Claire Gu

University of California, Santa Cruz | UCSC · Department of Electrical Engineering

We propose and demonstrate a volume holographic printing method for dynamic three-dimensional (3D) display with an expanded space-bandwidth product (SBP) using unconventional angular multiplexing techniques. By wavefront encoding of the 3D scene, with the help of computer-generated holography, the object beam is loaded onto a 2D phase spatial light...

A subwavelength metallic grating can support horizontal surface plasmons (HSPs) at its horizontal metallic boundaries and vertical cavity modes (CMs) inside its slits. It has been shown that the coupling between these two resonant modes can enhance the absorption of the transverse magnetic polarized wave with the maximum absorption up to 75 % (Rosz...

This paper investigates the transmission properties of a normally incident transverse magnetic (TM) wave through a single subwavelength metallic cross-slit (a vertical slit modified by a horizontal cut at the center of the slit). The results show that, as the horizontal cut length increases, the odd modes of the extraordinary optical transmission (...

The invention is drawn to a photonic crystal fiber that can be used with nanoparticles to detect and quantify components in a test sample. The invention further relates to methods of using the photonic crystal fiber for detecting chemical and biological analytes, and in use in optical communications.

There is a growing interest in developing compact and reliable sensors for molecular detection. Raman spectroscopy (RS) has the advantage of molecular specificity compared to other sensing techniques but lacks the required sensitivity. The development of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) technologies has provided a solution to the sensitivit...

We report the highly sensitive Raman detection of various gases (ambient nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide) and vapors (toluene, acetone, and 1,1,1-trichloroethane) using a hollow core photonic crystal fiber probe. With a sensitivity enhancement of around 3 orders of magnitude over direct detection, the minimum instrumentation-limited detectable...

As the flat panel displays (Liquid Crystal Displays, AMOLED, etc.) reach near perfection in their viewing qualities and display areas, it is natural to seek the next level of displays, including 3D displays. There is a strong surge in 3D liquid crystal displays as a result of the successful movie Avatar. Most of these 3D displays involve the employ...

Hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF) employs a guiding mechanism fundamentally different from that in conventional index guiding fibers. In an HCPCF, periodic air channels in a glass matrix act as reflectors to confine light in an empty core. As a result, the interaction between light and glass can be very small. Therefore, HCPCF has been use...

A highly-sensitive optical fiber surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor has been developed by interference lithography. While one facet of the optical fiber is patterned with silver-coated nanopillar array as a SERS platform, the other end of the probe is used, in a remote end detection, to couple the excitation laser into the fiber and se...

We report on two new and improved glucose detection techniques based on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectroscopy that are molecular specific to glucose and sensitive in the physiological concentration range (0.9 to 30 mM). Two novel methods were designed and evaluated to enhance the SERS signal of a Raman probe molecule towards glucose...

We present the highly-sensitive Raman detection of various gases (nitrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide, toluene, acetone and 1,1,1-trichloroethane) using a hollow core photonic crystal fiber probe and demonstrate its multiplexed gas sensing capability quantitatively.

After a brief review of the photorefractive effect, we describe three examples of the applications in optical computing using photorefractive volume holography. These are 3-dimensional optical storage, parallel optical matrix processor, and multiwavelength optical half-adder. For the 3-dimensional optical storage, we consider some fundamental issue...

A simple, easy-to-apply and physically meaningful analytical ("mathematical") stress model is developed for the prediction of the thermally induced stresses in a circular adhesively bonded assembly with identical adherends. The assembly is fabricated at an elevated temperature and is subsequently cooled down to a lower temperature. The developed mo...

We present the first quantitative glucose Raman detection in the physiological concentration range with a low laser power, a short integration time, and an extremely small sampling volume using the liquid-filled photonic crystal fiber probe.

Optical fibers have been successfully used in long-haul communication, endoscopy, and other optical systems to transmit optical power as well as information from one point to another, serving as interconnects at various scales. In integrated sensor systems, optical fibers have been frequently employed to connect the source and the detector, due to...

This paper reports the first step toward the development of a glucose biosensor based on Raman spectroscopy and a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) probe. Historically, it has been very challenging to detect glucose directly by Raman spectroscopy due to its inherently small Raman scattering cross-section. In this work, we report the first quantitative g...

