PREVALENCE OF SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL CHILDREN IN YANA, BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA

Abstract

Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) infections in developing countries like Nigeria still pose serious public health problems. The present study, therefore aimed to assess the prevalence of STH infections among students at Yana, Shira Local Government Area, Bauchi State Nigeria, from two randomly selected primary schools. A total of one hundred thirty-two students participated in the study. Stool samples were collected using clean sample bottles and processed by a standard parasitological technique for microscopic detection of STH. Data were analyzed using Chi square in SPSS version 24. Among the 132 (87 male and 45 female) children participated, 57 (43.2%) and 75(56.8%) were within the age groups of 4-6 and 7-10 respectively among the two schools. Fifty (37.9%) of them were tested positive for STH parasites. Hookworm (24, 18.1%) was the most frequently detected STH parasite followed by A. lumbricoides (14, 10.6%), Trichuris trichiura (9, 6.8%) and Taenia spp (3, 2.3%). There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in prevalence of different STHs infections in relation to age group and gender across schools. This study also identified ova and larvae of STHs parasites in the analyzed soil samples from the studied schools. The prevalence of STH parasitic infection among school age children in this study area is still unacceptably high. This must relate to poor hygienic condition in the study area such as poor water supply, poor hand washing material as well as poor sanitary conditions. Therefore, school-based deworming and school health programs should be integrated to reduce the prevalence of STHs infection among the school-age children in the study area.

Full text

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Bima Journal of Science and Technology, Vol. 3(2) January 2020. ISSN: 2536-6041
PREVALENCE OF SOIL-TRANSMITTED HELMINTHS AMONG PRIMARY
SCHOOL CHILDREN IN YANA, BAUCHI STATE, NIGERIA
SADDIQA MANSUR, BASHIR MOHAMMED ABUBAKAR*, ISMAIL HASSAN AND
UMAR ALIYU.
Department of Biological Sciences, Bauchi State University Gadau, PMB 065, Bauchi,
Nigeria.
Corresponding Author: elbash1150@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH) infections in developing countries like Nigeria still pose
serious public health problems. The present study, therefore aimed to assess the prevalence of
STH infections among students at Yana, Shira Local Government Area, Bauchi State Nigeria,
from two randomly selected primary schools. A total of one hundred thirty-two students
participated in the study. Stool samples were collected using clean sample bottles and
processed by a standard parasitological technique for microscopic detection of STH. Data were
analyzed using Chi square in SPSS version 24. Among the 132 (87 male and 45 female)
children participated, 57 (43.2%) and 75(56.8%) were within the age groups of 4–6 and 7–10
respectively among the two schools. Fifty (37.9%) of them were tested positive for STH
parasites. Hookworm (24, 18.1%) was the most frequently detected STH parasite followed by
A. lumbricoides (14, 10.6%), Trichuris trichiura (9, 6.8%) and Taenia spp (3, 2.3%). There
was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in prevalence of different STHs infections in relation
to age group and gender across schools. This study also identified ova and larvae of STHs
parasites in the analyzed soil samples from the studied schools. The prevalence of STH
parasitic infection among school age children in this study area is still unacceptably high. This
must relate to poor hygienic condition in the study area such as poor water supply, poor hand
washing material as well as poor sanitary conditions. Therefore, school-based deworming and
school health programs should be integrated to reduce the prevalence of STHs infection among
the school-age children in the study area.
Keywords: Shira, Nigeria, School Age Children, Soil-Transmitted Helminths (STH)
Infections, Prevalence
INTRODUCTION
Soil-transmitted helminths (STH) are
among the most prevalent of human
parasitic infections affecting more than a
quarter of the world population
(approximately 2 billion people) thereby
causing a significant morbidity and
mortality (Tulu et al., 2014, Jourdan et al.,
2018, Casavechia et al., 2016). Out of the
total number of people affected, 400 million
become ill in which majority are being
children from developing countries more
especially in the sub-Saharan African
countries. The high infestation rate of STH
in those regions is closely related with
absent of clean water supply, impoverished
health care and education, poor

