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We revised the conceptual model of the Solfatara magmatic-hydrothermal system based on the results of new gas-geoindicators (Marini et al., 2022) and the available geological, volcanological, and geophysical information from surface surveys and deep geothermal wells. Using the new gas-geoindicators, we monitored the temperature and total fluid pres...
The geological survey has been carried out in El Hierro with the aim to produce a new Geological Map at 1:12,500 scale for the Southern Rift. Almost 70 km 2 have been mapped providing a detailed stratigraphic and volcano-tectonic reconstruction of its evolution. Our work focused on the last Rift Volcanism phase, where hundreds of cinder cones, asso...
Archaeomagnetic dating using full geomagnetic vector was performed on three furnaces cropping out at San Genesio archaeological zone, an ancient settlement located in the Arno River plain, near San Miniato (Pisa). The first evidence of human presence in this area dates back to the period between the VI century BCE and 1248 CE, when the village of S...
High-resolution magnetotelluric and gravity data have been collected over the Kiejo-Mbaka geothermal field, located along the NW–SE trending Mabka fault, in the Karonga Rift basin (East Africa
Rift System). Such resolution allowed to reconstruct the field structure with unprecedented detail. Resistivity modelling has been obtained by three-dimensio...
High-resolution magnetotelluric and gravity data have been collected over the Kiejo-Mbaka geothermal field, located along the NW–SE trending Mabka fault, in the Karonga Rift basin (East Africa Rift System). Such resolution allowed to reconstruct the field structure with unprecedented detail. Resistivity modelling has been obtained by three-dimensio...
Among the artist’s iron-based natural earth pigments, the so-called terra di Siena (raw sienna), terra di Siena bruciata (burnt sienna) and terra d’ombra (umber) have been among the yellow-brown and reddish-brown earth pigments most widely used by Italian and European painters since the Renaissance. We present the history of discovery, designation,...
To contextualize the kinetics of the reactions involving H2O, CO2, CO, CH4 and H2, first of all, we reviewed (i) the groundbreaking researches performed by Paul Sabatier and coworkers on the conversion of CO2 and CO to CH4, (ii) the investigations performed by geochemists on the methanation of CO2 and CO, aimed at clarifying the origin of the so-ca...
The available information relevant to reconstruct the conceptual models of both the magmatic–hydrothermal system hosted in the Campi Flegrei caldera and the Solfatara magmatic-hydrothermal system was summarized and reviewed. This information includes (but is not limited to): the main characteristics of the deep geothermal wells drilled in the area,...
It is common practice to distinguish the mature magmatic-hydrothermal systems from the vapor-cored or immature magmatic-hydrothermal systems, based on the chemistry of fumaroles and hot springs. In fact, the first ones are characterized by the absence of highly soluble magmatic gas species in fumarolic fluids and the consequent presence of acid-SO4...
The Bocca Grande and Bocca Nuova fumaroles have mean outlet temperatures of 161.4°C and 145.4°C, respectively, indicating that they discharge superheated (dry) gas mixtures. Water (688,900 to 873,100 μmol/mol) and CO2 (125,000 to 308,700 μmol/mol) constitute together 99.3 to 100 mol % of these fluids, which can be considered binary CO2-H2O gas mixt...
Deviations from ideality were considered to implement an H2S-H2 geothermometer and three different H2S-H2-H2O geothermometers based on the heterogeneous gas-solid equilibria involving pyrite-pyrrhotite, pyrite-fayalite-quartz, pyrite-magnetite, and pyrite-hematite. The results obtained by using these geothermometers suggest that the H2S concentrati...
First we reviewed the five distinct reactions involving H2O, CO2, H2, CH4, and CO, namely: CO2 + H2 = CO + H2O, indicated by the acronym RWG;
CO + ½ H2O = ¾ CO2 + ¼ CH4, indicated by the acronym CCC;
CO + H2 = ½ CH4 + ½ CO2, indicated by the acronym SS1;
CO + 3 H2 = CH4 + H2O, indicated by the acronym SS3;
CO2 + 4 H2 = CH4 + 2 H2O, indicated by the...
The Solfatara-Pisciarelli Diffuse Degassing Structure (DDS) has been the perfect natural laboratory to test the accumulation chamber method for measuring the diffuse CO2 flux from soil which was developed by the Pisa group led by Roberto Cioni (Chiodini et al. 1998). The effectiveness of the simple graphic-statistical technique for the processing a...
Considering the fugacity coefficients computed by means of the Peng-Robinson EOS, the geoindicators related to the RWG and SS4 reactions have been calibrated for the saturation expansion path involving a brine containing 21 wt% NaCl or 33.5 wt% NaCl and the linear P-T depressurization path, whereas only the geoindicators related to the RWG reaction...
