Content uploaded by Chintan Bhatt
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Chintan Bhatt on Jul 04, 2016
Content may be subject to copyright.
Internet of Things (IoT): In a Way
of Smart World
Malay Bhayani, Mehul Patel and Chintan Bhatt
Abstract Internet of things-“IoT”is an interconnection of exclusively identifiable
embedded computing devices where all devices are made equipped with commu-
nication and data capture capabilities so that they can use the ubiquitous internet to
transmit or exchange data and other controlling purposes. IoT is expected to bring a
huge leap in the field of global interconnectivity of networks. Here we are going to
draw an attention on the topics which have attracted the researchers and industri-
alists such as remote excavation, remote mining, etc.
Keywords Internet of things Radio frequency identification (RFID)
Long-range wireless IoT protocol (LoRa) Lezi Zigbee WINEPI
1 Introduction
The popularity of IoT has been increasing greatly in the recent years due to much
higher affordability and simplicity through smart devices [1]. IoT, a platform where
variant networks and mass of sensors that function together and interoperate with
common set of protocols. It has espoused the world through various applications
like home automation, ZigBee, Big-data, and auto-id such as RFID.
Many technical communities are vigorously pursuing research topics that con-
tribute to IoT. One of the upcoming applications is Smart ATM that can perform all
the operation on user account by authenticating the user by its retina and voice.
Some other embryo staged IoT applications are smart air conditioners, 3D traffic,
smart building, and smart health support service. Internet of things is connecting
Malay Bhayani (&)Mehul Patel Chintan Bhatt
Computer Engineering, CHARUSAT, Anand, Gujarat, India
e-mail: d14ce170@charusat.edu.in
Mehul Patel
e-mail: d14ce179@charusat.edu.in
Chintan Bhatt
e-mail: chintanbhatt.ce@charusat.ac.in
©Springer Science+Business Media Singapore 2016
S.C. Satapathy et al. (eds.), Proceedings of the International Congress
on Information and Communication Technology, Advances in Intelligent Systems
and Computing 438, DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-0767-5_37
343
chintanbhatt.ce@charusat.ac.in
heterogeneous network/devices so that they can bring qualitative change in how we
work and live. It is making our life more and more simple and increasing openness,
privacy, security, analytics, and management.
2 History of IoT
Internet of things is evolved with convergence of more than one technologies [3].
The idea of smart device communication comes in 1980s but it became popular in
1990s. IoT made a revolution in technology of smart devices, wireless sensors, and
networks. In the 1980s system was in existence but it did not have a name till the
1990s.
First initiative of the smart coke vendor machine was by Carnegie Mellon
University which used Internet appliance to connect programmers to check cold
drink in machine. After that actual rootlet of IoT track down at MIT in 1990s by the
work of auto-center in networked RFID and sensing technologies. By that time,
competitive congeal started for innovations in a path of IoT that we understand by
some important evidence.
1999—Auto-id labs at MIT
2000—MEME (internet refrigerator) by LG
2002—Ambient orb by David rose (idea of the year by NY times)
2005—First report by ITU (UN)
2005—Nabaztag by Rafihaladzian and Olivier mevel
2008—IPSO alliance by 50 member companies including Cisco, Intel, Sap, Sun,
Google
2008—Growth report of smart devices by Cisco-IBSG
2010—China plans to make major investment on IoT stat by Wen Jiabao
2011—IPv6 public launch for addressing things approximately 340 undecillion.
See Fig. 1.
Fig. 1 IoT interest over time
344 Malay Bhayani et al.
chintanbhatt.ce@charusat.ac.in
3 Architecture of IoT
Architecture of internet of things is designed in such a way that it can handle a large
mass of data at any instance [2]. It is one of the highly reliable structure that can
patch up with any element of smart device. This architecture will make us under-
stand the abstraction of what is inherent to the actual systems. Its architecture is
designed in such a way that it can be extrapolated in the reference architecture and
current systems.
