Carmen Prada

Complutense University of Madrid | UCM · Department of Vegetal Biology I (Botany and Vegetable Physiology)

Cranfillia opaca is a fern species present in New Caledonia, for which a great variation in morphology is reported. Some other species such as Blechnum deplanchei have been proposed, but those were later synonymized with C. opaca. In this work, we have studied this taxon at both the morphological and the anatomical level, as well as its ecology and...

Las plantas vasculares que no forman semillas son conocidas con el nombre vulgar de helechos, presentando unas 120 especies en la península ibérica, más abundantes en ambientes forestales húmedos y saxícolas. En entornos urbanos y semiurbanos no suelen ser muy numerosos, un hecho que parece estar unido a la escasa presencia de sus esporas en la atm...

Parablechnum is the most diverse genus of Blechnaceae (ca. 65 species), with a pantropical distribution and two centers of diversity, in America and in the Austro-Pacific region. The species are dimorphic, with often erect rhizomes and rhizomatic scales, 1-pinnate fronds, with truncate blade at base, conform apex and stalked pinnae. This group pres...

Se presenta un catálogo de 25 especies de hepáticas foliosas pertenecientes a 9 familias: Adelanthaceae, Balantiopsidaceae, Calypogeiaceae, Frullaniaceae, Herbertaceae, Lejeuneaceae, Lophocoleaceae, Porellaceae y Radulaceae, recolectadas en bosques neotropicales húmedos-hiperhúmedos del NE y NO de la Argentina. Once taxones son exclusivos del Domin...

Struthiopteris (Blechnaceae) has recently been classified on the basis of molecular and morphological evidence, and some of its species are now included in the sister genus Spicantopsis. However, the lack of studies on several important morphological features impedes a sound assessment of their congruence with this new systematic arrangement, as we...

Morphology, characterization, and geographical distribution of Blechnum cordatum (Blechnaceae-Pteridophyta). Specimens of Blechnum cordatum from localities of its large geographical area were analized. The species grows in Mesoamerica, Antillas and South America, from Venezuela and Colombia to Bolivia, SE and centre of Brazil, Paraguay, Argentina,...

Se presenta una lista de 32 especies de hepáticas foliosas pertenecientes a 16 familias: Acrobolbaceae, Adelanthaceae, Balantiopsidaceae, Blepharidophyllaceae, Cephaloziaceae, Frullaniaceae, Jungermanniaceae, Lepico­leaceae, Lepidolaenaceae, Lepidoziaceae, Lophocoleaceae, Lophoziaceae, Porellaceae, Radulaceae, Schistochilaceae y Trichocoleaceae, re...

Given the taxonomic complexity of the genus Pteris in the Neotropics, the present work aims to collect information about the anatomy of the petioles and the costae of native, adventitious, and introduced Mexican and Central American species of Pteris, and to analyse its taxonomic potential. We collected fresh and dried samples from 26 species, maki...

In this work, we contribute with the first essay devoted to relating the effect of brassinosteroids on the germination and development of fern spores of Pteridium aquilinum, Polystichum lonchitis and Pteris vittata. The effect of brassinosteroids (BRs) on the germination and development of fern spores is species-dependent. In the case of P. aquilin...

Spore morphology of 25 Mexican and Central American species in Pteris were studied. This was accomplished using scanning electron and light microscopy. Spores are trilete, tetrahedral, with plane or slightly convex proximal faces, concave only occasionally, and convex or hemispherical distal faces. In addition to these general features and size, we...

The infrageneric classification of Asplenium, the most species-rich genus of ferns, is notoriously difficult as a result of extensive morphological homoplasy combined with exceptional morphological disparity. Besides a core Asplenium, 29 satellite genera have been described, but most of them have not been widely accepted. In recent years, molecular...

Aim of the study: The effect of cerium oxide engineered nanoparticles on the spore germination of the fern Asplenium adiantumnigrum. Area of study: France, Britanny Region, Finistére Department, Plougonvelin, in rocks near the sea. Material and methods: Asplenium spores were cultured in vitro on agar medium with Nano-CeO2 (less than 25 nm particle...

Aim of study: The effect of cerium oxide engineered nanoparticles on the spore germination of the fern. Asplenium adiantum-nigrum. Area of study: France, Britanny Region, Finistére Department, Plougonvelin, in rocks near the sea. Material and methods: Asplenium spores were cultured in vitro on agar medium with Nano-CeO2 (less than 25 nm particle...

