Allenare il pensiero creativo: tecniche e percorsi didattici

Abstract

La creatività rappresenta un costrutto multidimensionalee per questo risulta difficile definirla in modo unico e universalmente riconosciuto. Al contrario, è necessario fare riferimento a diversi modelli definitori, ognuno in grado di porre in evidenza alcuni suoi particolari aspetti, o dimensioni. Al massimo livello di generalità, i vari modelli concordano sul fatto che un atto creativo sia tale quando dà luogo a qualcosa di originale e in qualche modo utile. Secondo Kaufmann (2004) un'idea può dirsi originale quando rappresenta una chiara novità rispetto a quanto l'individuo già sapeva fare o pensare. Nell'ambito dello studio della creatività un processo viene definito produttivo (contrapposto a riproduttivo), laterale (contrapposto a verticale) o divergente (contrapposto a convergente). Se un problema viene affrontato attraverso il pensiero convergente, che conduce all'unica soluzione corretta possibile, si possono ottenere risultati corretti, ma non generativi. Per avere una soluzione innovativa bisogna rovesciare i punti di partenza e servirsi di ipotesi apparentemente lontane. E' proprio il pensiero divergente che più caratterizza il profilo dei soggetti creativi (si veda il modello di Guilford in Fig. 1). Tale modalità di pensiero consente la produzione di idee e contenuti che normalmente verrebbero inibiti a favore di una forma di pensiero consueta, dominata da strategie cognitive routinarie, molto utili a rispondere a situazioni ordinarie, ma basate su conoscenze già acquisitive; si tratta dunque di un pensiero riproduttivo, rapido ed efficace, che tuttavia limita la ricerca di nuovi collegamenti tra i concetti, di nuove soluzione. Così, in un classico compito di pensiero divergente viene chiesto a soggetti di guardare un oggetto e nominare un numero più elevato possibili di usi alternativi a quelle canonico. Per esempio, una caffetteria può

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Capitolo 7
Allenare il pensiero creativo: tecniche e percorsi didattici
Paola Maria Sala, Maria Elide Vanutelli, Claudio Lucchiari1
1. Introduzione
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1 Dipartimento di Filosoa, Università degli Studi di Milano

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&&&&
&"

Figura 1: 4+
2. La natura della creatività
$5
&
&6&
#'
#&&
        &               
/
1
&1
2#&#
&*&     
    &  '                  
# $*# 
#&&

2&
&                      
#  #  7 &              
32##
#&33"
&&/
&&#
3&
'       &     $ 
    6&  
    #  "   2              
&&&
#&     &       
*
&+&&
##
##
1&

3. Si può imparare a essere creativi?
8
4. La scuola si prende cura della creatività?
'#
)2#
               &6  

                       #
#&&##
97&
&

5
&&&#&
7
#/
&&#:
3.&&
(&

56$
5
;&& #
3"1
        & 2
&&

<&&
      &              &&      
0$
2 Cfr. Legge 27 dicembre 2006, n. 296, articolo 1, comma 622: «L'istruzione
impartita per almeno dieci anni è obbligatoria ed è nalizzata a consentire il
conseguimento di un titolo di studio di scuola secondaria superiore o di una
qualica professionale di durata almeno triennale entro il diciottesimo anno
d'età».

      2     #     
#   &           7    
*6
#&
   #       
=#
 >? #
        

'$#

  &              
        5    *    &          
0 -@"<&&
&&6$

0
                        
                    &  
###&&
#
#
;&&6>2A
A &   A    A
   A  #  &      #  B   ?  C     
  &                #

#D ;& -@"
'*          ,  0   $       &  
          >?       

                        
&2#
 "               
 0 -@" '&
*#&6#
*
      $       
4-EF@"

#&
*


&##

5&&
# # #       5      
   &         
  ( $ &    &&       
G03H I"
=##6
                            

3&1&&
&
=>&J3?
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0$
&&
2#&
5 -I"
'(
    #        1  6  "    
/&"/"
&   /  " /  "  /"  
/"    /"    
&#

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$##
&

Indicazioni nazionali per il curricolo della scuola dell’infanzia e del primo ciclo
di istruzione            "            
#
6  && #               
                            