This summary of the Campi Flegrei geology comprises: (i) the geo-volcanological and structural characteristics of Campi Flegrei and the Solfatara monogenetic edifice, (ii) the 1198 Solfatara (phantom?) eruption, which was reported for the first time about four centuries after its possible occurrence and has been a matter of debate in the volcanolog...
In the previous chapters of this book, new gas geoindicators involving the fugacity coefficients of relevant gas species, applicable up to ca. 1000°C and ca. 3 kbar, have been developed and applied to Solfatara fluids to answer the urgent need to estimate the temperatures and pressures present at depth, in different parts of the magmatic-hydrotherm...
The outlet temperature and the chemical composition of Bocca Grande fumarole were measured since the half of the nineteenth century, albeit from time to time rather than in a systematic way. The temperature peak of 215°C recorded on 15 January 1935 is significantly greater than the possible uncertainty of ca. 20°C on the outlet temperature determin...
The chemical characteristics of the Solfatara-Pisciarelli fumarolic fluids sampled and analyzed by Chiodini and coworkers were investigated by means of simple binary diagrams, chronograms, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Based on these different approaches, it turns out that CO2, H2, CO, and He (and to some extent H2S, N2 and Ar as well) ar...
At the foothillof Monte Amiata volcano (southern Tuscany, Italy), small extinct lake basins of late Pleistocene age are documented. These lake basins were characterized by the deposition of two very different types of sediment: a) derived from the authigenic precipitation of iron oxides (goethite) and exploited as earth pigments; b) biogenic silice...
The vast majority of extrusive carbonatites are calcitic rocks which may be confused with sedimentary limestones, thus requiring a disambiguation criterion. Extrusive carbonatites are classified based on quantitative criteria that tend to avoid genetic mechanisms. Carbonatite nomenclature is in progress but regulated by the IUGS norm for igneous ro...
A paleoweathering saprolite mantle and an associated paleosurface have been recognized into the stratigraphic volcanic succession of the silicic effusive (trachydacite) middle Pleistocene Monte Amiata volcano (Italy). This element has been used for applying UBSU (Unconformity Bounded Stratigraphic Units) subdivision to the volcano stratigraphy. All...
The history of the science of archaeomagnetism conventionally starts in 1600 with the publication of William Gilbert's monumental work De Magnete, but the theoretical basis of this scientific field has to be positioned at the end of the nineteenth century. In Italy at that time, a number of scientists such as Giambattista Beccaria, Macedonio Mellon...
New archaeointensity results were obtained from 14 groups of baked-brick fragments collected in and around Pisa (Tuscany, Italy). The fragments were assembled from civil and religious buildings whose dating of construction or renovation, over the past millennium, was constrained by documentary sources. This collection, analysed using the Triaxe pro...
The explosive eruptions that occurred between nineteenth and twentieth centuries produced a fundamental cultural impact on the development of Volcanology. Pyroclastic products and ignimbrites features start to be at the base of an international debate. Various descriptions of explosive eruptions, and a new terminology of their products, such as nué...
The history of the science of archaeomagnetism conventionally starts in 1600 with the publication of William Gilbert's monumental work De Magnete, but the theoretical basis of this scientific field has to be positioned at the end of the nineteenth century. In Italy at that time, a number of scientists such as Giambattista Beccaria, Macedonio Mellon...
A review of the main contributions to the scientific literature between the eighteenth and twentieth centuries concerning the geology and volcanology of Monte Amiata volcano (Tuscany, central Italy) is presented. Monte Amiata, and the nearby volcano of Radicofani, are of great interest for the history of volcanology because they have the primacy of...
New archaeointensity results were obtained from 14 groups of baked-brick fragments collected in and around Pisa (Tuscany, Italy). The fragments were assembled from civil and religious buildings whose dating of construction or renovation, over the past millennium, was constrained by documentary sources. This collection, analysed using the Triaxe pro...
We report on some recent experiences of scientific dissemination activities on geomaterials carried out by a network of scientific organizations in Tuscany (Italy). The primary message we want to disseminate is that even the most “insignificant” rock (e.g., those constituting the bar or kitchen counter-tops) stores in their interior very useful inf...
This study reports the complex textural and chemical features of K-feldspar megacrysts (up to 5 cm long) hosted in trachydacitic lava flows, lava domes, and coulées from Mt. Amiata volcano (Tuscan Magmatic Province, Central Italy). Backscattering and cathodoluminescence imaging, coupled with core to rim major and trace elements patterns, reveal com...