ABSTRACT A new chromosome count on Blechnum hastatum, together with the study of the ontogeny and development of the leptosporangia of this taxon, and of B. occidentale is carried out here. Adult leptosporangia of other taxa of the genus Blechnum, such as those of B. australe subsp. auriculatum, B. glandulosum and B. mochaenum subsp. mochaenum are...

Se presenta una lista de 13 hepáticas talosas recolectadas en la Argentina. Ocho taxones son nuevas aportaciones a la brioflora provincial: Asterella chilensis para Misiones, Marchantia chenopoda y M. polymorpha en Jujuy, Plagiochasma rupestre var. rupestre y Targionia hypophylla var. fimbriata en San Luis, Lunularia cruciata subsp. thaxteri para C...

We focused on characters of sporogenous pinnae of 42 taxa in the genus Blechnum L. to highlight their diagnostic value in the genus, and whether they vary at species level or are shared by related species. This work included amphibious, herbaceous terrestrial, cordatoid, arborescent and epiphyte-hemiepiphyte taxa. We studied the anatomy of the fert...

RESUMEN. – En este trabajo se han estudiado caracteres de las pinnas esporógenas en 42 taxones de Blechnum L., con el fi n de poner en evidencia su valor diagnóstico en el nivel específi co o de grupos de especies afi nes. Se incluyeron especies palustres, herbáceas terrestres, cordatoides, arborescentes y epífi tas o hemiepífi tas. Se estudiaron l...

A list of 13 thalloid liverworts collected in the Argentina is presented. Eight taxa are new records for the provincial bryophyte flora: Asterella chilensis for Misiones, Marchantia chenopoda and M. polymorpha for Jujuy, Plagiochasma rupestre var. rupestre and Targionia hypophylla var. fimbriata for San Luis, Lunularia cruciata subsp. thaxteri for...

A detailed cytological study of the spore mother cells of specimens of B. occidentale collected in locations from the northwest of the Argentina was carried out here. The results of this contribution allowed to report a new polyploid, in this case a hexaploid, whose most probably basic number was considered x = 31, and which origin is analyzed and...

Germination is one of the most important biological processes for both seed and spore plants, also for fungi. At present, mathematical models of germination have been developed in fungi, bryophytes and several plant species. However, ferns are the only group whose germination has never been modelled. In this work we develop a regression model of th...

The authors present here a list of 32 mosses belonging to 15 families: Brachytheciaceae , Cryphaeaceae , Entodontaceae , Hedwigiaceae , Hypnaceae , Leptodontaceae , Meteoriaceae , Neckeraceae , Pilotrichaceae , Polytrichaceae , Pterobryaceae , Racopilaceae , Rigodiaceae , Stereophyllaceae , and Trachypodaceae , all collected in the mountainous fore...

The authors present here a list of 32 mosses belonging to 15 families: Brachytheciaceae, Cryphaeaceae, Entodontaceae, Hedwigiaceae, Hypnaceae, Leptodontaceae, Meteoriaceae, Neckeraceae, Pilotrichaceae, Polytrichaceae, Pterobryaceae, Racopilaceae, Rigodiaceae, Stereophyllaceae, and Trachypodaceae, all collected in the mountainous forests of the Yung...

Steereella lilliana is reported as a new record for the bryophyte flora in Argentina and South America. Furthermore, the distribution of Frullania brasiliensis in Argentina, previously known only from Misio-nes and Salta, is expanded to the provinces of Tucumán and Córdoba. Additionally, Stephaniella para-phyllina, is new to the province of San Lui...

The gametophytic morphology and development of Alsophila odonelliana (Alston) Lehnert, have been studied through in vitro cultures. This species grows in southern Bolivia and northwestern Argentina. The spores are uniform in structure, but not in size; a certain percentage being smaller than the average. 16 spores per sporangium were found. The ger...

La bibliografía sobre el género Blechnum L. es muy abundante tanto en lo que respecta a las especies neotropicales como paleotropicales. Sin embargo, aún faltan estudios anatómicos completos, una caracterización actualizada de su morfología externa e interna, taxonomía, citología y afinidades. En este estudio se revisaron ocho especies de Blechnum...

