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Res. on Crops 14 (3) : 845-849 (2013)
With two figures
Printed in India
Development and characterization of four new high oleate peanut
lines
CHUAN TANG WANG*, YUE YI TANG, XIU ZHEN WANG, QI WU, SHU YAN GUAN1,
WEI QIANG YANG AND PI WU WANG1**
Shandong Peanut Research Institute
126 Wannianquan Street, Licang District, Qingdao-266 100, PR China
*(e-mail : chinapeanut@126.com; **peiwuw@yahoo.com.cn)
(Received : February 2013)
ABSTRACT
Four peanut lines resulting from near infra-red reflectance spectroscopy aided
selection for high oleate trait were evaluated for their productivity and fatty acid profile
by gas chromatography in replicated trials in Laixi, Shandong, China. The four lines,
with an oleate to linoleate ratio of 28.63-32.37, produced a kernel yield of 5226.24-
5496.18 kg/ha, no less than the productivity of local control (Huayu 33 or Fenghua 1).
The lines exhibited variable response to chilling stress, demonstrating the possibility
of breeding high oleate peanut cultivars both with high productivity and with chilling
tolerance. The study underlined the necessity of additional selection(s) for the high
oleate trait, preferably seed by seed, during breeding process prior to bulk harvest for a
yield trial, to exclude possible off-types (normal oleate seed within the high oleate lot)
in cultivar releases. The outcome of the study represented a big stride towards release
of large-seeded high yielding peanut cultivars with high oleate in Shandong province,
China.
Key words : Chilling tolerance, high oleate, high yielding, line, peanut
1Jilin Agricultural University, 2888 Xincheng Street, Nanguan District, Changchun-130 118, PR China.
INTRODUCTION
High oleate peanut cultivars are
advantageous over their normal oleate
counterparts in that they are healthier, less
prone to oxidize, and more profitable; hence,
they are preferred by peanut consumers,
processors and growers. Since the identification
of F435, a peanut natural mutant with an
oleate to linoleate ratio of about 40 from
University of Florida peanut programme using
gas chromatography (GC) (Norden et al., 1987),
20 more high oleate peanut cultivars have
thus far been released in the United States,
mostly with F435 in their pedigree (Wang et
al., 2013). In China, at least three peanut
cultivars with high oleate have been released
(Wang et al., 2013). For these high oleate
cultivar releases, small to medium sized
Spanish/runner market types predominate
over large-seeded Virginia types. Low yield
potential, spreading/semi-spreading growth
habit, over 10 branches and long duration,
preclude their use in commercial production
in regions with high productivity like
Shandong province in China, where only high
yielding, early maturing, erect type peanut
cultivars with sequential branching pattern
are acceptable for high population planting
(Fang et al., 2012). Developing peanut cultivars
both with high oleate and with high yield
suitable for local cultivation has become a
major breeding objective in this region.
With the aid of molecular tools to identify
true hybrids coupled with near infra-red
reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) to select high
oleate segregates (Wang et al., 2010; Wang et al.,
2011; Wang et al., 2012), we were able to develop
peanut lines both with high oleate and with high
yields. This communication reported the main
agronomic characters of four promising lines
resulting from such a breeding effort.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Four peanut breeding lines, namely,
12L15, 12L48, 12L29 and 12L30 were derived
from the cross CTWE (a high oleate donor) ×
06-I8B4 [a normal oleate breeding line with
high sucrose content and total soluble sugar
(TSS) content] and were bred through the
pedigree method. True F1 hybrids were
identified with molecular markers (Wang et al.,
2010). Seeds harvested from single F2 plants,
after sun-dried, were scanned by a NIRS
machine (Matrix-I, Bruker Optics, Germany)
equipped with a rotating sampling cup for bulk
seeds, and were then analyzed with NIRS
calibration equations for fatty acids to predict
their oleate content (Wang et al., 2011; Wang
et al., 2012). Only the single plants with higher
than 72% oleate were kept for planting in the
next season. Subsequent selection was
concentrated on plant type, pod and seed
shapes, shelling percentage, and the number
of pods and seed weight per plant. Bulk seeds
from single F5 plants were analyzed with NIRS
again and those with lower than 72% oleate, if
any, were discarded to ensure seed purity.
Four peanut lines showing good
performance in Sanya, Hainan province, China
during November 2011 to March 2012 growing
season and possessing high oleate content
predicted by NIRS were chosen for further
evaluation of their productivity in Shandong.
Arranged in randomized block design, the
peanut lines along with their respective local
check (Huayu 33 or Fenghua 1) were planted
under polythene film mulch on the SPRI
Experimental Farm in Laixi, Qingdao, China
on May 14, 2012. For 12L15 and 12L48, there
were two replications, and within each
replication, plot size was 12 m2 for each entry;
for 12L29 and 12L30, there were three
replications, and within each replication, plot
size was 4 m2 for each entry. General
agronomic practices were followed as per Wan
(2003). Seedbed bottom width, upper width and
height were 80, 50 and 11 cm, respectively.