A multidisciplinary approach, comprising lithological, petrochemical, volcanological, structural, geometric, and morphologi-cal analyses on the Monte Amiata volcanic rocks and their stratigraphic relationships, has been used to reconstruct the evolutionary history of this Quaternary volcano, located in the southern Tuscany (Italy). © 2010 AIQUA - A...
Metallurgic furnaces, discovered in the archaeological site of Croce di Papa, Nola, at 15 km NE from the Vesuvius summit, were dated here by using archaeomagnetic technique. They are positioned between the deposits of the Vesuvius eruption of Pomici di Avellino and of the Phlegraean eruption of Agnano-Monte Spina. A revision of available age data a...
This Chapter presents a review of the main works in the scientific literature on the geology and volcanology of Monte Amiata. After the first recognition of the volcanic nature of Monte Amiata made by Micheli in 1733, between the end of the 17th and the 19th centuries, there were numerous reports of naturalistic travels carried out in this territor...
Although the Monte Amiata volcano has been the subject of numerous studies, including the production of geological maps at various scales and different details, there is still not a geological model on which to base a reliable reconstruction of its geological structure and volcanological and magmatological evolution. One of the features that previo...
In the framework of the research project on the Monte Amiata volcano funded by the Regione Toscana, a detailed geological map of the southern sector of the volcano was produced as a test for applying stratigraphic and volcano-geology methodologies to geological mapping of a quaternary volcanic area. The geological field analysis involved all aspect...
The main tectonic elements affecting the Monte Amiata area are a series of faults oriented NE-SW that are the prosecution of the Bágnore and Bagni San Filippo shear zones, located to the south-west and north-east of the volcano, respectively. In addition to these transtensional faults, other three family of lineaments has been recognized on the vol...
This chapter deals with the petro-chemistry of the deposits emitted by Monte Amiata during the whole history of the volcano. Petrographic analyses allowed us to distinguish five different types of lavas on the basis of textural, structural, and mineralogical characteristics. All these five lava types occur at various stratigraphic positions in all...
An exploration well named "David Lazzaretti" (pDL) was drilled, during the year 2010, by the Tuscan regional authority, in the southern part of Mt. Amiata volcano in order to gather data for hydrogeological purposes. pLW was drilled near the village of Santa Fiora (GR), close to the Poggio Trauzzolo lava dome at an altitude of 1086 m above sea leve...
Mount Amiata is a silicic Quaternary volcano that poses the problem on the genetic interpretation of its products. The major volcanological arguments debated on Amiata, during the last 55 years, is the occurrence of explosive eruptions and the emplacement of pyroclastic flow deposits during its activity. In particular, the lower unit was considered...
At active volcanoes, petrological studies have been proven to be a reliable approach in defining the depth conditions of magma transport and storage in both the mantle and the crust. Based on fluid inclusion and mineral geothermobarometry in mantle xenoliths, we propose a model for the magma plumbing system of the Island of El Hierro (Canary Island...
Vesuvius is a high-risk volcano and the 1631 Plinian eruption is a reference event for the next episode of explosive unrest. A complete stratigraphic and petrographic description of 1631 pyroclastics is given in this study. During the 1631 eruption a phonolite was firstly erupted followed by a tephritic phonolite and finally a phonolitic tephrite,...
Here we present a new volcanological map of the Southwestern portion of the Vesuvius volcano at a scale of 1:10,000. Mapped units were subdivided into Unconformity-Bounded Stratigraphic Units. This work constitutes a significant development with respect to previous maps, particularly for the medieval lavas. It also includes a series of volcanic–tec...
This detailed volcanological map of Plain des Sables (PdS) put in evidence the existence of three polygenetic centers (Demi Piton, Piton Chisny, and Piton Hauy) that developed in very recent times. This fact imply that PdS must be considered as one of the most active and potentially hazardous sectors of the Piton de la Fournaise volcano.
The characterization of the recent (<5 kiloyears) explosive activity and the research of violent paroxystic events over Piton de la Fournaise edifice has been performed through a drilling and excavation campaign supported by the integration of new radiocarbon ages to previous chronologic data. Fine grained “Bellecombe” phreatomagmatic ashes represe...
Paleomagnetism and rock magnetism experiments were carried out on the Pliocene Apnia sequence. This sequence consists of basaltic flows with K-Ar ages between 3.70 ±0.20 and 3.09 ±0.10 Ma, and is located in the western Djavakheti Highland, one of the most important volcanic regions of the Lesser Caucasus. Previous paleomagnetic studies on different...
