Chulung Chen

Yuan Ze University · Department of Photonics Engineering

For invariant pattern recognition, a method using simulated annealing algorithm is introduced. Near optimal quantized reference functions are designed to be displayed on liquid crystal spatial light modulators. Mach-Zehnder joint transform correlator is adopted as the system for recognition of color targets. From numerical results, the optoelectron...

In our former research on YUV decomposition for color image recognition with joint transform correlator, the training images are displayed at the center position. However, the total side lobe energy may not be the minimum. In order to solve the problem, three components are rotated from -50° to 50° in steps of 2° and shifted from -3 to 3 pixels in...

In this study we have fabricated shower kind of microplasma using diamond coated molybdenum (Mo) as a cathode (which contains the 1 mm holes) separated by copper anode at 1mm. Three kind of diamond films deposited in microwave plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition process. Pulsed bipolar DC source has applied to attain the gas discharges betwee...

The enhancement on the plasma illumination characteristics of a cylindrical microplasma device due to the utilization of hybrid-diamond (HiD) films as cathode was systematically investigated. The improved plasma illumination behavior was closely related to the enhanced electron field emission (EFE) properties of the diamond films. The HiD films, wh...

Enhanced electron field emission (EFE) behavior of a core-shell heterostructure, where ZnO nanorods (ZNRs) form the core and ultrananocrystalline diamond needles (UNCDNs) form the shell, is reported. EFE properties of ZNR-UNCDN core-shell heterostructures show a high emission current density of 5.5 mA cm(-2) at an applied field of 4.25 V μm(-1) , a...

he coaxial plasma devices have numerous applications like fusion energy, plasma refueling, magnetized target fusion, injection of momentum into centrifugally confined mirrors, plasma thrusters, and high energy density plasmas [1]. Diamond exhibits higher secondary electron emission coefficient () due to its wideband gap and negative electron a...

The properties of capacity-type microplasma devices were significantly enhanced due to the utilisation of hybrid diamond films as cathodes. The performance of the microplasma devices was closely correlated with the electron field emission (EFE) properties of the diamond cathode materials. The nanoemitters, which were prepared by growing duplex-stru...

Enhanced electron field emission (EFE) properties in microcrystalline diamond (MCD) films that have been Fe-coated and postannealed are observed. Additionally, improved microplasma characteristics are also observed when these materials are used as cathodes. The turn-on field for inducing the EFE process decreases from 4.7 V/μm for pristine MCD film...

The enhancement of the plasma illumination characteristics of capacitive-type plasma devices (CP-devices) utilizing diamond-coated Si-nanotips as cathodes was systematically investigated. The enhanced electron field emission (EFE) properties of the diamond films resulted in improved plasma illumination characteristics of the devices. Microcrystalli...

The enhancement on the plasma illumination characteristics of inverted pyramidal cavity (IPC) devices due to the utilization of diamond films as cathodes was illustrated. The performance of the plasma illumination characteristics of the IPC devices was closely related to the electron field emission (EFE) properties of the cathode materials. The dup...

We present a new technique for Chinese seal recognition using constrained energy minimization joint transform correlator (CEMJTC). Either optical or digital correlation is one of the most powerful operations for detecting the presence/absence of the seal image. The CEMJTC is proposed to improve the discrimination capability for shift-invariance and...

A construction of the optoelectronic system with binary power spectrum is presented for target recognition. In the beginning, the minimum average correlation energy method is used to yield the reference function. Then, the multi-level quantized reference function is implemented at the input plane of the liquid crystal spatial light modulator in the...

We propose a construction of the optoelectronic pattern recognition system with binary power spectrum for target recognition, and apply liquid crystal spatial light modulators to this system. In addition, we utilize the minimum average correlation energy method and multi-level quantized reference function. The constructed reference function could b...

Vertically aligned conducting ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) nanorods are fabricated using the reactive ion etching method incorporated with nanodiamond particles as mask. High electrical conductivity of 275 [ohm sign].cm-1 is obtained for UNCD nanorods. The microplasma cavities using UNCD nanorods as cathode show enhanced plasma illumination...

Electrophoresis deposition (EPD) of nanodiamond was found to be a very efficient process in forming the nucleation sites for the growth of ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD) films. Transmission electron microscopic investigations showed that the EPD-derived UNCD films grown on planar Si substrates contain uniform granular structure with sharp, smo...

