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Aphidicidal activity of some indigenous plant extracts against bean aphid Aphis craccivora Koch (Homoptera: Aphididae)
Abstract and Figures
Aphidicidal activity of hot and cold water extracts of some indigenous plants, Azadirachta indica A. Juss (neem), Calotropis procera (Aiton) W.T. Aiton (akanda), Polygonum hydropiper L. (biskatali) and Ipomoea sepiaria J. Koenig ex Roxb. (bankalmi), were tested against the bean aphid, Aphis craccivora Koch. Hot water extract of P. hydropiper and A. indica was found to be the most effective (87.6–94.5 and 80.47–89.6% mortality respectively, P<0.01) among all the extracts. Other hot and cold water extracts also appeared to be useful (59.5–87.5% mortality) as pesticides
for A. craccivora. The highest yield (3.25kg per plant) was obtained using hot water extract of P. hydropiper followed by hot water extract of A. indica (3.15kg per plant). The lowest yield (0.32kg per plant) was recorded from the control block. All the phytoproduct treatments
had significantly (P<0.01) better yield than the control block.
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... The surveillance and effective management of these biotic stresses, which detrimentally impact crop production and ecosystems worldwide, are crucial for enhancing crop yields and ensuring food security for the growing global population. Specifically, early detection of insect or pathogen presence before visible symptoms appear, is invaluable for implementing appropriate management strategies to control their spread and minimize losses (Das et al., 2008). ...
Pulses crops, including beans, peas, chickpeas, and lentils, are vital sources of protein, fiber, and essential nutrients worldwide. They serve not only as staple foods but also as key components of sustainable agricultural practices, contributing to soil fertility through nitrogen fixation and enhancing overall productivity. However, pulses crops face numerous abiotic and biotic stresses mainly insect pest attack and pathogen invasion, which pose significant threats to pulse crops, impacting both production and food security. To overcome these challenges, plants have evolved diverse defense mechanisms, including the emission of specific Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs). These volatiles play crucial roles in plant communication, protection, and real-time health status indication. Monitoring VOCs offers a promising approach for early detection of pest infestations or pathogen infections, enabling the grower to take early action and decide on the proper control measure to minimize losses.The identification of plant-emitted VOCs requires robust and sensitive analytical techniques such as gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, which are the mainly used techniques for in pulses crops studies. However, traditional methods have limitations, prompting the need for advanced, portable, and real-time detection alternatives, such as gas-sensing technologies. This paper provides a comprehensive review of VOC measuring methods, including extraction, separation, and analytical techniques, focusing on their application in pulse crops. Recent advancements in gas-sensing technologies are also discussed, highlighting their potential in enhancing crop protection and agricultural sustainability.
... It was observed that these extracts were lethal to the pest and very promising under field conditions. These plant extracts have also been reported to interfere with the oviposition, therefore proved to be highly gruesome to aphids (Das et al., 2008) and lepidopterans. Larvicidal action of acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol, peel, leaf and flower extracts of Citrus sinensis, Cimum canum, Ocimum sanctum and Rhinocanthus nasutus against lepidopteran insects are pretty promising and ideally ecofriendly (Kamaraj et al., 2008). ...
Fruit crops viz., apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, strawberry, apricot, almond and walnut are grown in the temperate zones of the world because high altitude and chilling temperature that breaks bud dormancy and initiate bud breaking are sine qua non for their top-notch quality and high production. These temperate fruit crops are very momentous part of diet as they are major source of phytonutrients, dietary fibers and antioxidants. The global production of temperate fruits has been estimated 301,599 x 10 6 tons, hence chips into world s economy by a whacking amount but due to insect pests this portion of economy is dwindled to a great extent. In order to fetter this loss, different chemical pesticides are applied for their management albeit they have tremendous contribution to cope up the damage, yet pose serious threats to wasimmuzamil913@gmail.com. Wasim Muzamil Dass, Hidayatullah Tak, Ishfaq Majeed et al. 14 environment. Under these circumstances, integrated pest management (IPM) is the strategy to manage the pests and mitigate the negative effects of chemicals in the environment. The pest control industries are relentlessly examining novel technologies such as forecasting models, innovative spray equipment and products that will mitigate the damage caused by insect pests and ultimately help in increasing the quality and quantity of fruit crops.