At its ground level, it will have sensing and identification layer. All the devices
which have the ability to sense and uniquely identify that sensed data come under
this layer. Generally, it is a sensor but it can also be RFID, GPS, smart devices, etc.
This layer is responsible for collecting the raw data from the target, generating
information, and sending it to the network construction layer (Fig. 2).
Now the layer above sensing and identification layer is network construction
layer. It handles all the logistical task of the IoT. It is basically responsible for
routing the information. It can be anything like WLAN, WMAN, WWAN, WPAN,
Internet, etc. At the modular level WLAN is used. It is obliged to accumulate all the
data from the sensing level and sending it to the management layer.
Management layer is above the network construction layer. It is designated to
process all the information provided by the layer below it. All the final decisions
regarding the information processing will be taken this layer. This layer may consist
of the combinations of either of the given options: Data mining, information
security, data center, search engine smart decision, etc. Currently, these information
processing is done through cloud computing.
Application layer is the top most layer which is responsible for interpreting the
data processed by the Management layer. And according to its interpretation it will
Fig. 2 IOT architecture
Internet of Things (IoT): In a Way of Smart World 345
chintanbhatt.ce@charusat.ac.in
react. Suppose, if a smart home sense that temperature of your room is rising, then it
will immediately turn on the air conditioner. Examples of smart applications are
smart logistics, smart grid, green building, smart transport, and smart environment
Monitor.
4 Algorithms of IoT
See Table 1.
5 Applications of IoT
5.1 Current Applications
As per demand and needs, existed IoT application can make seamless changes in
existence of things which are related to human lives such as healthcare, transport,
agriculture, energy, etc [1,7]. When different technologies work with smart devi-
ces, sensors, networking devices at that time we recognize the value of IoT.
Smart Parking: This application is currently implemented in the city of
Barcelona. Here a weight sensor is placed on each parking slot. So when the car
comes and stands on it, it will get activated. When the car driver opens the mobile
application, he will get to know about the number of free car parking slots on the
basis of the data sent by the sensors to the cloud computer, which will in turn
process the data provided by the sensor.
ZigBee: It is a description of high-level communication protocol which is used
for developing PAN (personal area network). It is a wide range LAN generally
termed as Smart MAN. It consumes low power and limits the transmission distance
of 10–100 m line-of-sight, as per their power output and their environmental
characteristic. It will be very useful to us in certain applications such as wireless
light switches, traffic management, etc. Its specifications are it is inexpensive,
simple to install, and initializes than other PAN like Bluetooth and Wi-Fi.
Remote Monitoring: United States is currently using this application to monitor
the habitat at the Great Duck Island. They have also invested millions in installing
many types of sensors in certain vegetation to track each and every movement.
LoRa (Long-range Wireless IoT Protocol): All the connected devices so far
run on the same network and protocols such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, cellular, etc [5].
But the case of IoT device is different, they have special network requirements than
smart phones, tablet, and PCs. They only need to send small data packets at a
logical interval, and connect to the areas far from the traditional infrastructure of
Wi-Fi and cellular. LoRa chips transmit the data in sub-gigahertz spectrum (gen-
erally it is 109, 433, 866, 915 MHz), it is unlicensed band that has less interface
346 Malay Bhayani et al.
chintanbhatt.ce@charusat.ac.in
Table 1 IoT algorithms
Algorithm Description Advantage Disadvantage Application
LZ78 This is a loss less
data compression
algorithm
For each input of
string it will search
in its dictionary, if it
is found then it
work on it else it
will update the
dictionary
Faster
decompression can
be done
The number of
string comparisons
reduces with each
encoding step
It attempts to work
on the future data
Lz78 suffers from
this problem of slow
convergence
There are plenty of
chances that
important patterns
may overpass
boundaries
Long-term storage
for the calculation
of probability is not
possible
Smart home
Smart city
Smart car and
etc.