Label-free detections of certain proteins and live bacterial cells in aqueous solutions are demonstrated using surface-enhanced Raman scattering and optical fiber probes, with sensitivities order(s) of magnitude higher than those previously reported.

We report the detection of the proteins lysozyme and cytochrome c as well as the live bacterial cells of Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 in aqueous solutions with sensitivities order(s) of magnitude higher than those previously reported. Two highly sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based biosensors using optical fibers have been employe...

The intricacies of the core–shell interaction in coaxial electrospinning are explored by way of the Hansen solubility parameters in an attempt to make micrometer-sized polymer-free multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWNT) core, poly(methyl methacrylate) shell fibers. Four solution regimes are explored in which the core solvent is either miscible or immis...

A channel model of the volume holographic correlator (VHC) is proposed and demonstrated to improve the accuracy in the scene matching application with the multi-sample parallel estimation (MPE) algorithm. A quantity related to the space-bandwidth product is used to describe the recognition ability in the scene matching system by MPE. A curve is giv...

Photonic crystal fiber (PCF) sensors based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) have become increasingly attractive in chemical and biological detections due to the molecular specificity, high sensitivity, and flexibility. In this paper, we review the development of PCF SERS sensors with emphasis on our recent work on SERS sensors utilizing...

The paper present a multimode optical fiber based solar lighting and photovoltaic multifunctional device. TiO2, PbS and conducting polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) were coated on the optical core surface as active photovoltaic layers, with ITO and LiF/Al electrodes. The guided sunlight in the multi-moded fiber was totally internal reflected de...

Two portable molecular sensing systems based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) have been experimentally demonstrated using either a tip-coated multimode fiber (TCMMF) or a liquid core photonic crystal fiber (LCPCF) as the SERS probe. With Rhodamine 6G as a test molecule, the TCMMF-portable SERS system achieved 2-3 times better sensitivity...

The demand on sensors for detecting chemical and biological agents is greater than ever before, including medical, environmental, food safety, military, and security applications. At present, most detection or sensing techniques tend to be either non-molecular specific, bulky, expensive, relatively inaccurate, or unable to provide real time data. C...

A spectrum signals detection method has been designed for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) under high fluorescence and background noise. The components of the fluorescence and background noise in SERS spectrum signal were analyzed first. Then they were evaluated by some models, such as polynomial model and AR model. By analysing the differe...

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of Rhodamine 6G adsorbed on silver nanoparticles have been measured using an optical fiber from 22 to 85°C. The fiber carries both the laser excitation and SERS signal, providing a convenient scheme for in-situ SERS measurement at high-temperature microscale environments. It is found that although SE...

A background noise reduction and peak detection method has been developed and demonstrated for surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) signals. The noise of SERS signals is estimated by modeling both the deterministic and the random components of the noise. From the difference between the noise model output and the original data, which is describe...

A high-sensitivity molecular sensor using a hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF) based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has been experimentally demonstrated and theoretically analyzed. A factor of 100 in sensitivity enhancement is shown in comparison to direct sampling under the same conditions. With a silver nanoparticle colloid a...

Carbon nano-tubes (CNTs) and carbon nano-fibers (CNFs) are characterized by a number of unique and extraordinarily attractive physical/mechanical properties. Examples are high Young’s modulus, high tensile strength, low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE), and high thermal conductivity. These unique properties of CNTs and CNFs lead to many poten...

A matched spectral filter set that provides automatic preliminary analyte identification is proposed and analyzed. Each matched spectral filter in the set containing the multiple spectral peaks corresponding to the Raman spectrum of a substance is capable of collecting the specified spectrum into the detector simultaneously. The filter set is imple...

A molecular sensing system is theoretically analyzed and experimentally demonstrated with a hollow core photonic crystal fiber surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probe to achieve high sensitivity and a portable Raman spectrometer to achieve flexibility.

We explore the feasibility of using Raman imaging as a technique for identifying areas of high astrobiological interest on Mars-like surfaces. This paper will discuss the technique, analysis, and possible deployment of rover mounted instrumentation for identifying biogenic samples from Mars analog environments, such as the Mojave Desert and Lassen...

