A review on Internet of things

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A review on Internet of things
Charushila Raskar
SNDT Women's University
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Mumbai, India
charushilaraskar@gmail.com
Dr. Shikha Nema
SNDT Women's University
Department of Electronics and Telecommunication
Mumbai, India
shikhanema@gmail.com
Abstract— The main aim of this paper is to present a
exhaustive survey of Internet of Things (Io T) .It focuses on the
review of various architecture platforms available in the related
fields. In this paper the emphasis is on application of enabling
IoT technologies in the development of Io T systems and its
implementation in the context of smart cities.
Keywords—Smart cities,Internet of Things(Io T)
I.
I
NTRODUCTION
A
s per the Gartner’s hype cycle it is assumed that most of
world's people will live in urban environments and
surroundings by 2050.So, cities are required to be smart. Smart
city uses the services provided by Information and
Technologies (ICTs) for social, economic & environmental the
development of city habitants. A smart city needs ICT to sense,
analyze and integrate the real time information .A smart city is
an exhaustive evolution of Internet into ubiquitous network of
intercommunicated objects that not only sense the information
from the physical activities but also provide response through
actuation and control. It will also be followed by data analytics
and its further applications.
IEEEP2413 also provides presentation of IoT market and
stack holders in the below figure 1. Io T has touched each and
every field around us ranging from smart objects to smart
cities opening huge new business opportunities.
Fig.1 IoT market stack holders
II. T
ECHNOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF
I
O
T
Generally, IoT covers many areas starting with various
technologies and components to the various mechanisms that
integrate these lower components as shown in figure 2. As
millions of devices will be connected to each other, a high end
management capability covering strong requirements of self-
management and self-optimization is required. The Io T middle
ware will be take care of development of application interfaces
and data management security and privacy are the one of the
major concern in the Io T systems as a big data including the
personal and critical information is generated every second.
New business models will be required to run the new economic
and social services [1]
.
Fig.2 Technological and social impacts of IoT
III. I
O
T
A
RCHITECTURE
IoT enables the physical devices to sense, talk and share
the information with each other which leads to performing the
analytics on data and decision making. ITU defines IoT in
terms of a network that is: “Available anywhere, anytime, by
anything and anyone”[1].
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Fig.3 ITU definition of IoT
IoT system consists of many heterogeneous subsystems
where each subsystem has a specific architecture depending
upon the requirements and market needs. It is a tedious
process to design a reference architecture which suffices the
requirements of connectivity, communication, data collection,
device management, scalability and most important security.
Several standardization bodies have been involved in various
designing reference architectures which play the role of
standard guidelines to design any kind of system. Overview of
these architectures is shown in Table 1 [2].
The available IoT architectures can be easily compared
based on three perspectives: oriented, Internet oriented, things
oriented. A number of proposed architecture models are
available which consists of the basic model of Application,
Network, and Perception Layers [3]. In the recent journey in
the evolution of IoT adds other models with abstraction to the
IoT architecture, Figure 4 shows some common architectures.
The objects or devices layer is related to physical objects-
sensors such as humidity, pressure, proximity, temperature
vibration, motion and actuators which provide the controlling
action in feedback. Objects layer is the sourse of big data
creation in IoT. The abstraction layer sends the data to higher
layer. It also provides functionalities of cloud computing.
Service Management Layer allows the programmers to handle
objects' heterogeneity independent of particular hardware
platform. Application layer takes care of customer’s service
demand.
(a) (b) (c) (d)
Fig.4 The IoT architecture. (a) Basic version. (b) Middle-ware based.
(c) SOA based. (d) Five-layered.
Analysis of the data received from application layer is done by
Business Layer. It creates a business model, charts, etc. It
supports in the overall development of IoT system[3].
IV. I
O
T
E
LEMENTS
To understand the IoT thoroughly the the basic need is to
study the main elements of IoT [4] as shown in figure 5.
Fig.5 IoT Elements
TABLE I Internet of Things (IoT) reference architectures[2]
A. Identification
Identification is crucial task in IoT because a
temperature sensor may have ID “T1”in physical world but
will have unique network address in the world of internet. IoT
is a world of ubiquitous connectivity in massive scale where
each device needs to be identified uniquely. Currently we use
IPv6 and IPv4 for addressing schemes.,[5] provides a header
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compression technique to make IPv6 suitable for wireless
networks with low power .
B. Sensing
Objects collect the data through sensors and send to the
cloud where it’s analyzed for decision making to provide
various services. IoT sensors can range from smart phones to
Single Board Computers (SBC).
TABLE II CONSTRAINED INTERNET OF THINGS (CIOT) AND
SINGLEBOARD COMPUTER (SBC)
IoT testbed with various motes can have different levels of
computations and can be provided with multiple wireless
interfaces for radio access. Table II describes the comparison
of two types of testbeds with constrained IoT (CioT) nodes
and single-board computer (SBC) nodes[6].
C. Communication
Various Communication protocols are used to interface
the heterogeneous devices such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, IEEE
802.15.4 and cellular communication. RFID and Near Field
Communication (NFC) are the other communication
techniques.