Large-area silicon nanowire arrays (SiNAs) were fabricated via metal catalytic etching technique, in conjunction with the polystyrene spheres lithographic process. The nitrogen-doped ultrananocrystalline diamond (N2-UNCD) films were coated on thus formed SiNA by using microwave plasma chemical vapor deposition (MPECVD) process. The N2-UNCD/SiNWs fi...

A non-zero order joint transform correlator based on a Mach–Zehnder system is presented for optical pattern recognition. The reference function is yielded by simulated annealing algorithm. Additionally, in order to achieve global convergence, the cost function should be set appropriately. The reference function is successful for pattern recognition...

In this paper, we utilize the RGB color model based on binary joint transform power spectrum for polychromatic pattern recognition. Here, the multi-channel joint transform correlator is set to be the optical discrimination configuration. To achieve the distortion invariance in discrimination processes, we also use the minimum average correlation en...

The CIELAB standard color vision model instead of the traditional RGB color model is utilized for polychromatic pattern recognition. The image encoding technique is introduced. The joint transform correlator is set to be the optical configuration. To achieve the distortion invariance in discrimination processes, we have used the minimum average cor...

We utilize Mach-Zehnder joint transform correlator based on YUV color model for chromatic pattern recognition. The multi-channel joint transform correlator requires a larger liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LCSLM) to achieve the chromatic pattern recognition. YUV color model contributes to utilize two components of chrominance on recognition...

In this paper, we use the ATD color human vision model instead of the traditional RGB color model for polychromatic pattern recognition. Here we utilize the Mach-Zehnder joint transform correlator to be the optical pattern discrimination configuration. The ATD color human vision model is proposed to be the interpretation of human's cone mechanisms....

In this paper, we use the ATD color human vision model instead of the traditional RGB color model for polychromatic pattern recognition. Here we utilize the Mach-Zehnder joint transform correlator to be the optical pattern discrimination configuration. The ATD color human vision model is proposed to be the interpretation of human's cone mechanisms....

A novel two-channel single-output joint transform correlator system with the Mach-Zehnder configuration using encoding technique based on HSV color space for color pattern recognition is introduced. The large zero order term can be removed directly by the Stokes relations in only one step in this structure. By the image encoding technique, the size...

The concept of using image-encoded input representation in a Mach-Zehnder joint transform correlator system with multi-level quantized reference functions based on the HSV color space for polychromatic pattern recognition is proposed, in which we present that the large zero order term can be removed in only one step by the Stokes relations. By the...

Via the utilization of Stokes relations and a Mach–Zehnder interferometer we propose a novel structure of the optical correlator for colour pattern recognition. This system can directly remove the large zero order term, which decreases the recognition ability of the system, in only one step. We introduce the multi-level quantized reference function...

During the past decade, a liquid crystal spatial light modulator (LCSLM) being researched in optical pattern recognition has aroused lots of attention. We can perform a Fourier transform in parallel and real-time easily with an LCSLM and a lens, which is carried out based on the correlation. Furthermore, the VanderLugt (or matched filter based) cor...

A color pattern recognition scheme with encoding technique based on the nonzero order joint transform correlator is proposed. Each color target image is organized as a new grayscale encoded image. A Lagrange multipliers approach is also used to design an optimized synthetic reference function. A joint transform power spectrum subtraction method is...

A novel nonzero-order joint transform correlator system with the Mach-Zehnder configuration for polychromatic pattern recognition is presented. To remove zero order term is a very important thing for optical pattern recognition. We cleverly utilize the Stokes relations to remove the large zero order term directly in only one step in this structure....

A novel configuration for color pattern recognition based on Mach-Zehnder nonzero order joint transform correlator with image encoding is introduced. Although the Mach-Zehnder nonzero order joint transform correlator system removes the zero-order term of joint transform power spectrum directly in one step, the high sidelobe energy reduces the recog...

Color is one of the powerful and importance types in visual information. A new approach for polychromatic pattern recognition with Mach-Zehnder joint transform correlator using quantized reference functions based on the HSV color space is proposed. The Mach-Zehnder structure could be utilized in the joint transform correlator for polychromatic patt...