Molecular sensors based on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and optical fibers have been widely used in biological, environmental and chemical detection procedures due to their unique advantages, such as molecular specificity, high sensitivity and flexibility. In this paper, we review the development and highlight some of the important mile...

A hollow core waveguide (HCW) with silver nanoparticles (SNPs) coated on the inner wall has been demonstrated for molecular detection based on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). With rhodamine 6G (R6G) as an analyte molecule and two types of silver nanoparticles (SNPs) as double SERS substrates, the inner wall coated HCW (IWCHCW) exhibits si...

We present Raman spectroscopy analysis on laboratory and field sample analysis on several expeditions. Our measurements in mineral and organic composition have demonstrated that both mineral and organic species in low concentrations can be identified with Raman spectroscopy with no sample preparations and without instrument probe contact to the sam...

A hollow core waveguide with silver nanoparticles coated on the inner wall has been used for molecular detection based on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). With rhodamine 6G as an analyte molecule and two types of silver nanoparticles as double SERS substrates, the inner wall coated hollow core waveguide (IWCHCW) exhibits higher sensitivity...

Manipulating carbon nanotube (CNT) bundles through optical trapping of attached silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and light-induced agglomeration of SNPs/CNTs were demonstrated which could be exploited for fabricating patterned CNT films for nanoscale devices and other applications.

Fiber SERS (surface enhanced Raman scattering) sensors have attracted significant interest in molecule sensing. In this paper, we briefly review our previous work on various configurations for fiber SERS probes, including side-polished fibers and various photonic crystal fibers (PCFs). In addition, we will report our recent experiments on a double...

IntroductionWVA (Wide-Viewing-Angle) LCDs with Birefringent CompensatorsHigh Brightness LCDs with Energy-Efficient BacklightsConclusions AcknowledgementsReferences

Carbon nanostructures, such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and carbon nanofibres (CNFs), have the potential, owing to their high thermal conductivity, to be successfully employed in micro- and opto-electronic devices for effective integrated circuits cooling. We address the CNT/CNF compliance properties and their effect on the thermal performance of CN...

We demonstrate a novel index-guided (IG) photonic crystal fiber (PCF) surface-enhanced Raman probe. Different from a regular PCF, the IGPCF has four big air holes inserted between the solid silica core and the photonic crystal cladding holes. The gold nanoparticles, serving as the surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate, are either coate...

A simple experimental method has been demonstrated for manipulating multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) bundles through the optical trapping of attached silver nanoparticles (SNPs). In our experiments, without the SNPs, the MWCNTs cannot be trapped due to their irregular shapes and large aspect ratio. However, when mixed with SNPs, the MWCNTs can...

A new configuration was designed and tested based on “sandwiching” target analyte molecules between two metal nanostructure substrates using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS), which exhibits significantly higher SERS enhancement compared to just one substrate.

We present a theoretical analysis of the total collectible optical power of an arbitrarily shaped multimode optical fiber probe for contact sensing where the signal from the analyte is emitted or scattered on the outside surface of the fiber tip. Calculation results and optimization parameters are given for spherical, parabolic, and cone-shaped fib...

A double substrate ``sandwiching'' structure has been designed and tested for molecular detection using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). With silver (Ag) nanoparticles as SERS substrates and rhodamine 6G (R6G) as a test molecule, the results show that the ``sandwich'' configuration exhibits significantly higher SERS enhancement compared to...

This work demonstrates the use of a highly sensitive Liquid Core Photonic Crystal Fiber (LCPCF) Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering (SERS) sensor in detecting biological and biochemical molecules. The Photonic Crystal Fiber (PCF) probe was prepared by carefully sealing the cladding holes using a fusion splicer while leaving the central hollow core op...

In this paper, we report our proof-of-concept demonstration of using a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) as a new surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensor platform. A liquid core PCF (LCPCF) is fabricated by sealing the cladding holes of a hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF) while leaving the central core channel open to the outside. In th...