Mt. Amiata is a 1738 m-high volcanic complex dominated by trachydacitic lava flows and domes with
a few late-erupted shoshonites and latites whose emplacement occurred between 300 ka and 200 ka [Ferrari et al., 1996; Cadoux and Pinti, 2009]. An exploration well named “Davide Lazzaretti” (hereinafter referred as DLW) was drilled, during the year 201...
The Mt. Amiata (Central Italy) is a Quaternary volcano of silicic to intermediate mainly effusive products from trachydacite to latite composition, whose emplacement occurred about 300 ka ago. The volcanic rocks host a major regional aquifer exploited for the domestic water supply of a populated area. Two geothermal fields are located at the southe...
A multidisciplinary approach has been applied in a study of eruptive fissures on the slopes of the main volcanic edifices in Tenerife. Our work concentrated on the youngest portion of these cones, including their ages and distribution. Detailed fieldwork was performed, producing a 1:5000-scale geological map of volcanic deposits and structural feat...
The Copper Age marks the first stage of human's use of metal. Eneolithic is commonly assumed to begin in the early 4 th millennium BC in Southeastern Europe and at least 1,000 years earlier in the Middle East, where the majority of copper mines exploitation started. This study provides a chronological contribution to this matter. Our finding allows...
We present chronological result of the archaeomagnetic dating of two fiery structure inside the ex Laboratory Gentili metallurgic area, discovered and folded in Pisa from 2008-2011. Sampling has been performed in September 2011 and analyses performed in 2012 inside the Archaeomagnetic laboratories of IGG-CNR at Villa Borbone in Viareggio and in the...
Archeomagnetic dating developed at St. Maur laboratory has been applied to the Mediterranean volcanoes Etna, Vesuvius and Ischia. The method involves samples from lava flows or high temperature emplaced pyroclasts (welded scoriae, pumice, etc.) weighing 0.5–1 kg each, that allows reaching a precision of a few tenths of a degree on the direction of...
Lungo la spiaggia di Cala San Giovanni a Pianosa affiorano i resti di una grande villa marittima di età
romana e numerose sepolture riferibili a differenti epoche. L’impossibilità di condurre scavi sistematici su tutta l’area della spianata prospiciente la Cala ha stimolato la conduzione di ricerche geoarcheologiche non invasive, atte a delineare i...
The Mt. Amiata Volcano represents the biggest and youngest volcano in Tuscany (Central Italy), whose products are mainly consisting
of dacitic, rhyodacitic and olivine-latitic rocks. Mt. Amiata hosts one of the most important Significant Groundwater Bodies (sgbs)
of Tuscany. This sgb is drained by several springs (more than 150), which are mostly l...
This paper provides new data and interpretations on the relative sea level change occurred at Pianosa island (Italy) since the last ∼125ka, where the recent relative sea level changes have not yet been adequately constrained, based on geomorphological and archaeological research of tectonic movements. The MIS 5.5 deposits are characterized by a 2m...
Based on geological, geomorphological and archaeological markers, we provides new data and interpretations on the relative sea level change occurred at Pianosa Island (Italy) since the last 125 ka. The MIS 5.5 deposits are characterized by a 2 m thick whitish fossiliferous calcarenite, cropping out at a maximum altitude of 4 m a.s.l. containing Str...
An archaeological excavation has been carried out at Pisa (Italy), unearthing an ancient metallurgical workshop. Since archaeological burnt materials provide important records of direction and intensity of the Earth's magnetic field in the past and they can be used to better improve geomagnetic secular variation curves (SVCs), an archaeomagnetic st...
The paleo-morphology of the Cala San Giovanni area (Pianosa Island, Tuscany) has been investigated by means of a new methodology based on the synergy between classical geophysical techniques (such as GeoRadar and Electric Resistivity Tomography) and AF Shallow Coring System. Inside this area a huge number of remnants of human settlements of various...
Archaeomagnetic studies have recently undergone a significant progress in Italy, and a preliminary Italian Secular Variation Curve (Tema et al., 2007) for the last three millennia is available as a useful reference curve to compare archaeomagnetic directions from both archaeological and geological undated burnt features. However the number of well-...
Qandilite (Mg(2)TiO(4)) and magnesioferrite occur in forsterite - spinel - calcite skarn ejecta from Mt. Vesuvius, Italy, with an exceptionally large compositional range that outlines the miscibility gap in the system spinel - qandilite - magnesioferrite (with a small amount of Fe(2+)), at present solely determined on the spinel-qandilite binary at...