Active
LeZi
This prediction
algorithm helps in
providing solution
to the problem of
information
theoretic standpoint,
by forecasting the
upcoming symbol in
sequence
It can store data for
longer term for
better probability
It has reached the
highest hit rate
It has large data for
predicting and its
ability to pile data
is high
At the time of input
string parsing, all
the information
crossing boundaries
are lost
Smart home
Smart grid
Smart home
Appliances
and etc.
Episode
Discovery
(WINEPI)
This algorithm
manages a serial of
events and also
monitors its
behavior and action,
and helps to act on
an event
It identifies the
frequently occurring
episodes in a
sequence
It helps to identify
which patterns can
be automated
easily with least
occurrence of fault
The size of episodes
discovered is
limited, as the
window length is
predefined by the
user.
Smart
irrigation
system
Smart
telecommuter
and etc.
Apriori This algorithm uses
breadth-first search
strategy for
counting item sets
and generating a
candidate
Easily
immobilized
Straightforward
implementation
Difficult to find
rarely appearing
events
Require several
iterations of data
Utilized fixed least
support threshold
Data mining
of large
databases
such as
Banking,
E-commerce
EClat This algorithm uses
vertical database
layout
Each item is stored
together with its
tidiest
Address the
problem of load
balancing
Exploit the power
of clusters or
distributed systems
with many nodes
In the case when it
uses the existing
parallel approach, it
suffers from load
unbalancing
problem
Data mining
Internet of Things (IoT): In a Way of Smart World 347
chintanbhatt.ce@charusat.ac.in
than others (like Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, etc.). At these frequencies, signals pierce the
barriers and travel long distance.
Smart Street Light: This is the most mass energy savvy application used to
control Street lights. It has sensors to detect weather and daylight. It will send the
data to the data processor for analysis, in turn the street light will receive the signal
of on/off lights or dim/bright light.
5.2 Upcoming Applications
Some applications are attracting the market and upcoming interesting applications
have potential to lead in future with different sectors like smart ATM, remote
excavation, remote mining, land slide and avalanche prevention, and chemical
leakage detection in river.
6 Advantages and Disadvantages of IoT
See Table 2.
Table 2 IoT Advantages–Disadvantages
Advantages Disadvantages
Information: To make better decision, we
need to have more information. So as we all
know that knowledge will help us take better
and faster decisions. Suppose vegetables in
the vegetable basket are going to get empty
soon, so out smart basket will send us an
SMS to informing us to get vegetables from
the stores
Tracking: Another disadvantage of IoT is
tracking. It provides advance level
information that could not have been possible
before this so easily. Let us take an example
of medical store, the application will inform
the store keeper about the upcoming
expiration dates of the medicines, so that they
can get replaced or whatever
Time: IoT saves more time which we
generally used to get it wasted on gathering
and processing information so that they can
be accurately analyzed, in order to get better
decision
Money: If the cost of tagging and monitoring
equipment goes down than the market for IoT
will cross-skies in a very short period
Compatibility: In current time, there is no
universal standard of compatibility and
facility for the tagging and monitoring
devices or equipment. So the disadvantages
of is that as the number and nature of devices
available in market, soon it will be getting
tough to connect them using IPv4
Complexity: With the help of all complex
systems, there are more and more chances of
failure, suppose in the vegetable market app,
if the application send message about
vegetable basket getting empty to two or
more people with whom it is associated with
them. Then both the people will go to the
shop to get the vegetable as asked by app. In
such a case, it may be possible that the
unnecessarily double purchase of the item
may be done by the people
Safety: It is necessary to provide safety, else
if it expired product id medicated to the
patient then the ill reaction will responded by
the body and damaging health
Bandwidth: It can be a problem for IoT
applications, as it is limited
348 Malay Bhayani et al.
chintanbhatt.ce@charusat.ac.in
7 Challenges and Solutions for IoT
7.1 Challenges for IoT
According to the CISCO, there will be around 50 billion smart devices connected to
the internet [2]. This figure shows that at that period of time each person the earth
will be having five smart devices on an average as the prices of the processor will
fall; hence it will be feasible to use processor on almost everything to make it
smarter. So when these smart devices start creating data, organizations will have no
organized plan to manage large data. Therefore, we need to think about where all
the data generated by the processor going to be stored?