Two types of RFID devices are available:
active/Passive. A RFID system consists of a tag and reader. It
uses electromagnetic waves to transfer data when it placed
near to the reader [7]. RFID doesn’t require in line of sight
thus providing real time monitoring.
NFC is similar to RFID communication where devices in
short range domain can share small amount of data in the
range of 20m and uses 13.56 MHz frequency band [8.]
The NFC technology can play a significant role in the future
progress of IoT.
Bluetooth is low power communication protocol for
range of few meters. Power consumption is less than 1mW.It
was designed for communicating devices close to each other.
IEEE 802.11 (Wi-Fi) is a protocol standard defining medium
access control for wireless communication. The range can be
extended up to 100m compared to Bluetooth with power
consumption up to 100mW.[9]
LTE (Long-Term Evolution) is a communication
standard for high data rate for mobile communication devices.
Services such as multicasting, broadcasting can be provided
with speed up to 100MHz [10].
D.Computation
Hardware platforms such as Raspberry Pi, Ardiuno,
Beagle Bone, UDOO, FriendlyARM, Intel Galileo etc. and the
software applications forms the core of IoT. They offer the
processing capability to IoT. Operating system plays a vital
role in the various software platforms. RTOS-Based IoT
systems provide the real time monitoring with stringent low
power requirements. Table III below provides the comparison
between various operating systems [1]
TABLE III Comparison of operating systems
P :Supports Partially, N: Doesn’t Support , Yans: Supports Fully.
Big data and cloud computing plays an vital role in IoT.The
former is an asset for competitive business achievements and
later is a management mechanism for former. Google cloud,
IBM Blue Mix, Amazon Web Services are the examples of
famous cloud platforms. The following table IV provides the
comparison between available cloud platforms[11]
Different cloud platforms and their features
E. Services
There few examples where city itself is taken as a
platform to create world of internet of things. City Valencia is
one of the examlpe where traffic management through IoTis
being implemented. VLCI "Valencia Ciudad Inteligente "
cloud platform gathers the sensor data. The VLCI platform
used to centralize all municipal information in city[12].
Another example of smart city is Barcelona. They have used
IoT technologies in the public transportation, smart parking
system, advanced street bulb lightning system. Use IoT in
public domain has generated revenue and improved overall
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facilities offered to people. It has been proven to be a boost to
the IoT industry[13].
Smart Santander is an innovative project emphasizing on
creation of test bed for the researchers to explore IoT
technologies for the development of smart cities. The project
aims at deployment of huge number of sensors to exploit IoT
technologies [14].
Padova is another smart city where IoT technologies are
deployed in collaboration with municipality [15]. It aims at
providing services such as structural health monitoring of the
building, intelligent waste management, energy consumption
analytics etc.
TABLE IV VARIOUS IOT PLATFORMS WITH FEATURES
┼ :support and ─ doesnt support
 Industrial automation
Automation plays important role in industry. Data can be
collected from sensors, analyzed at the central point and
feedback can be provided with the actuation decision. This
requires integration of digital and physical objects. The IoT
objects should be powered with self-configuration
capability[16].
 Healthcare
Kaleem Ullah [17] proposed four layer model for healthcare
which can provide real-time monitoring of health care
information through smart phone. It is a efficient proof of
concept deployment of IoT in the healthcare and medical field.
Yang et al. [18] implemented an smart healthcare project
consisting of three things. The first module iMedBox is a
residential healthcare unit with strong IoT connectivity. The
second module iMedPack offers reminder to the patient for
medication. The third part is a low power, miniaturized Bio –
sensor patch to measure ECG with intelligent analysis service.
 Waste Management
Waste management is a critical task for most urban areas in the
world which consists of various stages such as collecting the
waste, transferring it to proper place, decomposition and
recycling.
IoT can provide an innovative solution for municipal waste
management. As proposed in [19],data about the amount of
waste in bins can be gathered from sensors and then sent to the
gateway through a LoRa protocol which can be further
transmitted to the IoT center through the MQTT (Message
Queue Telemetry Transport) protocol .LoRa can offer a low
cost and low power communication for IoT devices in future.
Another innovative idea is to plan the waste collection truck
routes according to the requirement of the load [20].
 City Energy Consumption:
We can’t imagine our daily life without electricity. The
conventional electricity system consists of Production of
electricity, conveyance and distribution of it. This system lacks
in feedback. The power system should be capable enough to
distribute electricity based on real time consumption. A smart
grid system based on real time monitoring of transformer
characteristics is proposed in [21].
A novel algorithm for Energy consumption Scheduling is
proposed [22].It provides optimum load shedding under sudden
load changes. Stream analytics are generated using IoT to
provide real-time load monitoring and decisions based on it
such as scheduling for consumers.