... It was observed that these extracts were lethal to the pest and very promising under field conditions. These plant extracts have also been reported to interfere with the oviposition, therefore proved to be highly gruesome to aphids (Das et al., 2008) and lepidopterans. Larvicidal action of acetone, chloroform, ethyl acetate, hexane, methanol, peel, leaf and flower extracts of Citrus sinensis, Cimum canum, Ocimum sanctum and Rhinocanthus nasutus against lepidopteran insects are pretty promising and ideally ecofriendly (Kamaraj et al., 2008). ...
Fruit crops viz., apple, pear, peach, plum, cherry, strawberry, apricot, almond and walnut are grown in the temperate zones of the world because high altitude and chilling temperature that breaks bud dormancy and initiate bud breaking are sine qua non for their top-notch quality and high production. These temperate fruit crops are very momentous part of diet as they are major source of phytonutrients, dietary fibers and antioxidants. The global production of temperate fruits has been estimated 301,599 x 10 6 tons, hence chips into world s economy by a whacking amount but due to insect pests this portion of economy is dwindled to a great extent. In order to fetter this loss, different chemical pesticides are applied for their management albeit they have tremendous contribution to cope up the damage, yet pose serious threats to wasimmuzamil913@gmail.com. Wasim Muzamil Dass, Hidayatullah Tak, Ishfaq Majeed et al. 14 environment. Under these circumstances, integrated pest management (IPM) is the strategy to manage the pests and mitigate the negative effects of chemicals in the environment. The pest control industries are relentlessly examining novel technologies such as forecasting models, innovative spray equipment and products that will mitigate the damage caused by insect pests and ultimately help in increasing the quality and quantity of fruit crops.
... Kulat et al. (1997) have also indicated that pongam leaf extract was highly toxic to the A. gossypii in okra. Das et al. (2008) found that spinosad -treated plants provided a higher yield of lab lab. Among the botanicals neem oil showed a significant reduction of aphid population and consequently gave better yield (1.22 kg/plot) which are in conformity with our investigation Patel et al. (2015) reported that emamectin benzoate @ 10 g.a.i ha -1 was found to be most effective as it recorded the lowest infestation of all the recorded sucking pest of brinjal. ...
Watermelon, Citrullus lanatus is one of the most widely grown fruit crops in all parts of India. The cotton aphid, Aphis gossypii Glover was found to be the most destructive pest of watermelon in the early stage of crop growth. The aphid secretion of honeydew and development of sooty mould prevent the photosynthetic activity of leaves causing 45-75 % of seedling mortality. In this context, a field experiment was conducted to evaluate certain biorational pesticide against A. gossypii in watermelon. It was found that a significantly lowernumber of A. gossypii population (4.39 aphid/leaf) was recorded with the treatment of Azadirachta indica oil @ 3% followed by Beauveria bassiana (1x108 cfu spores @ 8 g /L) (6.01 aphid/leaf) and spinosad 45% SC @ 0.3mL/L (9.16 aphid/leaf), respectively resulting 92.89%, 90.27% and 85.17% reduction of A. gossypii population. Similarly, with the same trend the highest fruit yield (25.50 t ha-1) was recorded in the treatment of A. indica followed B. bassiana (24.43 t ha-1), spinosad (23.53 t ha-1) and lowest in the untreated check (16.30 t ha-1). The increase in fruit yield (56.44%) was recorded in the treatment of A. indica followed B. bassiana, (49.87%) and spinosad (44.17%). A maximum incremental benefit cost ratio of 1:2.84 was recorded in the treatment of A. indica followed by B. bassiana (1:2.74) and spinosad (1:2.68). From these findings it may be recommended that three rounds of application of A. indica oil @ 3% or B. bassiana (1x108cfu spores @8g /L) or spinosad 45% SC@ 0.3 mL/L at 15 days interval for the management of A. gossypii in watermelon
... A reasonable apprehension of pest population dynamics corresponding to weather parameters is paramount in efficiently managing pests (Patel and Singh 2017). In this context, determining relationships between population build-up trends of pests and their natural enemies with prevailing weather parameters is essential to challenge approaching pest problems and avert yield losses (Das et al. 2008). Predictive pest forecast models are significant in developing effective integrated pest management programs. ...
