RenH₂ — A Stand-Alone Sustainable Renewable Energy System

Abstract

Rural and remote sites electrification, where grid connection is almost impossible in terms of cost and geography, is nowadays an important market for renewable energy based electricity production systems. It is becoming largely consensual that autonomous electricity production systems based on renewable energies are the most competitive economical option, when compared with solutions based only on conventional diesel generators.
The main issue, related with renewable energy based autonomous systems, is the intermittent nature of the renewable resources, namely, solar and essentially wind. The variability of these renewable energy sources turns difficult its synchronisation with the load pattern. Therefore, some sort of additional regulation systems capable of performingsuch matching are required. In the past, conventional diesel generators have been the
preferred solution to ensure the perfect balance between generation and load. In most cases, batteries are associated as a low energy storage device, in order to somehow lighten the diesel generator operation. These types of systems fall under the general classification of hybrid systems.
It is well-known that diesel generators have several disadvantages, the main ones being that its operation is far from being environmental friendly and the fuel is difficult and expensive to provide at remote sites. Thus, the current trend is to focus on energy storage solutions that are able to dismiss the diesel generators. The basic general idea is to store the energy produced in excess during low demand periods and to recover it in the peak hours. However, the problem remains as the basic conventional energy storage solution is battery based. Batteries are being worldwide used for ages and its technology is nowadays maturing, reliable and very well understood. Most batteries used in hybrid systems are of the lead-acid type. There are several other types, such as, nickel-cadmium, lithium-ion, but these are generally either too expensive or too unreliable for practical application. In spite of their numerous advantages, battery technology has experienced little advances in recent years. Their known drawbacks, such as low energy density, limited number of full discharge cycles, self-discharge and environmentally unfriendly characteristics, still persist. Therefore, batteries are only envisaged as short-term storage devices.
In order to minimise these recognised pitfalls, alternative energy storage solutions have come to force. One of the most promising is the production of hydrogen through the electrolysis of water. This hydrogen is to be subsequently used to generate electricity through fuel cell technology or even in a combustion engine linked to an electrical generator. The same basic idea as for batteries applies: electrical energy in excess during offpeak hours is used to produce hydrogen, which is later used to generate electrical energy in high demand periods. In this way, the known limitations of the diesel/battery solutions are overcome and a cleaner and more efficient stand-alone electrical production system is achieved. Moreover, hydrogen is an environmentally benign and sustainable fuel and provides long-term storage facilities.
The main objective of this project is the development of a fully autonomous system, in which every component is based upon renewable energies. In this way, a renewable energy autonomous production system based on the hydrogen technology is proposed. This type of systems can be designated as Stand-Alone Sustainable Renewable Energy System (SASRES).
The proposed SASRES is composed by three generators – PhotoVoltaics (PV), wind turbine (WTG) and fuel-cell (FC), two loads – an effective load bank and an electrolyser, two buses –AC and DC, and several advanced power electronics converters. Briefly, the system runs under two basic operating modes: 1) whenever there is enough PV and wind power available, the load is supplied through these generators and hydrogen is produced in the electrolyser; 2) when the load demand is higher than the renewable based generators production, the load is supplied from the operation of the fuel-cell. It is worth to mention that the successful integration of multiple generating sources must rely on complex controls to ensure correct sharing of the intermittent renewable energy and controllable fuel-cell generation to meet the demand of the variable load. The obtained system is a suitable choice regarding the actual stand-alone systems based upon diesel generators and lead-acid batteries. Several benefits can be listed as far as the RenH2 – A Stand-Alone Sustainable Renewable Energy System proposed hybrid PV/WTG/FC system is concerned: improved reliability and energy services, zero emissions and noise pollution, continuous power, increased operational life and efficient use of energy. Therefore, this hybrid system meets the sustainability and environmental respect criteria regarding the energetic solutions of the future – zero emitting either on production or consumption.
This paper presents the proposed PV/WTG/FC stand-alone system supported by totally renewable hydrogen production. The dedicated experimental test prototype is described and the correspondent modelling approach of each component and overall system is introduced. The principles of the implemented control strategy are presented, so that proper behaviour of the system is achieved and its operation can be predicted. Some results obtained both from the experimental test facility and from the implemented software model are presented and discussed. Finally, some conclusions regarding the overall behaviour of
the system and the sizing of its components are drawn.

Full text

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