Clifford Smith

University of Hawaiʻi at Mānoa | UH Manoa · Department of Botany

The foliicolous lichen Gallaicolichen pacificus exhibits unique goniocystangia-like structures named peltidiangia and peltidia. Its taxonomic classification within the Ascomycota has been unclear due to the absence of ascomata and lack of molecular data. Here we clarify the phylogenetic affinities of Gallaicolichen pacificus by analyzing mitochondr...

The taxonomy of the genus Sticta in Hawaii is reassessed, based on a separately published molecular phylogeny using the fungal barcoding marker ITS. Based on Magnusson and Zahlbruckner's treatment from 1943 and Magnusson's catalogue from 1955, seven species of Sticta and three infraspecific taxa had been reported from the archipelago, all widesprea...

Sticta is a subcosmopolitan genus most diverse in the tropics. Traditionally, many taxa were considered to be widespread and morphologically variable, following broadly circumscribed morphodemes. Among these is the S. weigelii morphodeme, characterized by a cyanobacterial photobiont and rather narrow, flabellate to truncate or tapering lobes produc...

We assessed the taxonomy and phylogenetic relationships of Hawaiian species of the neotropical genus Lobariella . A single species was previously reported from the archipelago, the widespread neotropical L. crenulata . We targeted three loci of the mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal rDNA gene cistron (mtSSU, nuLSU, ITS) and also performed a molecu...

Ten species of the genus Crepidotus are described from Hawaii. They are Crepidotus alabamensis, C. amygdalosporus, C. appalachianensis, C. applanatus var. globigera, C. avellaneus, C. citrinus, C. mollis, C. nephrodes, and C. rhizomorphus. One new species, C. bakerae, is proposed. Keys and distinctive characters of each species are provided. It is...

A Mouthful of Diversity: Knowledge of Cider Apple Cultivars in the United Kingdom and Northwest United States. There is a general assumption in the study of folk taxonomy that those people who have been interacting with a given crop the longest have the most knowledge about the crop’s names. We treated this as an hypothesis which can be tested with...

A random survey of non-indigenous plants was performed on the nine islands of the Azores Archipelago, including 529 one square km plots, corresponding to about 20% of the land surface. The number of sampling plots varied from 12 for Corvo Island to 136 for São Miguel, while the number of sampled taxa per island varied between 152 and 365. The perce...

A revised and updated literature-based checklist of Hawaiian mosses is presented. Geographic coverage includes the eight main Hawaiian Islands; the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands are excluded. The checklist is alphabetically ordered by scientific names; the family is noted for each genus. Synonyms and misapplied names are cross-referenced to the acc...

The 9 Azores islands are located in the North Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km from Europe. The vascular plant flora, consisting of 1002 taxa, was characterized using a database. Biogeographic and historic criteria were used to categorize the taxa as indigenous (31%) and non-indigenous (69%). The proportion of non-indigenous vascular plant taxa is hig...

Ramalina reptans and R. subrotunda from the Hawaiian Islands are described as new to science. They are endemic to the islands.

The impacts of seven species of insects that have significant deleterious effects on Psidium cattleianum (Strawberry guava) are presented. A leaf gall produced by Tectococcus ovatus (Homoptera, Eriococcidae) is the most promising potential agent due to the damage caused and its ease of handling. Bud galls formed in response to Dasineura gigantea (D...

The history of the biological control program at Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil, is presented. Studies on the insects attacking various native Brazilian species of Senecio are being conducted. Insects are being investigated to discover their potential for enhance control of Senecio species in agricultural situations. Cattle deaths a...

Alien plants are a major component of the Azorean vascular flora. We present a general biogeographic analysis of the taxa considered as introduced in the Archipelago. This work results from the construction of a data-base of Azorean plant invaders. Of the 996 taxa recorded for the Azores, 6.6% are considered endemic, 10.2% native, 72,6% alien, and...

#Miconia Calvescens$ DC (Melastomataceae) est un arbre originaire des forêts humides d'Amérique tropicale, introduit comme plante ornementale en Polynésie Française et dans les îles Hawaï où il y constitue actuellement une plante envahissante majeure et y a été déclaré légalement espèce nuisible. Les objectifs de cette première conférence régionale...

Foliicolous cryptogams are poorly represented in the flora of the Hawaiian Islands. There are 25 truly foliicolous lichens with a further 10 corticolous species opportunistic on leaves. One alga, the parasitic Cephaleuros virescens, is abundant but there is also a number of undetermined unicellular green algae present. Trentepohlia is occasionally...