We studied the impact of weather parameters on the population build-up of Brevicoryne brassicae (L.) (Cabbage aphid), Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) (Mustard aphid), Myzus persicae (Sulzer) (Green peach aphid) and their biocontrol agents (coccinellids, syrphids, and a parasitoid, Diaeretiella rapae M’Intosh) on oilseed brassicas in Himachal Pradesh, India, during winters from 2016–2017 to 2018–2019. The temperature and sunshine resulted in the build-up of B. brassicae and their biocontrol agents’ population, while rainfall and relative humidity caused a negative influence at surveyed locations. The L. erysimi and M. persicae populations showed an inverse correlation with the density-independent factors at most locations. Correlation coefficients indicated a negative correlation of the coccinellids population with the build-up of L. erysimi and M. persicae, while the predator population was positively related to the B. brassicae population at maximum locations. Parasitization by D. rapae showed a negative relationship with the aphid population. Stepwise regression analysis showed that minimum temperature and rainfall had a significant effect on the variability in the population of aphids. The predictive model could interpret more than 90% variation by minimum temperature in the coccinellid population at the surveyed locations. Further, regression analysis with temperature could explain up to 94% variability in parasitization by D. rapae. This study will contribute to predicting the changes that may occur in a population of aphids concerning the weather.
... Statistical analysis was performed using OPSTAT software (Sheoran et al. 1998). Duncans Multiple Range Test (DMRT) was used to measure specific differences between pairs of means at p = 0.01 significance (Das et al. 2008). The boxplots and bar plots for different characters were plotted by the "ggplot2" package (Wickham 2009) in R software (R Core Team 2013). ...
Host plant resistance (HPR) is the most promising alternative to aphidicides used to control bird cherry-oat aphid, Rhopalosiphum padi L. infestation in wheat. A variety of experiments including locomotory, olfactometry (antixenosis), nymphiposition, relative growth and development bioassay (antibiosis), and tolerance studies were conducted to underpin the category of HPR for R. padi resistance in diploid Aegilops tauschii Coss. accessions pau 14232 and 14576 along with susceptible hexaploid Triticum aestivum L. variety HD 2967. R. padi nymphs showed a lower intrinsic rate of increase (0.192), weight gain (46.41–49.50 µg), mean relative growth rate (0.026–0.029), nymphal survival (43–48%), adult longevity (10.7–11.17 days), total development period (25.45–25.65 days) with a prolonged nymphal duration (13.4 days) on Ae. tauschii accessions as compared to susceptible check (HD 2967). Bird cherry-oat aphid also showed reduced locomotory and nymphiposition behaviour on Ae. tauschii. In the olfactometry assay, R. padi indicated less preference for diploid Ae. tauschii accessions. However, no significant difference observed in tolerance parameters viz. percentage proportional fresh plant loss index and percentage proportional dry plant loss index between Ae. tauschii accessions and HD 2967. Results showed that the R. padi resistance in Ae. tauschii pau accessions are governed by a combination of antixenosis and antibiosis.
... De acuerdo al porcentaje de pulgones vivos en las tres aplicaciones, por diferencia el control de pulgones o muertos fue de 61,73%, 77,99% y 81,17% para la primera, segunda y tercera aplicación respectivamente. Al respecto, Das et al. (2008) reportan para el aceite de neem una mortalidad de 80,47% de Aphis craccivora. En otra investigación para Aphis gossypii, Muhammad et al. (2018) mencionan un control de 73% para extracto de semilla de neem; por lo que los resultados obtenidos están dentro del rango reportado por los autores mencionados. ...