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environmental sanitation, poor housing and
chronic poverty (Ekundayo et al., 2007). In
addition to school children that account for
most of the STH infections, large numbers
of pregnant women are also affected, and
this is responsible for a significant number
of mortalities among them (Vercruysse et
al., 2011). However, regardless of the on-
going intervention to control this infection
such as periodic mass deworming of pupils
in Nigeria and other developing countries,
finding from other studies shows that
prevalence of STH infection is still high
among school children (Abe et al., 2019,
Ahmed and Sani, 2019, Eyamo et al., 2019,
Chinyem et al., 2017).
In spite of the fact that a several studies
have shown that there is high prevalence of
STH among school children in various part
of Nigeria but to the best of our knowledge,
there have been no other published studies
on the status of STH infections among
school-age children in the Yana, Shira
Local Government Area, Bauchi State
Nigeria. Therefore, the present study aimed
at providing information on the current
status of prevalence of STH among
preschool and school-aged children
primary schools in Yana. It is hoped that
this will help provide useful information
about the level of STH infection and in the
study area and how to control their parasitic
infections.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Study Area and Period
This study was conducted in Yana, Shira
Local Government Area, Bauchi State.
Bauchi State is located in the North East
region of Nigeria. The state has 20 Local
governments with land mass of 49,259 km
(Chinyem et al., 2017). The people of Yana,
Shira are predominantly civil servants and
farmers. The present work was a cross-
sectional study conducted from June to
November 2019 to determine the level of
STH infection among school-age children
in Yana.
Ethical approval
Ethical approval was obtained from the
headmasters of the 2 schools in Yana, Shira
Local Government Area of Bauchi State
selected for this study. Verbal consent was
also obtained from them.
Selection of Schools
This study was conducted in two randomly
selected public schools in Yana, Bauchi
state namely Yana Nursery and Primary
School and Reliable Academy School,
Yana which include public and private
school, respectively.
Sample Collection
Collection of faecal Samples for Presence
of STH
Well labelled sterile plastic containers were
provided to the randomly selected student
from the selected schools. The pupils were
all asked to take their early morning faecal
in the provided container for the analysis.
One stool sample was collected from each
pupil. Information such as name, sex and
age were obtained from each pupil that
participated in the study. For each school,
the pupils were divided into two groups
according to their ages (4-6 years and 7-10
years). A total of 132 faecal samples
collected were taken to the Laboratory of
Department of Biological Sciences, Bauchi
State University Gadau, for analysis and
examination. All stool samples collected

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were analyzed using rapid sedimentation
method and floatation method with
saturated salt solution (NaCl) (Cabada et
al., 2015; Edosomwan et al., 2019). The
eggs were identified based on
morphological details as described by
Chiodini et al., (2001).
Collection of soil samples in selected
location around the selected school
Environment
Soil samples were collected at three
different locations within each school and
each site were labelled as I, II and III which
represent toilet area, playground area and
classroom area, respectively. 20 grams of
soil samples from each site was randomly
collected. all soil samples collected were
processed using floatation method with
saturated salt solution (NaCl) as described
by Edosomwan et al., (2019) to examined
the presence of helminth eggs/ova and
worm at the Laboratory of Department of
Biological Sciences, Bauchi State
University Gadau.
Data Analysis
Data was analyzed using Chi Square in
SPSS version 24 to establish significant
difference in the prevalence of STH in
faecal samples in the two schools in Yana,
in Shira LGA of Bauchi State. A p-value of
<0.05 was used as a statistically
significance difference.
RESULTS
The finding from the present study revealed
that there is high prevalence of STH
parasites among the primary school
children in Yana, Shira LGA of Bauchi
State. Out of the 132 faecal analyzed, 50
(37.9%) were positive for STHs infection
while those unaffected were 82 (62.1%).
Thus, the pool proportion of unaffected
pupils to those infected varied significantly
(χ2 = 7.758, df = 1, p = 0.005).
The prevalence of STH infection was
further analyzed according to sex and age
(Table 1). Out of the of 132 school children
comprising of 87 males and 45 females
attending the two primary schools, the STH
prevalence was highest in males with
40.2% while females had 33.3%. In terms
of age, the STHs prevalence was highest
among the 7–10 years age group with
38.7% prevalence while the 4–6 age group
had 36.8% prevalence. However, the
prevalence of infection among primary
school children with respect to sex and age
showed no significant difference (sex: χ2 =
1.052, df = 1, p = 0.305; age: χ2 = 0.76, df
= 1, p = 0.783).
Table 1: Prevalence of STHs Infection by Age Group and Sex of School Children in the Two
Selected Primary School
Category
Group
Yana Nursery and Primary
School, Yana
Reliable Academy school, Yana
No.
Examined
No.
Infected
% No.
Examined
No.
Infected
% Total No.
Examined
Total
No.
Infected
(%)
χ2
P-
value
Age 4-6 y 30 12 40 27 9 33.3 57 21 (36.8)
0.76
0.783 7-10 y 40 18 45 35 11 31.4 75 29 (38.7)
Sex Male 45 21 46.7 42 14 33.3 87 35 (40.2)
1.052
0.305 Female 25 9 36.0 20 6 30 45 15 (33.3)