 Transpotation
As the number of vehicles passing on the road are increasing
exponentially, traffic congestion has become a crucial problem
in urban area .As the traffic congestion handling is becoming
more critical day a by day ,use of advanced IoT technology
can release the pressure to some extent. Traffic congestion
leads to increase in accidental situations. Intelligent algorithms
can provide better utilization of road capacity. In smart cities
driver can be informed about traffic conditions and can plan the
route accordingly [23]. IoT based intelligent traffic lights can
be implemented. In [24] and [25] two dynamic traffic light
systems consisting the control at road intersections is proposed
which makes use of wireless communication among vehicles.
The system improves traffic conditions at junctions and
reduces waiting time of vehicles.
 Smart buildings
Smart building is a new concept where development of
automation and communication technologies benefit the
building to use the available resources more efficiently and
which are more secure.[26] proposes a IoT based framework
for smart buildings with cloud computing which describes the
general architecture for SB to SB communication, monitoring
and controlling from the cloud.
F. Semantics
If IoT is the body, Semantics is the brain. Semantics refer to
extraction and creation of the knowledge from the data to
provide the various services. It consists of identifying and
analyzing the information to correct decision to avail a
particular service [27].
The Web Ontology Language (OWL) and Resource
Description Framework (RDF) can fulfill this need of IoT.
World Wide Web consortium (W3C) has recommended
Efficient XML Interchange (EXI) format [28].
Platform Gateway provision Assurance Billing Application Protocols
REST COAP XMPP MQTT
Arkessa –┼ ┼ –┼– – ┼
Axeda ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ – – –
Etherios ┼ ┼ ┼ –┼– – –
LittleBits – – – – ┼– – –
NanoService ┼ ┼ ┼ –┼ ┼ – –
Nimbits – – – – ┼–┼–
Ninja Blocks ┼ – – – ┼– – –
OnePlatform ┼ ┼ ┼ –┼ ┼ ┼ –
RealTime.io ┼ ┼ – – ┼– – –
SensorCloud ┼ ┼ – – ┼– – –
SmartThings ┼ ┼ – – ┼– – –
TempoDB – – – – ┼– – –
ThingsWorkx –┼ ┼ –┼– – ┼
Xively ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ ┼ – – ┼
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V.
C
OMMON
I
O
T
STANDARDS
Various standards for IoT are available in [29] to fulfill
requirements of application developers and service providers.
European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI),
World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), EPC global, Internet
Engineering Task Force (IETF), Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers (IEEE), are the supporting leaders. The
table below provides a summary of the most useful protocols.
IoT protocols are categorized in into four general classes:
application protocols such as DDS, CoAP, MQTT, service
discovery protocols such as DNS-SD, infrastructure protocols
such as IPV4 and IPV6 and influential protocols such as IEEE
1888.3. As shown in table V
TABLE
V
I
O
T
ST
ANDARDS
Table VI below provides a comparison between IoT
application protocols and other layer protocols[30].
.
VI. IoT C HALLENGES
Realization of IoT vision is not simple or easy because of
many challenges. Examples of main challenges incorporate
availability, performance, scalability, interoperability,
reliability, mobility, security and management [31].we discuss
some challenges in following lines.
 Massive Scaling
As trillions of devices will be connected to each other, how
they will be communicating with each other? The devices will
be situated remotely with low power and heterogeneity
constraints, How to identify these devices?
 Architecture and dependencies:
A perfect architecture that permits seamless connectivity,
communications and control is needs to be developed. The
architecture should be able to handle the interoperability and
dependencies between different applications.
 Creating Knowledge and Big Data
IoT system gathers a huge amount of raw data which contains
a tremendous variety of information. The collection,
interpretation, generation of information from raw data, storage
of data, analysis of data and decision making are the big
challenges in IoT.
 Openness
Traditionally majority sensor based systems were closed loop
but due to new innovations in automation industry systems
such as cars, airplanes send their current status information to
network. But the open IoT systems will be adaptive in nature
which require stochastic and robust control mechanisms which
are not much matured technologies in the fields to fulfil the
required openness and adaptively expected in some IoT
systems.
 Security and Privacy
Security is the pervasive problem in the IoT because of
wireless connectivity between devices, robustness and physical
accessibility to sensors. To recover from security attacks, an
IoT system must be capable to detect, diagnose the attack, and
take the necessary repairing actions. If the sensor node gets
failed system should be able to deploy secondary solution with
a degree of smoothness to handle low capacity device.
 Privacy
The uniqueness and interaction in IoT will provide good
quality services to us but at the same time it is going to violet
the privacy conditions .Privacy policies for each IoT system
needs to be specified and implemented.
TABLE
VI
APPLICATION
LAYER
PROTOCOLS
COMPARISON
C
ONCLUSION
The Internet of Things (IoT) is an rising technology, making
our modern life style more advanced technically by combining
smart devices and applications. IoT will soon change the world
into automation. This paper presented different aspects of IoT
in terms of enabling technologies, supporting protocols and its
impact in the form of applications. This will definitely create a
good base for the researchers to gain a deep insight into the IoT
technology.
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IEEE Xplore Part Number: CFP19M19-ART; ISBN: 978-1-5386-7799-5
978-1-5386-7799-5/19/$31.00 ©2019 IEEE 483

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