This work identifies plant-communities, specifically their Isoetes species composition, and analyses their spatial patterns in a Mediterranean vernal pool system located in central Spain. The vegetation zonation includes three bands of plant—community types and three ecotones from these, in a gradient leading from edge to bottom, with increasing le...

Although the genus Blechnum has been largely studied, problems of species characterization, nomenclature, classification and taxonomy remain unsolved. For these reasons, in this study we intend to deepen in the characterization of the arborescent group of Blechnum with a review of eight species: B. brasiliense, B. columbiense, B. cycadifolium, B. m...

This work describes and compares morphogenesis of the gametophyte, or sexual phase, of three ferns, Pteris deflexa, P. denticulata and P. tristicula, through a palynological analysis of live spores. This study was conducted under laboratory conditions; observations and pictures were made using light and scanning electron microscopy. The pattern of...

Blechnaceae is an important leptosporangiate family (9–10 genera, about 250 species). It is monophyletic and distributed mainly in tropical America and Australasia. Among the species 80% belong to Blechnum, a genus with a very complex taxonomy and uncertain internal relationships. In terms of American diversity, the results of morphological studies...

Doce taxones del genero Blechnum fueron seleccionados para su estudio: B. arcuatum, B. asplenioides, B. australe subsp. australe, B. australe subsp. hastatum, B. glandulosum subsp. glandulosum, B. glandulosum subsp. austrobrasilianum, B. gracile, B. lanceola, B. levigatum, B. meridense, B. occidentale y B. polypodioides. Se actualiza la descripcion...

Modern molecular phylogenetic studies of the Pteridaceae have recognized a well supported cheilanthoid clade that includes four major subclades: myriopteroids, pellaeoids, hemionitidoids and notholaenoids. Many of the morphological characters used in delimitation of the cheilanthoid lineages and genera appear to be the result of convergent evolutio...

Twelve taxa of genus Blechnum were selected to study: B. arcuatum, B. asplenioides, B. australe subsp. australe, B. australe subsp. hastatum, B. glandulosum subsp. glandulosum, B. glandulosum subsp. austrobrasilianum, B. gracile, B. levigatum, B. lanceola, B. meridense, B. occidentale and B. polypodioides. An updated description of all taxa, their...

Morphological, cytological and taxonomical analyses of Asplenium delitescens and A. laetum in Cuba resulted in the recognition of both species belonging to the genus Hymenasplenium Hayata. The combinations of the Neotropical species to this genus are presented. Some remarks on gametophyte morphology of H. delitescens are included.

Morphological stomatal traits, such as size, form and frequency, have been subject of much literature, including their relationships with environmental factors. However, little effort have focused on ferns, and very few in the genus Blechnum. Stomatal length, width and frequency (as stomatal index) of a number of specimens of fourteen Neotropical s...

A study of the spores of 64 neotropical and palaeotropical taxa of the genus Blechnum was performed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Two basic types of perispores were recognised: perispore smooth or only slightly ornamented (laevigate, with micro-granules or micro-lamellae, venulose and rugulate), and perispore ornamented (rugate, low ret...

Asplenium auritum Sw. is a sexual fern that produces 64 spores per sporangium, while A. monodon Liebm. is an apogamous species that produces 32 spores. The hybrid between them, A.×lellingerianum Sánchez & Regalado, also shows an apogamous life cycle, with mainly abortive spores. The scope of this work was to study the sexual and apogamous behavior...

Spore viability is defined as the time that spores retain their capacity to germinate. It is a factor of primary importance in the establishment of fern species and populations in a new habitat after spore dispersal. Viability is typically maintained for a long period in pteridophytes, but there are great variations in both interspecific and intras...

The gametophytic generation of Polystichum pycnolepis (Dryopteridaceae), including spore germination, morphological development of the gametophytes, major vegetative features and sexual expression, was studied. Spore germination was of the Vittaria model and the developmental pattern was of the Aspidium model. Adult gametophytes were cordate and ha...

The gametophytic generation of Cheilanthes pilosa (Pteridaceae), including spore germination, morphological development of the gametophytes, major vegetative features and sexual expression, was studied. In C. pilosa spore germination was of the Vittaria model and the developmental pattern was intermediate between Adiantum and Ceratopteris models. A...