In this work, we investigated the water–rock interaction processes taking place in the hydrothermal reservoir of Nisyros through both: (1) a review of the hydrothermal mineralogy encountered in the deep geothermal borehole Nisyros-2; and (2) a comparison of the analytically-derived redox potentials and acidities of fumarolic-related liquids, with t...
Ischia is a well exposed and densely populated late Quaternary caldera in the Campanian magmatic province of Italy. Ischia Caldera experienced an average uplift rate of 3.3 cm/year in the last ca. 30 ka and is still actively resurging. During the last 10 ka, coeval with the resurgence, a volcanic field of alkali-trachytic to trachyandesitic lava do...
The volcanoes Etna and Vesuvius are famous for their historical record, which goes back to Greek and Roman times. The name “Etna” first appears in one of Pindar's Pythian odes (475 B.C.E), and the Vesuvius outburst in 79 C.E. was reported in detail by Pliny the Younger. Other written accounts mention Stromboli and Vulcano (located on the Aeolian Is...
Two Ca-Zr-Ti oxides, zirconolite CaZrTi2O7 and calzirtite Ca2Zr5Ti2O16, occur as minute interstitial crystals in skarn (forsterite-spinel-calcite, with rhythmic banding) ejecta from the 1631 eruption of Vesuvius. The substitutions in zirconolite observed here mainly include Nb-for-Ti (typical for zirconolites in alkaline magmatic surroundings) and...
We present new archeointensity data obtained from the analysis of
several groups of architectural brick sampled in and around Pisa
(Italy), dated from the past 800 years. The ages were determined by
archeological and historical constraints and, in a few cases, by
inscriptions on the buildings themselves. The samples were analyzed
using the intensit...
[D'Orazio, M., Innocenti, F., Tonarini, S., Doglioni, C., 2007. Carbonatites in a subduction system: the Pleistocene alvikites from Mt. Vulture (southern Italy). Lithos 98, 313-334] describe a new finding of alvikite Ca-carbonatite at Vulture. They stress its importance as being the first carbonatite to be discovered in a subduction environment. Th...
In a recently published manuscript [Guidoboni, E., Boschi, E., 2006. Vesuvius before the 1631 eruption, EOS, 87(40), 417 and 423]; [Guidoboni, E. (Ed.), 2006. Pirro Ligorio, Libro di diversi terremoti (1571), volume 28, codex Ja II 15, Archivio di Stato di Torino, Edizione Nazionale delle Opere di Pirro Ligorio, Roma, De Luca, 261 pp], Pirro Ligori...
By means of the use of the Unconformity Bounded Stratigraphic Units the sedimentary and volcanic stratigraphic successions outcropping in the area of Mount Vulture volcano (n.451 "Melfi" and n.452 "Rionero in Vulture") has been subdivided in synthematic units. Unconformity use hallowed to define two Supersynthems and five Synthems. The synthematic...
This work approaches the study of distal tephra by means of a new micro-coring methodology, and through the correlation between micro-cores and outcropping sections situated at varying distance from the source area. The AF SHALLO W CORING SYSTE M we adopted in the present work is a drilling system that allows the extractions of 10 m long continuous...
Summary Newly
produced fission track (FT), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA)
and micro-Raman spectrometry data have been used to characterize the classical
source areas of the Milos obsidians better and to check the provenance of
obsidian artefacts. The Bombarda-Adhamas and Demenegaki obsidians yielded
indistinguishable FT ages 1.57±0...
Newly produced fission track (FT), instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and micro-Raman spectrometry data have been used to characterize the classical source areas of the Milos obsidians better and to check the provenance of obsidian artefacts. The Bombarda-Adhamas and Demenegaki obsidians yielded indistinguishable FT ages 1.57±0.12 and...
The survey for a new geological map of the Monte Vulture Volcano in the Lucanian Apennine, southern Italy, has allowed an accurate revision of the stratigraphic setting of the area by using unconformity-bounded units (UBSU, after SALVADOR, 1994) and permitted a reliable reconstruction of its palaeomorphology and evolutionary history. The aim of thi...
Structural setting and Quaternary morphotectonic evolution of Monte Vulture Volcano, southern Apennines, Italy.
The deformational history and morpho-structural evolution of Monte Vulture, a Pleistocene composite volcano located on the eastern margin of southern Apennines, have been outlined by integrating information from regional and local tecton...
New features of the Nisyros volcanic history, highlighted through the reinterpretation of the volcanic facies of the Lower Pumices (lp) and Upper Pumices (up) deposits and the discovery of the debris avalanche deposits of Vunàri (vu i), generated through a sector collapse that affected the northern flanks of the volcano, have been considered togeth...