Within-row inter-hill spacing was 16.5 cm, and
within-seedbed inter-row spacing was 30 cm.
Population size was 15000 hills/ha (two seeds/
hill). Peanut was harvest on September 19,
2012. Plant and seed characters were
investigated as described by Yu et al. (2008).
Analysis of variance and multiple comparisons
by Fisher’s Least Significant Differences (LSD)
were conducted using DPS 7.05 package (Tang
and Feng, 2006).
For GC analysis, three randomly picked
sun-dried peanut SMK (sound mature kernel)
samples (six seeds each) were smashed into
fine powder with a food material grinding device
for home uses (JYL-C020, Jiuyang Co. Ltd.,
Jinan, China). The GC procedure for analyzing
eight fatty acids in peanut seeds as proposed
by Yang et al. (2012) was strictly followed.
To identify the response to chilling
stress, 60 SMKs from each genotype were
treated with a 0.05% ethrel solution (Solarbio
Life Science, Beijing, China) at 2°C for 72 h,
and then incubated at 25°C for 72 h. Seeds
with radicals breaking through seed coats were
counted as sprouts. Percentage of sprouts
(POS)=Number of sprouts/60 × 100% (Tang et
al., 2011).
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Results from NIRS showed that for
12L15 and 12L30, all of the bulk seeds (F6) from
single F5 plants were high in oleate, and that
for 12L29 and 12L48, however, 27 out of 28 and
only 9 out of 26 F5 plants produced high oleate
seeds, respectively.
A single plant, four seeds and four pods
of each of the four peanut lines tested for yield
performance in Laixi are shown in Figs. 1 and
2. Main stem height of the four lines was 40.0-
46.0 cm, length of cotyledonary branches 42.7-
47.4 cm, number of branches per plant 7.8-
8.7, and number of pods per plant 13.4-22.2
(Table 1). 100-seed mass ranged from 73.6-99.9
g, and shelling percentage varied from 77.0-
80.0% (Table 1).
Among 74 lines tested in Sanya,
Hainan province, China, during November
2011 to March 2012, 12L15, 12L48, 12L29 and
12L30 produced a kernel yield of 3812.06,
3439.72, 3351.06 and 3333.33 kg/ha,
respectively (Dr C. T. Wang, unpublished data).
In the yield evaluation test in Laixi in 2012,
all of the four peanut lines performed very well
when compared with Huayu 33 or Fenghua 1
(local control). They produced a kernel yield of
5132.42 to 5496.18 kg/ha. 12L15 and 12L48
registered a yield superiority of 1.83 and 8.24%
over Huayu 33, while 12L29 and 12L30
exhibited a yield increase of 9.34 and 14.22%
over Fenghua 1 (Table 2). However, merely the
kernel yields of 12L15 and 12L30 significantly
outyielded the local control (Huayu 33 or
Fenghua 1) at 0.05 probability level. Of the four
high oleate lines tested in Laixi, only 12L29
846 Wang, Tang, Wang, Wu, Guan, Yang and Wang
control, Huayu 20 (Mr. Shu Tao Yu,
unpublished data).
GC analysis demonstrated that all of
the four high oleate peanut lines from Laixi
had over 83% oleate and lower than 3%
linoleate, and the oleate to linoleate ratio (O/
L) was 28.63-32.37 (Table 3). Two of the lines,
12L15 and 12L30, were also planted in
Fanjiatun, Jinlin province, Fuxin, Liaoning
province, Xuzhou, Jiangsu province and Laixi,
Shandong province. GC analysis revealed that
both lines had consistent high oleate content
across the four locations (Dr C. T. Wang,
unpublished data).
In the test to identify chilling tolerance,
POS of the four high oleate lines was highly
variable (Table 2). I2L29 had a POS of 100%,
and was identified as most resistant among
the entries. 12L48 performed as well as the
controls. POS of 12L15 and 12L30, however,
was much lower (75.00 and 55.00%,
respectively), compared with POS of the
controls (88.33%) (Table 2). Previously,
investigators found that high oleate peanut
genotypes encountered germination difficulty
at lower than normal temperature (Jungman,
2000; Sun, 2005). Evaluation of chilling
tolerance prior to varietal release is considered
necessary for peanut growing regions where
low soil temperature prevails during seeding
stage (Tang et al., 2011). In the present study,
12L29 and 12L48 had comparable or even
higher POS than the local controls, indicating
good chilling tolerance at seeding stage,
whereas I2L15 and I2L30 were not as tolerant
as 12L29 and 12L48. Although all the four lines
were developed from the same cross, and
originated from the same F2 single plant (plant
number 3) (Dr. C. T. Wang, unpublished data),
they showed considerable variation in chilling
response, which demonstrated the possibility
of breeding high oleate peanut cultivars both
with high productivity and with chilling
tolerance. Notably, the male parent, 06-I8B4,
a hybrid derivative of Arachis hypogaea L. cv.