A new chromosome count on Blechnum hastatum, together with the study of the ontogeny and development of the leptosporangia of this taxon, and of B. occidentale is carried out here. Adult leptosporangia of other taxa of the genus Blechnum, such as those of B. australe subsp. auriculatum, B. glandulosum and B. mochaenum subsp. mochaenum are also comp...

In the present paper, we provide a revised, comprehensive description of the sporophyte and gametophyte of the swamp fern, Blechnum serrulatum Rich., from neo- and paleotropical localities. External and internal characters of the sporophyte were analysed, including axes, laminae, pinnae, indusia and spores. Intercellular pectic connections of the p...

A new chromosome count on Blechnum hastatum, together with the study of the ontogeny and development of the leptosporangia of this taxon, and of B. occidentale is carried out here. Adult leptosporangia of other taxa of the genus Blechnum, such as those of B. australe subsp. auriculatum, B. glandulosum and B. mochaenum subsp. mochaenum are also comp...

Huperzia reflexa and Lycopodiella cernua are recorded for the first time for the northwest of Argentina; along with the new records, the characters of the leaf morphology and spores are analyzed, and updated descriptions and geographical distribution of both taxa are also given. Three of the four genera of the Lycopodiaceae are present so far in th...

En este trabajo se estudia la germinación de la espora, el desarrollo morfológico de los gametófitos y la expresión sexual de dos pteridófitos sudamericanos rupícolas: Pleurosorus papaverifolius (Kunze) Fée. y Cheilanthes glauca (Cav.) Mett. Las esporas mostraron una germinación vigorosa, y se alcanzaron porcentajes relativamente altos de germinaci...

En este trabajo se estudia la germinación de la espora, el desarrollo morfológico de los gametófitos y la expresión sexual de dos pteridófitos sudamericanos rupícolas: Pleurosorus papaverifolius (Kunze) Fée. y Cheilanthes glauca (Cav.) Mett. Las esporas mostraron una germinación vigorosa, y se alcanzaron porcentajes relativamente altos de germinaci...

The gametophytic phase of several species of Pteris has been well studied, but for others, due perhaps to their more restricted distribution, little is known. Agar and soil cultures of different spore samples of P. incompleta were established in order to analyze developmental features of its gametophytes. Gametophyte development followed the Cerato...

The fern Blechnum sprucei grows in Mesoamerica (Costa Rica) and South America, from Colombia to Bolivia, SE and centre of Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina. It is a distinctive, somewhat vulnerable, mostly orophilous species. Fresh and dry herbarium material was used for this study. Herbarium material for anatomical studies comes from CTES, BA, LP, MA...

Especímenes de B. tabulare y B. magellanicum procedentes de toda su área de distribución fueron estudiados en detalle y considerados especies diferentes. Se estudiaron los siguientes caracteres: rizomas, escamas rizomáticas, estípites, división de las láminas dimórficas, contorno, textura, tamaño, margen, indumento, venación, modelo epidérmico, est...

Specimens of B. tabulare and B. magellanicum from their whole geographical area were studied, and taxa were treated as different species. The following characters were analyzed: rhizomes, rhizomatic scales, stipes, division of dimorphic laminae, outline, texture, size, margins, indument, venation, epidermal patterns, stomata (size and density), mes...

RESUMEN En este trabajo se estudia el desarrollo morfológico y la expresión sexual de los gametófitos de Polypodium feuillei. Se emplearon cultivos multisporos en agar nutritivo para sembrar esporas. En menos de tres semanas se observó germinación vigorosa, alcanzándose porcentajes del 78%, siendo el patrón de germinación del tipo Vittaria. El game...

This work deals with the study of the morphological development and sexual expression of the gametophyte of Polypodium feuillei. Multispore cultures on mineral agar were used to sow spores. In less than three weeks vigorous germination was observed, with percentages of germination of 78%. Which grows for about two weeks. followed by a laminar phase...

This work deals with the study of the morphological development and sexual expression of the gametophyte of Polypodium feuillei. Multispore cultures on mineral agar were used to sow spores. In less than three weeks vigorous germination was observed, with percentages of germination of 78%. Pattern of germination is of Vittaria type. The gametophyte...