In recent years, there has been significant interest in using surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and optical fibers for chemical, biological, and environmental detections. The combination of SERS and optical fibers offers the advantages of the molecular specificity of Raman scattering, huge enhancement factor of SERS, and flexibility of optic...

Surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors incorporating various fiber configurations as probes are reviewed and discussed. These include side-polished and end-polished fibers, photonic crystal fibers (PCFs), and fibers with lens-like tips. All these geometries provide large interaction areas for SERS, with the PCF configuration showing the g...

This letter reports on a hollow core photonic crystal fiber that is modified to allow for filling of only the core with a liquid and its use for detection of surface enhanced Raman scattering from molecules in solution with silvernanoparticles. Both experimental demonstration and theoretical simulation are presented and discussed. The developed sen...

A novel micro-displacement sensor based on a photonic crystal (PhC) co-directional coupler and its sensing technique are presented. The coupler consists of a fixed and a movable PhC segments. Due to the translational symmetry of the PhC structure, this sensing technique is valid for a large displacement on the order of na (n is an integer, and a is...

We demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, a hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF) surface-enhanced Raman probe. The probe consists of a HCPCF (also known as a holey fiber) with a layer of Au nanoparticles coated on the inner surface of the air holes serving as the substrate of surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The sample bei...

The photorefractive effect is a phenomenon in which the local index of refraction is changed by the spatial variation of the light intensity. Although the phrase “photorefractive effect” has been traditionally used for such effects in electro-optic materials, new materials, including photopolymers and photosensitive glasses, have been developed in...

The authors demonstrate a hollow core photonic crystal fiber (HCPCF) surface-enhanced Raman probe consisting of a HCPCF with Au nanoparticles coated on the inner surface of the air holes serving as the substrate of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS). The experimental results indicate that the confinement of light inside the HCPCF and the coat...

The bonding strength of a carbon nanofiber array (CNFA) grown on a copper substrate is evaluated based on the measured shearing force-at-failure and the developed analytical stress model that enables one to determine the magnitude and the distribution of the interfacial shearing stress causing the measured (given) shearing force. The experiment is...

We propose a new formula to describe the dynamics of holographic grating formation under low intensity pulse exposures in cationic photopolymers, in which the dark reaction contributes dominantly to the grating strength. The formula is based on the living polymerization mechanism and the diffusion-free approximation. The analytical solution indicat...

A dual-channel holographic recording technique and its corresponding memory scheme in the cationic ring-opening photopolymer are presented. In the dual-channel technique, a pair of holograms are recorded simultaneously with two orthogonal polarization channels in the common volume of the material, and are reconstructed concurrently with negligible...

We propose and demonstrate a polarization controller, which is a concatenation of three Faraday rotators based on magneto-optic crystals separated by two fixed quarter wave plates. Comparing with former schemes, this polarization controller is fast, accurate and stable because it is completely driven by electric signals and has no mechanically movi...

This paper demonstrates the optical trapping of micron-sized gold nanoparticle aggregates GNAs with a TEM 00 mode laser at 532 nm and reports the observation of an unusual light-induced agglomeration phenom-enon that occurs besides the trapping of the GNAs. The observed agglomerate has a 60– 100 m donut-shaped metal microstructure with the rate of...

The observation of an unusual light-induced agglomeration phenomenon that occurs besides the trapping of the gold nanoparticles aggregates (GNAs) has been observed. The observed agglomerate has a 60-100 µm donut-shaped metal microstructure with the rate of formation dependent on the laser power used. In this paper, the forces involved and the mecha...

A micro displacement sensor and its sensing technique based on line-defect resonant cavity in photonic crystals (PhCs) are presented. The line-defect resonant cavity is formed by a fixed and a mobile PhC segments. With a proper operating frequency, a quasi-linear measurement of micro-displacement is achieved with sensitivity of 1.15 a(-1) ( a is th...

We propose and demonstrate a novel Raman sensor based on surface enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and D-shaped fibers. Our first proof-of-concept experiment shows that such a sensor is promising for high sensitivity molecular sensing.

Fiber surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) sensors show great potential for in vivo and in vitro detection. However, current probes based on end-polished fibers suffer from small signal due to their small active region. To overcome this, we propose and demonstrate a D-shaped fiber configuration to increase the detection area. Initial modeling h...