.&
    4  #2      6  &    
  /2
#

#
&&#
5. Tecniche e percorsi per promuovere l’attitudine creativa degli studenti della didattica
e per adottare uno stile di insegnamento creativo.
8
3Percorsi laboratoriali per una didattica attiva e creativa
'                 # 
           
&
 =     
                 

      #            
   problem-posing  problem-solving"  K          
&#
                      

 $                   
#&*


:::#
&'

&
'   :    
&:&$&
#        2                  
 01$
&&
$&&&
&&L+
&M

      &  2
     
&*#
=          &  N  #&        
 N&&
0&
          

&&
&&M>&?
&problem-solving6*
&  N+  

                &      
$$
#O0
PQ%&6

     (
#&
  <

&1&$+
::
&2&
'
#<
$
&& 
1&
3
6. Creatività e matematica: un esempio
Non possiamo risolvere i problemi usando lo stesso tipo di pensiero
che abbiamo usato quando li abbiamo creati
&(
                
     &01     

&
  %        &&    *  &  %  
&&
          &              &&  
&&
K
              &          *    
*      $   &  
          +  -EEI"    )  3
&2
                          

. @"K
#&
           &             
&"
R&&HA S"
2#
6    &     1        
/*
            "    &        
)R E/ 9/+ 9/
T  @"  2    &&             
&&
              R   E"  +      
 &  &   )   

&
                    R   E"  +
             storyboard           

                       
    &    2              
+ 9"M
&&
    &                    
      T   @"  4              
)U !"2&
                     
3
&
#2
#
*
            &    
&
8
Bibliografia
G03H4 I"Creatività nella vita e nella scuola464
=
HA4G, 9"0AA6B

Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs132!"I@@:!E
HL  ;  4   !"  .  0    4  06 4    T    +
4.4E@"!93@ 
0, -@"Creatività, pensiero creativo e metodo&(
0 GV4 -!"'#A3
      U   Thinking Skills and Creativity 12  9E:SS
6WWW- - -9WJ -!  I
0 . T T U   -@" H          A6  ' 
3%BVL6'
00TTGU4 F"<6UBB
BAB%BVL%V64+BU
+ U   9"  4  6  %B      A    %B  VL6
'HL
+U --"20A(;4A(;2
+0MAX6@@6!"6I 3I !
+U-EEI"(-EEI
+4  G'  '  E" 0Y6    YP Psicologia e
Scuola!:!F
+-E@ "0AAmerican Psychologist@"!!!:!@!
U' "Paul Harris, The work of imagination=6HLB'&
U; - "0A600(
- I"-@!
U     - "  0A      A    (  'A  ;B  ---  IE3!S
6- - F W- 9IE- E I!@@SI9
2& T'  G T  4;   9" 0  .L    3H 6  '
.,+9("

04ALBVG. S".A L BL-!6.
>?3L"(A(<-F
-!@3-9-
  4  -ES9"  'A     Metaphilosophy 7-"  -S:II
6WWW- ----WJ-!9S3EESI-ES9& 9-9Z
H0Z+G( -I"'0A6,
.B%B,  ,  OECD Education Working Papers
86F9"!@6WWW- -SFSW@L!@EBL3
4A; -@".%0AInstitute of General Semantics16I"9-:S9
44-EF@"4&H
;& -@"Creative Schools'HL
; 4 4LL 4  H  G +    -S"  V  6  .      
'-@" -SS@S
;A     S"  4    G    <    !I  -F  ;  
6WWBBB
< "0A60
'A@@-@-3-@F6- - ISW I3 99[@@--@-
< 9"4.42FI-3
IS  6- - SWH, EF9FF  3;&  4   - "  0A    
('A;B---@!3@F6- - F W- 9IE- E I!@@FS9
4% UK(H  4RL(GBU  F"
20.4'0&A0
B<&2T(II"-IF3-!F
3;&4 - "0A('A;B---"@!3
@F
+ (G44< !".A ：

BCreativity Research Journal16!"I9-:IFF
&;  9"6UBZ
HT-EI!!3!S;&A6WWBBB&
BT E"0&AEducational Psychology Review21-"--:
-E6WWW- - SW- 9!F3 F3E E-39
.V @"B6.T
2'AAI- 93-I
XALA      !"  2   A     Journal of Russian & East
European Psychology42-"S:ES
R&&<GHA; S".&6(A
&V09!3!E
R  0   E"  0A    6  <      B    A  3  .  
&LB3
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