Se revisó la morfología del esporófito y se estudió por primera vez el desarrollo y la morfología del gametófito de Asplenium dareoides, a partir de esporas cultivadas en un medio nutritivo solidificado con agar. Las esporas germinaron a partir de los 10 días en un porcentaje muy bajo (1 al 5%). La fase filamentosa se inició a los 15 días. Los game...

Sporophyte morphology of Asplenium dareoides was reviewed, and development and morphology of its gamethophytes were studied for the first time from spore culture on mineral agar. Spores germinated 10 days after sown, and cultures reached a low percentage of germination (1 to 5%). Filamentous phase was initiated at 15 days. Gametophytes followed the...

Revisión de los grupos de especies del género Blechnum (Blechnaceae-Pteridophyta): el grupo B. penna-marina. Blechnum asperum, B. penna-marina, B. spicant y B. stoloniferum (grupo B. penna-marina) se estudian aquí conjuntamente con'B. blechnoides, B. corralense, B. fernandezianum, B. lehmannii, B. microphyllum, B. mochaenum subsp. mochaenum, B. moc...

Regalado Gabancho, L., Sánchez, C. & Prada, C.: Asplenium veneticolor, a new spleenwort (Aspleniaceae, Pteridophyta) from Cuba. — Willdenowia 36: 871–880. — ISSN 0511-9618; © 2006 BGBM Berlin-Dahlem. doi:10.3372/wi.36.36218 (available via http://dx.doi.org/) A new spleenwort from E Cuba is described and illustrated: Asplenium veneticolor. It is clo...

A critical checklist of the Mesoamerican and South American species and hybrids of Blechnum is presented. For each entry the place of original publication, types, authors, and pertinent synonyms are included. Most of the synonyms are cited with their nomenclatural types. Information on geographical distribution and altitudinal range, ecology, as we...

Isoetes anatolica sp. nov. is described from a population growing in seasonal ponds of a mountain near the southern coast of the Black Sea in Bolu, Turkey. It is a robust, amphibious quillwort, characterized by semiterete, carnose microphylls, semicircular foliar section, smooth cuticle, prominent cuticular pegs, stomata, several collenchymatous st...

Isoetes anatolica sp. nov. is described from a population growing in seasonal ponds of a mountain near the southern coast of the Black Sea in Bolu, Turkey. It is a robust, amphibious quillwort, characterized by semiterete, carnose microphylls, semicircular foliar section, smooth cuticle, prominent cuticular pegs, stomata, several collenchymatous st...

Endodermis foliares en el género Isoetes L. (Isoetaceae). La presencia y naturaleza de la endodermis en microfilos de 18 taxones de Isoetes se puso de manifiesto con técnicas microquímicas de coloración con TBO y mediante fluorescencia intrínseca (autofluorescencia). Las especies estudiadas son: I. adspersa, I. andina, I. boliviensis, I. boryana, I...

This is a comparative study of foliar morphology of the species of Isoetes L. growing in the Iberian Península. The taxa included are /. durieui and /. histrix (terrestrial), /. setaceum, and /. velatum subsp. Velatum (amphibious), and /. brochonii, I. echinosporum, I. x hickeyi, I. lacustre, I. longissimum and /. velatum subsp. Asturicense (aquati...

This is a comparative study of foliar morphology of the species of Isoetes L. growing in the Iberian Península. The taxa included are /. durieui and /. histrix (terrestrial), /. setaceum, and /. velatum subsp. Velatum (amphibious), and /. brochonii, I. echinosporum, I. x hickeyi, I. lacustre, I. longissimum and /. velatum subsp. Asturicense (aquati...

Gametophytes of Asplenium foreziense and related taxa have been studied by culture of spores on mineral agar and soil. Those of A. obovatum ssp. obovatum var. protobillotii and var. deltoideum, ssp. numidicum, and of A. macedonicum are described for the first time. Gametophyte development follows the Adiantum type in the A. obovatum group, and the...

The Asplenium obovatum group consists of diploid and tetraploid taxa; the origin of the tetraploid A. obovatum subsp. lanceolatum was previously considered to have occurred via autopolyploidy, involving one of the diploids of the group, either A. obovatum subsp. obovatum var. obovatum or var. protobillotii. To test this hypothesis, electrophoretic...