Lichens are extremely sensitive indicators of microclimatic conditions (Rose 1976). Their use as bioindicators of air quality is well established (Huckaby 1993). Several species are powerful indicators of substrate types and conditions (Barkman 1958).

Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. The family Myrtaceae is well represented in Hawai'i by both native and introduced species. Two species of the genus Psidium, P. cattleianum (strawberry guava) and P. guajava (common guava), are particularly sign...

The total number of currently accepted species of Cladoniaceae in the Hawaiian Islands is 22. Several taxonomic problems still exist, however. The effects of isolation are clear among Cladoniaceae. Endemism is high (c. 40%); and, the number of species low. The species must have reached the archipelago via long-distance trans-oceanic dispersal, prob...

One hundred and fifteen taxa of Parmeliaceae s.s. have been reported from the Hawaiian Islands. Thirty-seven species in 12 genera (Bulbothrix, Canoparmelia, Cetrelia, Flavoparmelia, Flavopunctelia, Hypotrachyna, Menegazzia, Parmelina, Parmotrema, Relicina, Rimelia, Xanthoparmelia) are currently accepted; 26 taxa remain unresolved. The species appea...

Fire, an important evolutionary determinant in many continental ecosystems, probably has not played a significant role in the State. The most common natural ignition source is lava flows, but the majority of fires are now started by humans. Some native plant species, e.g., koa (Acacia koa), `aalii (Dodonaea viscosa), `ohia (Metrosideros polymorpha)...

Tropical lichens are not only of interest in themselves but are of importance in the study of the ecosystems of which they are a part. Information on tropical lichens has not hitherto been readily available in book form, and the object of this volume is to synthesize what is known at present and to indicate areas where further research is needed. T...

Arthonia palmulacea, Calenia aspidotum, and Sporopodium phyllocharis are reported new to the United States, all in Florida. The presence of Lopadium fuscum in the United States is confirmed.

The food habits of several forest birds and their potential role in the dispersal of firetree (Myrica faya) were studied in two areas of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park. Observations were made during peak firetree fruiting (October-November 1983) in areas where ' ohi'a (Metrosiderospolymorpha) and firetree are codominant. Both native and introduced...

Over 4,600 species of plants have been introduced into the Hawaiian Islands over the last 200 years. Only 86, less than 2% of the total, have become serious pests of native ecosystems. Of these, the most signi- ficant are Andropogon virginicus. Clidemia hirta, Lan- tana camara, Leucaena leucocephala, Melinis minuti- flora, Myrica faya, Passiflora m...

Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. A vegetation map (Scale 1:6,000) of Kipahulu Valley below 700m is presented. The vegetation has two principal components, pastureland and alien secondary forest. The vegetation in the study area has been disturb...

Four species of alectorioid lichens are reported from Hawaii. Bryoria smithii (= Alectoria sandwicensis) is the most common. Two species, B. furcellata and Pseudephebe minuscula, are new records to the islands. The presence of B. lanestris is confirmed. Alectoria altaica and A. jubata are not present as previously reported. All species are confined...

Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Passiflora mollissima, a weedy vine introduced to Hawai'i, infests significant portions of two of the major islands, Hawai'i and Kaua'i. It grows between 600 and 2200 m elevation in areas where the rainfall does...

Geastrum floriforme, G. indicum, G. javanicum, G. minimum, G. pectinatum, G. recolligens, G. saccatum, and G. xerophilum are reported new to the Hawaiian Islands. The presence of Geastrum quadrifidum and Myriostoma coliforme is confirmed. A key to the identification of all species is provided. Additional notes are provided to distinguish similar sp...

Geastrum floriforme, G. indicum, G. javanicum, G. minimum, G. pectinatum, G. recolligens, G. saccatum, and G. xerophilum are reported new to the Hawaiian Islands. The presence of Geastrum quadrifidum and Myriostoma coliforme is confirmed. A key to the identification of all species is provided. Additional notes are provided to distinguish similar sp...

Morphometric techniques were used to examine the pattern of variation of45 characters between the Haleakala and Mauna Kea populations of Argyro xiphium sandwicense. Qualitative features were also evaluated. A framework for a priori comparisons between the two populations of A. sandwicense was provided by including two additional species in the stud...