The demand for sensors for detecting chemical and biological agents is greater than ever before, including medical, environmental, food safety, military, and security applications. At present, most detection or sensing techniques tend to be either non-molecule specific, bulky, expensive, relatively inaccurate, or unable to provide real time data. C...

Electrical and thermal conductivities of metal nanoparticles and their aggregates are important for many device applications involving nanomaterials. In this work, the electrical conductivity of gold nanoparticle aggregates has been measured and found to be a useful probe of the surface chemistry of the nanoparticles. It has been observed that the...

Photonic devices with low insertion loss are important in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems. Currently most of these devices, such as variable optical attenuators (VOA), switches, filters, and dispersion compensators, etc., involve bulk (or micro-optic) components that require conversions between fibers and free-space optical el...

Fiber SERS probes have great potential in chemical and biological sensing. To our knowledge, there has been no demonstration of any single-fiber SERS probes where both the excitation beam and SERS signals are transmitted through the same fiber with a significant length, which is required for a flexible probe. In this paper, we report our proof-of-c...

Optical switches with wavelength selectivity are important and useful in dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) systems, especially in network reconfiguration. One example of such devices is a switchable add/drop filter which is capable of switching between all-through state and wavelength adding (or dropping) state. The building block of su...

A newly developed fiber Bragg grating (FBG) fabrication method is demonstrated. By combining a stable continuous-wave UV laser, a high precision electro-optical UV modulator, a compact and stable holographic setup, and a subnanometer precision air-bearing translation stage, the setup allows both apodization and phase of the FBGs to be continuously...

As computers and the Internet become faster and faster, more and more information is transmitted, received, processed, and stored everyday. The demand for high-speed, large-capacity information systems is pushing scientists and engineers to explore all possible approaches, including electrical and optical means. Photorefractive materials and device...

The photorefractive effect is a phenomenon in which the local index of refraction is changed by the spatial variation of the light intensity. Although the phrase 'photorefractive effect' has traditionally been used for such effects in electro-optic materials, unconventional materials, including photopolymers, holographic polymer dispersed liquid cr...

Fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is an important element in many applications including filters and dispersion compensators in fiber communication systems. With recently developed inverse scattering algorithm, FBGs with desired reflection spectrum and/or dispersion properties can now be designed. However, most of these designs require arbitrary grating am...

Photorefractive materials, including traditional electro-optic photorefractive crystals as well as photopolymers and photosensitive glasses, have demonstrated their potential in information systems. In this paper, we describe several applications of various photorefractive materials in information storage, processing, and communication systems. Spe...

Dispersion-compensating fiber Bragg gratings with approximately 99.9% reflectivity that are made by continuous apodization and phase control are demonstrated. These strong dispersion-compensating gratings provide precision second-order, third-order, or even more complex dispersion compensation, as well as sufficient transmission isolation to be use...

The photorefractive effect is a phenomenon in which the local index of refraction is changed by the spatial variation of the light intensity. Although the phrase 'photorefractive effect' has been traditionally used for such effects in electro-optic materials, new materials, including photopolymers and photosensitive glasses, have been developd in r...

As computers and the internet become faster and faster, more and more information is transmitted, received, and stored everyday. The demand for high density and fast access time data storage is pushing scientists and engineers to explore all possible approaches including magnetic, mechanical, optical, etc. Optical data storage has already demonstra...

The photorefractive effect is a phenomenon in which the local index of refraction is changed by the spatial variation of the light intensity. Such an effect was first discovered in 1966. The spatial index variation leads to the distortion of the wavefront, and such an effect was referred to an 'optical damage'. The photorefractive effect has since...

The photorefractive effect is a phenomenon in which the local index of refraction is changed by the spatial variation of the light intensity. Such an effect was first discovered in 1966. The spatial index variation leads to the distortion of the wavefront, and such an effect was referred to an 'optical damage'. The photorefractive effect has since...

We first briefly describe the photorefractive effect. The band transport model is introduced to analyze the processes involved in the photo-induced index variation. This is followed by a more detailed analysis of the dynamics of grating formation. We then describe the interaction between electromagnetic waves propagating inside photorefractive medi...