Se comparó el efecto del aceite de neem, aceite de eucalipto y caolín en el control del pulgón de la col Brevicoryne brassicae y se determinó sus efectos residuales en el control de la plaga. Se utilizó el diseño completamente al Azar, con seis tratamientos: aceite de neem a las dosis de 0,03% y 0,02%; aceite de eucalipto 0,03% y 0,02%; caolín 5% y como testigo agua. Las evaluaciones se realizaron antes de aplicación de los tratamientos y después de cada una de las tres repeticiones: a los dos, cuatro, seis y ocho días. El insecticida de mejor control del pulgón fue aceite de neem al 0,03%, con una eficacia de 88,80%. El caolín 5%; aceite de eucalipto 0,03%; aceite de neem 0,02% y aceite de eucalipto 0,02% tuvieron una eficacia de 81,77; 81,42: 79,12 y 59,77% respectivamente, mientras que el efecto residual fue de seis días. Los insecticidas estudiados tienen potencial de ser empleados en programas de manejo integrado del pulgón de la col.
The present study was conducted to know the effect of different biopesticides on aphid Aphis craccivora which attacks cowpea plant, Vigna unguiculata. Pesticides residues in agricultural commodities are being the issue of major concern besides their harmful effect up on human life, wild life and other flora and fauna. There is also an urgent need for research and development of ecofriendly and biorational insecticides for pestcontrol in Cowpea. About 25 million cases of acute occupational pesticide poisoning in developing countries are being reported each year. Observations were made regarding the influence of biopesticides on the stages of growth. The study was conducted to identify whether biopesticides such as neem oilemulsion, tobacco decoction, neem kemal suspension and ginger garlic extract were effective against cowpea aphid. Among the biopesticides, neem oil was found to be very effective against cowpea aphid. Its cost of production is very less as compared to other chemical pesticides and easily available in nature. Biopesticides are safer to humans and is environmentally sound because it does not cause residue problems.
Nilaparvata lugens is a monophagous pest of rice crop. Various strategies have been employed to manage this pest. We evaluated the toxicity of Persicaria hydropiper (L.) leaf extracts against N. lugens along with chemical insecticide, imidacloprid. P. hydropiper leaf extracts produced significant mortality against N. lugens nymphal and adult stages in a dose dependent manner. Different concentration of P. hydropiper extracts with two controls (acetone and water) in toxicity assay revealed LC50 values of 620 ppm against N. lugens adults, whereas 230 and 130 ppm for larger and smaller nymphs, respectively. Imidaloprid yielded an LC50 of 510–560 ppm against nymphs and adults. Nine vital compounds were identified from the P. hydropiper extracts based on gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC-MS). Additionally, P. hydropiper extracts was found harmless to non-target organism, as they did not produce any toxicity on earthworm, Eisenia foetida. Hence, present results indicated that P. hydropiper extracts can be used as efficient alternate to synthetic insecticides against N. lugens in rice.