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The species of STH parasites detected
include Taenia spp, T. trichiura, hook
worms and A. lumbricoides. The results
show that hookworm 24 (18.1%) was the
most frequently detected species in the two
schools, followed by A. lumbricoides 14
(10.6%), then T. trichiura 9 (6.8%) and
Taenia spp which have the least prevalence
rate of 3 (2.3%). Yana Nursery and Primary
School was implicated with the highest
number of STH infection of 30 (42.9%)
than Reliable Academy School, Yana 20
(32.3%). However, the observed
differences in prevalence of STH infection
between the two schools was not
statistically significant (χ2 = 2.672, df = 1,
p = 0.102) (Table 2). The prevalence of
STH was further analyzed according to two
schools and the results shows that there
were no significant differences in the
prevalence of hookworm, A. Lumbricoides
and T. trichiura between the two schools.
However, the result showed that the
prevalence of Taenia spp varied
significantly (χ2 = 87.3, df = 1, p = 0.001).
Table 2: Prevalence of STHs Infection by Age Group and Sex of School Children in the Two
Selected Primary School
Yana Nursery and Primary School, Yana Reliable Academy School, Yana
Parasites
No.
Examined
No.
Infected
% No.
Examined
No.
Infected
% Total No.
Examined
Total
No.
Infected
% χ2 P-value
Any infection
Hookworm
70
70
30
14
42.9
20.0
62
62
20
10
32.3
16.1
132
132
50
24
37.9
18.1
2.672
1.527
0.102
0.217
A.
lumbricoides
70 8 11.4 62 6 9.7 132 14 10.6 0.912 0.340
T. trichiura 70 5 7.1 62 4 6.5 132 9 6.8 0.341 0.559
Taenia spp 70 3 4.3 62 0 0 132 3 2.3 87.300 0.001
Following the analysis of soil sample from
different sites of the schools, the toilet area
has the highest prevalence of 80%,
followed by playground and classroom area
which have 10% each. However, there was
significant difference (χ2=9.800, df=2,
p=0.007) in the prevalence STH parasites in
the different sample’s sites (Table 3).
Hookworms, T. trichuira and A.
Lumbricoides are the different types of
STH parasites found in the soil samples
within the two studied schools. Hookworm
and A. Lumbricoides are the most frequent
STH parasites found on the soil samples
(40%) while T. Trichuira has the least
(20%). The result from the study showed
that out of the two schools, soil samples
from Yana Nursery and Primary School had
the highest number of the STHs parasites
than Reliable Academic Yana.

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Table 3: Prevalence of STH Parasites on Soil Samples of the Two Selected Schools.
Parasite
species
Yana Nursery and Primary
School, Yana
Reliable Academy School,
Yana
Toilet
Area
Playground
Area
Class
room
Area
Toilet
Area
Playground
Area
Class
room
Area
Total % χ2 P-
value
Hookworm 2 1 0 1 0 0 4 40
9.800
0.007 A. lumbricoides 1 0 1 2 0 0 4 40
T. trichiura 1 0 0 1 0 0 2 20
DISCUSSION
The present study investigated the
prevalence of STH infection in two primary
schools in Yana, Shira LGA of Bauchi
State, Nigeria. The findings from this study
revealed that, the overall prevalence of the
STH infection was 37.9% in the study area.
The burden of STH parasites observed in
the present study may pose a serious threat
to the students of these schools as it is
higher than the prevalence threshold set by
World Health Organization (WHO) for
mass treatment of endemic communities.
This result goes in line with the finding of
Abe et al., (2019) in Nasarawa, Nigeria
which recorded 33.5% overall prevalence
of STH infection among school children.
The finding from the present study is also
in agreement with that of Omotola and
Ofoezie (2019) and Ahmed and Sani (2019)
that recorded high STH burden among
school children in Osun and Katsina State,
Nigeria respectively. Similar reports were
also reported in other parts of the world
such as Ethiopia (Hailegebriel, 2017),
South Africa (Nxasana et al., 2015), Ghana
(Forson et al., 2018) and Sudan (Suliman et
al., 2019).
STH infections always remain a global
problem more especially among school
children as it is estimated that 400 million
of them are affected (Gyang et al., 2017).
The high prevalence of STH among school
children may be due to continuous exposure
to risk factors of infection which may
include poor hygienic habits, poverty, lack
of basic knowledge about the transmission
of infection, insufficient water supply,
indiscriminate defecation and lack
environmental sanitation. All these
aforementioned factors constitute a major
health concern and might affect the
wellbeing of most people living in the study
area. The STH parasites found in the
present studies are A. Lumbricoides,
hookworms, Taenia spp. and T. trichiura,
with hookworm being the most observed
parasites.
The high prevalence of hookworm in the
present study could be attributed since most
of the children play barefooted and this
might have exposed them to hookworm
larvae infective stage. Moving bare footed
or not wearing of protective shoes is
common among school children in public
school in the developing countries. So also,
the use of human waste-contaminated water
and human excreta as manure might also be
responsible for hookworm infection in the
study area since children and their parents
often go to the farm to tender the vegetables
(Tyoalumun et al., 2016). In addition, the
warmth, moisture, shade and optimum
temperature of 23
o
C to 30
o
C which are
suitable environmental condition for the
survival of hookworm eggs as describe by