Based on the Mach–Zehnder interferometer, we introduce a novel construction of the optical correlator for color pattern recognition. This system could remove the zero order term, which decreases the discrimination ability of the system, in only one step. Since each color can be separated into 3 channels, we propose the multi-level quantized referen...

A Mach–Zehnder device is utilized in a nonzero-order joint-transform correlator system for aircraft pattern recognition. The Stokes relations, which involve the amplitudes of reflected and transmitted parts of a plane wave incident on a plane-refracting surface, are cleverly utilized. The proposed method can directly remove the large zero-order ter...

In this article, we apply a novel method to polychromatic pattern recognition with a Mach-Zehnder nonzero order joint transform correlator. It is achieved by using the special arrangement of separated polychromatic components of objects and reference images and Lagrange multipliers technique to synthesize a reference function in the input spatial d...

A new encoding technique used in Mach-Zehnder joint transform correlator based on the HSV color space is proposed for color pattern recognition. This method utilizes a rearrangement of the reference image along with the HSV color space before forming the input image. Moreover, we use a minimum average correlation energy technique with Lagrange mult...

We present a novel color pattern recognition technology based on non-zero order joint transform correlator (NOJTC) system in this paper. In this method, each of the color target image is transformed to a grayscale image by using encoding technique. We also use minimum average correlation energy (MACE) approach to design an optimized synthetic refer...

Correlation filters were designed in previous research on the non-zero order joint transform correlator. Training images were placed at the presumed centre to synthesize the reference function. However, it could not be guaranteed that the average cross-correlation energy was the minimum. In this paper, the problem is constrained to shifts in the in...

Color is one of the most powerful and important types of visual information. A new approach for color pattern recognition based on the non-zero-order joint transform correlator with the HSV color space is introduced. We report on progress to reduce cross correlation energy more while keeping the correlation peaks as specified as usual. Numerical re...

In this paper, for color face-image recognition, we adopt a system based on the nonzero-order joint-transform correlator and use the method of Lagrange multipliers to design the reference functions. Some different facial expressions are utilized as test images to study the discrimination capability. Additionally, random noise is added to the test i...

A technique for facial-image recognition, based on the nonzero-order joint-transform correlator constructed with liquid-crystal spatial light modulators (LCSLMs), is introduced. The method of Lagrange multipliers is utilized to design the reference function. We also add some noise in training images to investigate the performance. © 2004 Wiley Peri...

For synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image recognition, correlation filters were designed in our previous research by the nonzero- order joint-transform correlator. Training images were placed at the presumed center in order to synthesize the reference function. However, this could not guarantee that the average cross correlation energy would be mini...

Although the implementation of a nonzero-order joint transform correlator by the Mach–Zehnder technique directly removes the zero-order component from the joint transform power spectrum in one step, the large sidelobe energy reduces the recognition ability. In this paper, a new method to improve the performance is achieved by using a constrained op...

The reference filter is a spatial domain function that with finite levels, which can be implemented in the input of a nonzero order joint transform correlator (NOJTC). It is suitable for implementation using current spatial light modulators (SLM).

In this paper, we adopt a particular arrangement on YIQ multi-channels for image recognition from the color blindness plate. Numerical results are presented. It is observed that the correlation output can be improved as compared with our previous research using RGB channels. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 37: 343–347, 200...

A multi-channel polychromatic non-zero-order joint transform correlator (NOJTC) with minimum average cross-correlation energy is introduced. The system is implemented using a general JTC scheme with additional power-spectrum subtraction strategy and the design of an ideal reference function with a Lagrange multipliers technique. As the zero-order p...

We design a multichannel polychromatic nonzero-order joint transform correlator (NOJTC). The system is implemented using a general JTC scheme by the design of an ideal reference function and additional power-spectrum subtraction strategy for a multichannel correlator. We test the performance for noise and distorted images in the input. In addition,...

A novel method for optical pattern recognition based on the multi-level quantized reference function (MQRF) is presented. The reference function with finite levels is a spatial domain filter, which can be used in the input of a non-zero order joint transform correlator (NOJTC). It is suitable to the current spatial light modulator (SLM). The system...

We present a non-zero order joint transform correlator (NOJTC) with a phase-shifting technique for color pattern recognition. Both the color target image and the reference function are separated into three channels (R, G, B).