Neem Oil (NO), NeemAzat-T/S@ (NA), and Neem Kernel Water Extract (NKWE) were tested with Trialeurodes vaporarlorum, NA and NKWE also with five aphid species, in different concentrations (Myzus persicae, Lípaphis erysimi, Brevicoryne brassicae, Aphis fabae, and Acyrtosiphon pisuml. Antagonist speóies étudied, moifly Uy feeding neem-treated aphids, were: Coccinella septempunctata (CS), Chrysoperla cainea (CC) and 'Episyrphus balteatus (EB)' Studies took place in laboratory and greenhouse, but two field experiments were conducted: in Germany (with B. brassicae); and in Panama (with Aemisra tabací1, 1) NO, containing a low concentration of Azadirachtin A (AzaA), and NKWE, affected the egg hatching in ?. vaporariorum, in CS and in CC. 2l ln T. vaporariorum, M. persicae, L. erysimi and B. brass-ióae, spraying of cabbage leaves with NKWE had more severe effects on nymphs than spraying the nymphs themselve's tóp¡cll¡y (mortality, and fecundity of survivorsl. 3l Vicia faba was shown to take up AzaA froirr tñe soil, when l,¡XUie naO been applied, with a maximum concentration in leaves after five days. The attack by A. fabae on such plants started declining after five days. 4) AzaA is not only taken up by the plant roots, but also through the plant cuticle, as an experiment with A. pisum on V. faba showed. 5) First instar larvae of EB and CS ploved io be ligttlY susceptible, when feeding 24h on aphids sprayed with NKWE. Aphid feeding and lifespan üere reduced. 2"" instar larvae of CS were far less susceptible. ln CC, significant inftuencés were observed in aphid consumption, time of development, mortality, longevity, and rate of deformity, NO had stronger negative effects than NA, in all observations. 6) In a cabbage field in Germany, NKWE reduced the attack Uy e. Oraslicae in high concentrations only, with a delay of two days (in which time Pirimicarb had killed 100 6t"¡. Z¡ ln tomatoes-in Panama, the effect of weekly applications of NA (and of Endosulfan) on the attack by B. tabaéi was weak. The infection with Gemini-viruses by B. tabaci could not be reduced (in contrast to lmidacloprid, with 3-weekly applications). The results are discussed concerning the perspectives and limitations of use of the different neem preparations.
The versatility of the neem tree Azadirachta indica A. Juss. is reviewed. This species, native to India, grows in nutrient-poor soils in arid habitats and has tremendous potential for human use. Various derivatives of the tree have potential use in toiletries, pharmaceuticals, the manufacture of agricultural implements and furniture, cattle and poultry feeds, nitrification of soils for various agricultural crops, and pest control. Since neem is a natural renewal resource producing extensive useful biomass, its propagation and economic exploitation will be beneficial, particularly to the Third World. In recent years, some useful commercial products have been developed from A. indica, and mere is considerable scope for future product development. Potentially profitable lines of research on this plant species are suggested.
The most comprehensive and best illustrated treatment of the fascinating tropical neem tree (Azadirachta indica) and its unique substances. The extracts from the neem tree have an enormously broad range of applications. The main substance azadirachtin, a tetranortriterpenoid, influences the hormone system of insects, exerting thereby a pesticidal effect. Feeding activity, reproduction and flying ability of insects are also affected. It is biologically degradable and can be easily extracted from the seeds of the tree. Other important uses of neem tree products are: - antifertility and population control - cure of human diseases - manure and nitrification inhibitors - feeds for domestic animals - soap production With its exhaustive treatment of the neem tree and closely related plants, this book provides us with an impressive example of the varied uses of renewable resources. © 1995 VCH Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Weinheim. All rights reserved.
The Cucurbitaceae comprises about 90 genera and more than 700 species of plants. They are among the most widely grown and important vegetable crops in the world. Originally spreading from three semitropical or tropical centres, they are currently grown almost world-wide, either outdoors or under protection (glasshouses). According to Whitaker and Davis (1962), the genus Cucurbita L. (squashes, pumpkins, gourds), including C. pepo L. (field pumpkin), C. mixta Pang. (striped cushaw), C. moschata Duchesne (cushaw and winter crookneck squashes) and C. maxima Duchesne (autumn and winter squashes), has a ten-thousand year history of association with Man, as indicated by its presence at archaeological sites in Mexico and Central America. The cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), the muskmelon (C. melo L.) and the luffa gourd (Luffa cylindrica Roem.) are probably all indigenous to India. The watermelon (Citrullus vulgaris Schrad.) probably developed in Africa, although some authorities have made a strong case for India as its area of origin. The origin of the white-flowered or ‘bottle’ gourd (Lagenaria siceraria Standl.) has caused considerable debate. Archaeological evidence from 4000 BC places it in South America, yet it has been identified from an Egyptian tomb of the fifth dynasty (3500–3300 BC). Many authorities think that it developed in Africa and reached the Americas by natural means—i.e. ocean currents. Regardless of whether the ‘bottle’ gourd originated in South America or in Africa, its use throughout the world has been extremely important as food containers, water bottles, dippers, scoops, dishes, etc.