We investigate the symmetry of viewing characteristics of liquid crystal displays (LCDs) which employ either twisted nematic (TN) or super twisted nematic (STN) liquid crystals. By using the rotation symmetry of the display structures and the principle of reciprocity, we present a mathematical proof of the exact left–right viewing symmetry of norma...

Volume holographic memory [1-8] is becoming a promising candidate for future storage technologies owing to its unique capability to offer large capacity and parallel access. Multiple holograms can be recorded in a photorefractive crystal [1,7,8] sequentially by using an exposure schedule [9] that equalizes the amplitudes. Different reference beam a...

We describe an extended Jones matrix method which is a powerful tool to treat the transmission of light through birefringent networks, where the incident angle of light and the optical axis of the birefringent media are arbitrary. The method is generalized to cover all dielectric media including uniaxial and biaxial crystals and gyrotropic material...

Crosstalk noise, due to the finite dimension of the recording medium, is a fundamental limitation to storage capacity in volume holographic memory. We present a general theoretical analysis on the crosstalk noise in angle- and wavelength-multiplexed volume holographic memory systems. Results on storage capacity and its dependence on hologram separa...

We propose and demonstrate an electro-optic modulator based on a Michelson interferometer with a Gires-Tournois etalon (GTE, or asymmetric Fabry-Perot etalon) in one of the two arms. The insertion of a GTE significantly reduces the required interaction length or the operation voltage. Our experimental and theoretical results agree well. An extensio...

We present what is to our knowledge the first design of a tunable optical filter with a flattopped passband. The filter consists of a Fabry-Perot etalon with multiple reflection gratings as dielectric mirrors. Wavelength tunability is achieved by modulation of the refractive indices of the cavity and the dielectric mirrors. Specifically, a filter w...

We propose, demonstrate, and analyze the application of phase-conjugate mirrors during the recording of volume holographic memories. Our results show that using phase-conjugate mirrors during recording improves the uniformity of the holographic gratings and increases the recording speed. Theoretical simulations agree with experimental results.

In volume holographic storage, a large number of holograms are stored in the same volume of the recording medium. Therefore, cross-talk is an important issue. In this talk, we present a weak scattering model for analyzing the cross-talk noise in both data retrieval and correlation

We propose, demonstrate and analyze the application of phase conjugate mirrors during the recording of volume holographic memories. Our results show that by using phase conjugate mirrors during recording, the uniformity of the holographic gratings is improved and the recording speed is increased. Theoretical simulations and experimental results wil...

We propose, demonstrate and analyze the application of phase conjugate mirrors during the recording of volume holographic memories. Our results show that by using phase conjugate mirrors during recording, the uniformity of the holographic gratings is improved and the recording speed is increased. Theoretical simulations and experimental results wil...

We investigate various birefringent optical thin films which can be employed to improve the viewing angle characteristics and gray scale stability of conventional twisted nematic liquid crystal displays. The birefringent phase retardation films include negative uniaxial, positive uniaxial and biaxial films of various orientations. The results are p...

We propose and analyze a novel recording and reading scheme for cross-talk noise reduction in volume holographic data storage. Each hologram is recorded with a slightly focused Gaussian reference beam and can be read out by use of the same Gaussian reference. The waist of the reference Gaussian profile can be adjusted based on the required signal-n...

We previously proposed a novel recording method to reduce the crosstalk noise and improve the storage capacity in angle-multiplexed volume holographic data storages. Instead of conventionally using a plane wave to record holograms, the technique employs a recording reference extending uniformly within a narrow spatial frequency bandwidth and reads...

We present a model based on the coupled mode theory and use this model to analyze the diffraction properties of volume holographic diffusers, such as the diffraction efficiency and wavelength sensitivity. Volume holograms of both transmission type and reflection type are analyzed. Besides typical behaviors of Bragg diffraction, we notice several in...

We present a model based on the coupled mode theory and use this model to analyze the diffraction properties of volume holographic diffusers, such as the diffraction efficiency and wavelength sensitivity. Volume holograms of both transmission type and reflection type are analyzed. Besides typical behaviors of Bragg diffraction, we notice several in...