which is still too
expensive for broad distribution in the automotive industry.
Under these circumstances, high-speed cameras seem to be
reserved for laboratory prototypes. On the other hand, photo-
sensing elements like photodetectors are quite efficient
regarding noise performance and can be used over long
distances. Their fast response time enables them to be used
for high data rates at considerably lower prices. Such systems
can achieve communication ranges of 40 - 50 meters at data
rates of a few tens of kb/s. It was seen that the performances
of such systems could be enhanced with optical systems that
focus the light on the photo element and improve the SNR.
Active control of the position of the sensing element was also
found to enhance the performance. In the case of
photosensors, the main challenge is to minimize the
interference of the ambient light, which significantly affects
the SNR, especially as the emitter-receiver distance increases.
A central problem in this area is the design of a suitable
receiver that can enhance the conditioning of the signal and
avoid disturbances due to environmental conditions. Even if
VLC is a relatively new communication technology, its fast
evolution indicates enormous potential. The development of
VLC is impressive, but there is still a long way ahead. To be
suitable for automotive applications, VLC still needs to
enhance the communication range and the robustness to
noise. This could be achieved by using an adaptive gain
circuit that will significantly improve the communication
range in low and medium light conditions without affecting
the robustness of the communication in bright conditions.
Higher complexity filters and optical filtering can also
improve the SNR and increase the communication range. As
for the stringent Los condition, the problem can be solved in
vehicular networks by using multi-hop networking. Vehicles
can retransmit the original message for vehicles that are
outside the LOS of the initial transmitter. This way, high-
priority messages can be propagated through the VANET and
reach vehicles outside the LOS. Multi-hop networking can
substantially increase the communication range.
6. CONCLUSIONS
This paper has introduced the concept of ITS, presenting its
objectives, key components, and strategies. The potential
usage and the role of VLC in the ITS have been discussed.
VLC is the solution in ITS, especially for urban high-traffic
densities. When such conditions are fulfilled, RF-based
communication technologies are affected by severe
collisions, leading to decreased packet delivery ratio (PDR)
and increased latencies, making RF communications
unsuitable for traffic safety applications. In transportation-
related applications, VLC also has the advantage that next-
generation vehicles and next-generation traffic
infrastructures will be LED-based, which will facilitate the
implementation.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The author acknowledges all the authors listed in the
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