In this paper, we purpose a multi-channel single-output non-zero order JTC (NOJTC) to achieve linearly constraint optimization on output correlation energy. The system can be carried out by the power-spectrum subtraction strategy and the design of an ideal reference function with the technique of Lagrange multipliers. Once the zero-order part is re...

A technique for distortion invariant color pattern recognition is proposed. We arrange the RGB channels of both the reference and the target image in a particular way. Moreover, a joint transform power-spectrum (JTPS) subtraction method is applied to remove the zero-order part. The reference images will be synthesized with real valued templates, wh...

In this article, we apply a novel method on color pattern recognition with the nonzero order joint transform correlator. By the special arrangement of separated RGB channels of objects and reference images at the input plane, we can predict the location of correlation outputs. Furthermore, by the use of power-spectrum subtraction strategy, the zero...

For distortion-invariant radar image recognition with a hybrid electrical and optical signal processing technique, the design of the nonzero-order joint transform correlator to achieve minimum average cross-correlation energy has been studied. In this work, as we require the desired cross-correlation peak to be real valued for all real-valued train...

This article addresses a method to identify synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images with constrained correlation profile. This technique has been achieved by optimizing the average cross correlation intensity on the power-spectrum subtracted joint transform correlator through the Lagrange Multipliers procedure. A reference function is constructed in...

We design an optimized synthetic reference function for detecting rotated seat images with equal correlation peak. The method to minimize the average cross-correlation intensity on the joint transform correlator (JTC) has been utilized. The reference function can be implemented in the spatial domain of the JTC. Correlation results are presented. Th...

We present a possible way to detect 3D out-of-plane targets. Several Su-27 airplane images with different 3D rotational views were used to synthesize a template function, which successfully detects the target against the non-target such as the F16 airplane. A theoretical development for the purpose of pattern recognition is proposed. The system has...

In order to achieve distortion invariant image recognition, the design of the non-zero order joint transform correlator with minimum average cross-correlation energy has been studied. In this work, we prove that the optimal reference function is real-valued if the desired cross-correlation peak is also set to be real for every image in a training s...

A joint transform correlator with minimum variance in peak intensity using Lagrange multipliers has been designed in cases of both input zero-mean noise and nonzero-mean noise. Space-domain-based reference functions were proposed to achieve distortion-invariant image recognition. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 29: 190–192...

In this study, we proposed a joint transform optical correlator for synthetic aperture radar (SAR) image recognition. Only a real-valued mask is needed to realize it and some promising results are obtained.

The design of a nonzero order joint transform correlator with minimum peak variance has been presented for distortion invariant pattern recognition. We minimized the peak variance of the cross-correlation output in the presence of input nonzero-mean noise, subject to the constraints on the cross-correlation peak as well as the deterministic mean of...

In many commercial applications in Chinese society, seals instead of signatures for person identification are widely used, such as money withdrawing lists, checks, receipts, etc. It needs high rate of correctness. However, it can not be effective if the process of safety validation is inspected merely by human eyes. Also, for safe control and manag...

A method to design a reference function for detecting synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images with the joint transform correlator is presented. The method optimizes the correlation profile through the Lagrange multipliers technique. The system is invariant to partially out-of-plane rotation in the target image. © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Microwav...

The design of the minimum-variance nonzero order joint transform correlator (MV-NOJTC) for distortion invariant pattern recognition is presented. We constrain the expected value of the cross-correlation peak to a constant for each input image in a training set, while minimizing the peak variance of the cross-correlation output due to input noise, a...

To detect target images with equal output correlation peaks, the minimum average correlation energy nonzero order joint transform correlator (MACE-NOJTC) is introduced. The design was carried out using the Lagrange multipliers technique to minimize the average correlation energy for all training set images while constraining the correlation peak va...

Raman spectra and scanning micrographs are implemented to investigate the performance of the diamond film growth on silicon and fuse-silica substrates by two- and three-step processes. The quality for films grown on Si substrates is satisfied by both steps, while for fuse-silica plates only the three-step process can yield uniform and fertile films...

We present the design of a bipolar composite filter (BCF) by a simulated annealing algorithm. By minimizing the energy function of the system, we construct an out-of-plane rotation-invariant bipolar filter. We show that the BCF offers high pattern discrimination capability and can easily be implemented with an electronically addressed spatial light...