And this becomes a very serious problem. IoT promises the organizations which
are going to get the insight of the customer activity. The organizations also have to
maintain the data till analyzing. According to the paper published from the Gartner
the Impact of the Internet of Things on Data Centers, there are several issues which
have to be solved before the organization begins to earn from IoT.
The issues to be solved by organization before setting up business of IoT are:
IoT while using will generate large-scale amount of data to be processed and
examined in real time, and processing large amount of IoT data will increase the
workload on the data centers, thereby directing the providers to the new security,
analytics, and challenges [6].
The problem is within the characteristics of IoT itself. It will connect two devices
and systems and provide a data stream between the devices and the dispersed
management systems. Enterprise’s IT Department have to deal with IoT data as an
exclusively dataset in its own. For instance, the initial set of what will build IoT
data are arriving in the storage layer, same way as other unstructured data does. So,
ultimately, the traditional storage architecture and management software will treat
the IoT data in the same way as unstructured data.
As the number of smart devices is increasing, it will force the enterprises to bring
the solution to make their system more scalable and cost-effective. Now the
enterprises will have to tackle some more issues after handling the above given
issues: Big number of devices, joined with sheer velocity, creates challenge,
especially in the areas of security, data storage management, security, data center
network, as data processing at stack.
7.2 Solutions for IoT
As far as we are concerned with the traditional storage of the data, it can be done
using Hadoop. Now as we are dealing with the decreasing inefficiency of cloud
computing, there is increase of burden on the cloud servers due to IoT data being
processed over there. So the solution to the big data problem is to replace cloud
computing with fog computing, in which all the processing and analytics works are
Internet of Things (IoT): In a Way of Smart World 349
chintanbhatt.ce@charusat.ac.in
done on its respective routers instead of cloud severs, as a result all the data in the
cloud become structured data. And the duty of the cloud server will get limited to
making the data reachable the application device. For the challenge of security and
privacy, we will have to increase the number of bytes being encrypted.
8 Conclusion
IoT have enormous impact on all sectors all over the world. It has helped us to
improve our personal and professional life. From waking up in the morning with the
help of hot coffee till switching off lights before going to sleep, we will be
accompanied by the Iot. Technocrats and researcher realize revenue potential of IoT
which make influence on affordable solution of problems and leads us to bright
future.
References
1. Jayavardhana Gubbi, a Rajkumar Buyya, b Slaven Marusic, a Marimuthu Palaniswamia,
Internet of Things (IoT): A Vision, Architectural Elements, and Future Directions, http://www.
cloudbus.org/papers/Internet-of-Things-Vision-Future2012.pdf.
2. John A. Stankovic, Life Fellow, IEEE, Research Directions for the Internet of Things http://
www.cs.virginia.edu/*stankovic/psfiles/IOT.pdf.
3. Jim Chase, Texas instruments, The Evolution of Internet of Things, http://www.ti.com/lit/ml/
swrb028/swrb028.pdf .
4. Dave Evans, The Internet of things, https://www.cisco.com/web/about/ac79/docs/innov/IoT_
IBSG_0411FINAL.pdf.
5. http://postscapes.com/home-wireless-sensor-systems.
6. Daniele Miorandi, Sabrina Sicari, Francesco De Pellegrini, Imrich Chlamtac http://www.
sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1570870512000674.
7. Understanding the Internet of Things (IoT) July 2014, http://www.gsma.com/connectedliving/
wp-content/uploads/2014/08/cl_IoT_wp_07_14.pdf.
350 Malay Bhayani et al.
chintanbhatt.ce@charusat.ac.in