Fig. 1. Plants of the four high oleate peanut lines.
Fig. 2. Pods and seeds of the four high oleate peanut
lines.
Table 1. Main agronomic characters of four high oleate peanut lines
Lines Main stem height Length of cotyledonary No. of No. of pods/ 100-seed mass Shelling outturn
(cm)* branches (cm)* branches* plant* (g) (%)
12L15 44.6 47.4 7.8 19.7 92.8 80.0
12L48 40.3 44.2 8.0 13.4 99.9 77.0
12L29 40.0 42.6 8.7 22.2 73.6 79.5
12L30 46.0 47.1 8.4 18.7 99.8 80.0
*Average of 10 plants.
was classified as small-seeded genotype. 12L15
and 12L30 also performed very well in Fuxin,
Liaoning province, China, exhibiting a pod yield
increase of 87.39 and 24.87% over the local
New high oleate peanut lines 847
Silihong × A. rigonii, was reported to be a
genotype rich in sugar and TSS (6.12 sugar
and 8.10% TSS) (Yang et al., 2007; Wang et al.,
2007). The relationship between sugar/TSS
content and chilling tolerance in peanut
deserves further studies.
Fang et al. (2012) reported a peanut
chemical mutant with 64.3% oleate, whose
FAD2A and FAD2B were dysfunctional. They
postulated that other genes might also be
involved. In the present study, segregation in
oleate content in F5 plants (F6 seeds) derived
from a single “high oleate” F2 plants was
probably an indicator of genetic factor(s) in
addition to FAD2A and FAD2B conditioning
oleate content in peanut, or uneven sampling
of the seeds from F2 plant during NIRS
scanning. In either case, the situation
underlined the necessity of additional
selection(s) for the high oleate trait, preferably
seed by seed, during breeding process before
bulk harvest for a yield trial, to exclude possible
off-types (normal oleate seed within the high
oleate lot) in cultivar releases [In fact, normal
oleate off-types have been detected in Brantley
(Virginia type cultivar) and TX994313 (runner
type line), which were previously reported to
be high oleic (Chamberlin et al., 2011)]. This
appeared effective for the two lines, 12L29 and
12L48, as all of nine bulk seed samples for each
peanut line analyzed by GC had over 72% oleate
content. Stable high oleate phenotype of
several lines was further confirmed by NIRS
analysis of 20 single seeds each line. Oleate
content in each of the 20 single seeds was
higher than 72% (Dr. C. T. Wang, unpublished
data).
All of the four high oleate peanut lines
had “triple high” viz., high oleate, high
productivity and high shelling outturn. They
possessed an erect growth habit, and lower
than 10 branches per plant; both traits were
indispensable to peanut cultivars suitable for
cultivation in Shandong, China. Of the high
oleate lines tested, 12L48 was most promising
for cultivation in Shandong peninsula as it had
unique elliptical oblong seeds, yellow inner
testa colour, and high yield as well as
acceptable chilling tolerance. Considering the
peanut cultivar release in the province, the
outcome of the present study represented a
big stride taken towards final release of peanut
cultivars of this kind in the region.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors would like to express their
sincere thanks to the financial support from
China Agricultural Research System (Grant
No. CARS-14), Ministry of Agriculture, China,
and Shandong Peninsula Blue Sea Economic
Region Human Resource Development
Program, which made this research possible.
Table 3. Fatty acid profiles of the four high oleate peanut lines (Average of three replications)
Lines C16 : 0 C18 : 0 C18 : 1 C18 : 2 C20 : 0 C20 : 1 C22 : 0 C24 : 0 O/L
(%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) (%)
12L15 5.77 3.34 83.32 2.91 1.22 0.92 1.40 1.12 28.63
12L48 5.78 3.33 83.41 2.80 1.21 0.93 1.39 1.13 29.87
12L29 5.77 3.34 83.32 2.91 1.22 0.92 1.40 1.12 28.63
12L30 5.81 3.31 83.59 2.58 1.20 0.96 1.38 1.16 32.37
Table 2. Productivity and chilling response of high oleate lines and local controls
Lines Kernel yield Sprouts under chilling stress
(%)
kg/ha % over control
12L15 5226.24* 1.83 75.00
Huayu 33 (CK1) 5132.42 - 88.33
12L48 5486.25 8.24 88.33
Huayu 33 (CK2) 5068.77 - 88.33
12L29 5261.50 9.34 100.00
12L30 5496.18* 14.22 55.00
Fenghua 1 (CK3) 4812.14 - 88.33
*Significant at P=0.05 level.
848 Wang, Tang, Wang, Wu, Guan, Yang and Wang
fact that there is no high oleate large-seeded
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