Nuevas citas para tres híbridos de Asplenium (Aspleniaceae, Pteridophyta) en la Península Ibérica. Se dan a conocer nuevas localidades en la Península Ibérica para los siguientes híbridos de Asplenium: Asplenium x protomajoricum nothosubsp. protomajoricum (= A. fontanum subsp. fontanum x A. petrarchae subsp. bivalens), A. x recoderi nothosubsp. rec...

PRADA, C, E. PANGUA, A. HERRERO & S. PAJARÓN (1996). A comparative study of the game- tophytes of Asplenium majoricum Litard. (Aspleniaceae) and related taxa. Anales Jará. Bot. MadridSA: 126-136. Morphology and development of prothallia and young sporophytes of the allotetraploid Asple- nium majoricum Litard., and its diploid progenitors A. fontanu...

Spores from two diploid taxa, Asplenium onopteris L. and A. cuneifolium Viv., and two allotetraploid taxa, A. adiantum-nigrum L. var. adiantum-nigrum and A. adiantum-nigrum var. silesiacum (Milde) Viane & Reichstein, were cultured in three different types of soil. Except for A. cuneifolium, the spores germinated after ten days. The general pattern...

PANGUA, E., PRADA, C, PAJARON, S. & SALVO, E., 1992. A new Aspleniutn hybrid from Valencia (Spain) related to A. majoricum Litard. A new diploid Asplenium hybrid, found in the Iberian Peninsula (Valencia, Benifairo de Valldigna), is described and the name Asplenium x protomajoricum proposed. The plants exhibit c. 72I at meiosis. The cytology and mo...

Se ha aplicado un análisis taximétrico a los caractères esporales de doce especies de helechos “gimnogrammoides”. Se observa el importante valor de estas evidencias en la discriminación de grupos, confirmándose la válida ubicación sistemática de Cosentinia junto a Anogramma y Pityrogramma. È stata compiuta l'analisi taximetrica sui caratteri delle...

We have studied from the palynological point of view 17 taxa of Aspleniaceae from the Mutis and Isern collections included in the Herbarium of the Royal Botanic Garden, Madrid. The spore and epidemial characters are summarized in a table. Se estudian los caracteres palinológicos y epidérmicos en los 17 táxones de la familia Aspleniaceae que se encu...

Se estudian los principales caracteres cuantitativos y cualitativos de las cuatro subespecies de Asplenium trichomanes L. presente en nuestra flora; se elabora una clave para su identificación.

Frond, epidermis and spore morphology from 48 samples of A. obovatum, A. billotii, Aforeziense andA.fontanum as well as size of spores and stomates are studied. The analysis of these characters, specially thecuantitative ones and teeth's shape, led us to confirm the presence ofA. obovatum in the Iberian Peninsula A diagnostic key of the four specie...

On réalise una description détaillée des caractères anatomo-histologiques et morphologiques de Equisetum x litorale Rupr. (E. arvense x E. fluviale ). Se realiza una descripción detallada de los caracteres morfológicos y anatomo-histológicos de Equisetum n litorale Rupr. (E. arvense x E. fluviatile).

En prennant comme base Atlas Florae Europeae nous avons réalisé una révision choro�logique de la pteridoflore ibérique et balear. Tomando como base el Atlas Florae Europeae se ha realizado una revisión corológica de la pteridoflora ibérica y balear.

Se propone nueva combinación atendiendo a una serie de caracteres que aparecen de forma constante en ciertas poblaciones dolomitícolas de la alta montaña ibérica: Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh, subsp. huteri (Hausm. ex Milde) Prada & Salvo, stat. nov. (Basion.: Cystopteris fragilis (L.) Bernh, var. huteri Hausm. ex Milde, Fl. Eur.: 149 (1867). As...

On présente une revision taxonomique du genre Isoetes L. dans la Péninsule Ibérique, en reconnaissant des représentants des quatre sections admisses pour le genre. On propose un changements de rang et on revindique le nom Isoetes setacea Lam. On fait une clé pour l'identification des taxa et, pour chaqu'un d'eux, on indique le nom valable, des syno...

By means of the phylogenetic study of the morphological and palynological characters, and taking the cited cytogenetics as a basis, the subordination of the Pleurosorus, Phyllitis and Ceterach genera to the Linnaean taxon Asplenium is confirmed. Applying the methodology of numerical taxonomy, the genus Asplenium is subdivided into two subgenera: Pl...