The vegetation of the Puhimau geothermal area was compared with that of the surrounding ecosystem. Very few species of the surrounding area were found with any abundance in the geothermal area. The center of the geothermal area is almost barren. Pockets of vegetation dominated by the endemic moss Campylopus praemorsus (C. Muell.) Jaeg. are scattere...

Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. This report lists all the conifers and flowering plants occurring in the Crater District of Haleakala National Park. Two hundred and five species and varieties were recorded of which 120 are endemic, 11 are indi...

Temperatures were measured in soil, Cladonia skottsbergii, Cl. oceanica, and Campylopus praemorsus growing in the almost barren geothermal area at Puhimau, Hawaii. The measurements were made in the early morning in winter when insolation and air temperatures were minimal and the geothermal effects were predominant. Measurements were made on healthy...

Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. This resource management report is a prescription for the ecosystem restoration program of the coastal lowland of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park between Apua Point and Halape. The prescription emphasizes a veget...

Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. This report covers the second and third phases of field work during the summers of 1976 and 1977 for the Resources Basic Inventory of the Crater District of Haleakala National Park. The first phase, covering 23...

Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. This proposal of research alternatives is written in response to the Haleakala National Park Natural Resources Project Statement, HALE-N-8. The purpose of the project is to “develop acceptable methods for studyi...

Eighteen species of foliicolous lichens are newly reported from the Hawaiian Islands. The range of Tapellaria epiphylla (Müll. Arg.) Sant. and T. nana (Fee) Sant. is extended to include Oahu and Maui. The microconidial stage of Strigula melanobapha (Kremp.) Sant., previously unknown, is described.

Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Three areas, the northwestern outer slope between 7,000 and 10,000 feet, the Ko'olau Gap between 5,500 and 6,500 feet and the Kau-po Gap Lau'ulu trail, were studied. Twenty sites were sampled within these areas...

Clidemia (Clidemia hirta, Melastomataceae) is a significant disruptive weed in many ecosystems in Oceania and the Southeast Asian and Indian subcontinents. In Hawai'i, it forms dense monotypic stands in mesic to wet environments between 33 and 4,920 ft (10-1,500 m) elevation. First reported in the Hawaiian Islands on O'ahu in 1941, it has since spr...

This volume has clearly shown the importance of the weed problem in the Hawaiian Islands. Since arrival of the first human settlers and especially with establishment of continental humans and commerce, introduced plants have colonized "Paradise" at an increasingly rapid rate (Wester, this volume). All ecosystems have been affected, including those...

Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. This proposal is written in response to Haleakala National Park Project Number HALE-N-6 (Kipahulu Pig Study). As outlined in their Project Statement the research is to provide information in the following areas:...

Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Forty-nine species of ferns and fern allies were found in the Crater District of Haleakala National Park during the three-year Resources Basic Inventory program from 1975 to 1977. Ninety-six percent of the speci...

Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. Three ferns and 123 flowering plants are recorded from Pu'uhonua o Honaunau National Park. Ninety two (74%) are alien (introduced after 1778). Six species - common sandbur, fountaingrass, lantana, nutgrass, punc...

Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. In 1982, Kahauale'a, a privately owned parcel of land adjacent to Hawai’i Volcanoes National Park, was proposed as a site for a geothermal energy development. As the proposed drill sites were as close as 300 m t...

Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. The family Myricaceae consists of three or four genera, depending on the classification system followed, of which the largest is Myrica with 37-52 species. Members of the genus are typically evergreen shrubs or...

Reports were scanned in black and white at a resolution of 600 dots per inch and were converted to text using Adobe Paper Capture Plug-in. The importation of alien insects and pathogens to control invasive alien weeds raises justifiable concern among land managers and conservationists. For the Hawaiian archipelago the dangers are particularly acute...

Western Region, National Park Service

Western Region, National Park Service

Western Region, National Park Service

Western Region, National Park Service

Excised embryo shoot apices of wheat were grown on media containing either indolylacetic acid (IAA), kinetin, gibberellic acid (GA), or adenine. GA and adenine stimulate the activity of the apical meristem whereas IAA and kinetin do not. No combination of any two substances significantly stimulated growth when compared with the most active substanc...

A technique for obtaining excised embryo shoot apices of wheat is described. When yeast extract or various amino acids were included in the basal medium the explants did not grow and much of the tissue showed signs of necrosis. Coconut milk, either autoclaved or filter-sterilized, inhibited the growth of the explants. Root initiation and shoot grow...