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Ukoli (1984) is also like the climatic
condition of the study area. These factors
might also attribute to the possibility of
having prevalence of hookworm eggs and
larvae in the study area.
The high prevalence recorded in this study
for hookworm collaborated with previous
studies done by Opara et al., (2012) in
AkwaIbom, Nigeria; Obiukwu et al. (2008)
in Anambra, Nigeria; Ukpong and Agamse
(2018) in Cross river which reported a
41.7%, 37.3% and 31.1%, respectively.
This was higher than what was observed in
the present studies. Severally studies have
reported hookworm infection as the most
common STH infection among children in
other part of the world such as Ghana
(Dankwa et al., 2015), Guinea (Glickman et
al., 1999) and Sri Lanka (Chandrasena et
al., 2004).
However, the present study confirmed the
triad pattern of STH infections that is
common in Africa community which are A.
Lumbricoides, hookworm and T. Trichiura
(Ekpo et al., 2008, Gyang et al., 2017). All
the 3 species are ubiquitous and have
different mode of transmission. Hookworm
are usually transmitted through expose skin
as they can penetrate while in terms of A.
Lumbricoides and T. Trichiura, both are
transmitted by faecal-oral route.
The occurrence of A. Lumbricoides as the
second most observed STH parasites in the
present study collaborate with the findings
of Afia and UdoIdang (2016) and Usip and
David (2013). The possible reason for high
prevalence of A. Lumbricoides could be that
the high numbers of eggs produced by the
fecund female have an enormous capacity
to survive even on unfavourable
environmental conditions. Furthermore, the
eggs produced by these parasites are coated
with mucopolysaccharides which make
them possible to adhere to various surface
areas like vegetables; door handles (Gyang
et al., 2017). Finally, the eggs can withstand
in the absent of oxygen and live for up to 2
years at temperature of 5-10
o
C (Bekele and
Shumbej, 2019, Edosomwan et al., 2019).
Prevalence of T. Trichiura was the third
most observed at 6.8%, similar to the
findings of Gyang et al., (2017) and
Ekpenyong and Eyo (2008). Taenia Spp
infection was the least in the present at
2.3%.
Although, significant statistical difference
was not observed with respect to age (χ2 =
0.76, df = 1, p = 0.783), the prevalence of
STH was higher among 7-10 years (38.7%)
than 4-6 years (25.5%). This suggests that
that pupil between the ages of 7-10 years
were the most affected. This finding may be
due to the fact that pupil at that age attend
to their personal care and are often treated
like adults without much or little concern or
assistance from their parents and teachers.
This finding is agreement with to the
finding of Emeka (2013). Out of the total
number of 225 stool samples analyzed
among school children in Enugu State,
Nigeria, they found that pupil from the age
of 8-10 years were the most infected.
However, this is contrary to the findings of
Ekpenyong and Eyo (2008). In their study,
they reported that children within the age of
4-6 years are the most affected and
explained this might occur as a result of less
development of their immune system. It
would however be expected that at the age
group, the children are treated with much
care by their parent in terms of personal
hygiene. So also, children of this age group
are restricted to outdoors activities such as
going to farm which might exposed them to
soil contaminated faeces.

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Gender wise, the prevalence of STH is
higher among males (40.2%) than females
(33.3%) even though the observed
differences in prevalence by sex was not
statistically significant (χ2 = 1.052, df = 1,
p = 0.305). This finding may be attributed
due to the fact that males are more expose
or participate in more outdoor activities
such as playing in contaminated soil than
the female. Sometime, the male is infected
because they played football barefooted or
without wearing protective shoes on
grounds that have been littered with faeces.
This agreed with the work of Omotola and
Ofoezie (2019) and Abe et al., (2019) in
Osun, Nigeria and Nasarawa, Nigeria,
respectively, who separately reported high
prevalence of STH parasites among males
than female.
The presence of STH parasites eggs in the
entire soil samples analyzed strongly
supported the fact that these parasites are
the common contaminant in soil of
premises of public school. This reflects
poor unhygienic practices of the school
pupils across the two schools with Yana
Nursery and Primary School having the
highest number of the STHs parasites. Out
of the three sites tested among the two
sample schools, the toilet area has the
highest burden of STH parasites. This
finding agreed to that of Ado et al, (2020)
which reported significant difference in the
prevalence of STH eggs in the different
sample sites with toilet area having the
highest (54.76%).
CONCLUSION
The STH species causing helminthic
infection among children in study area
includes hookworm, A. lumbricoides, T.
trichiura, and Taenia Spp. The findings
from the present study revealed that
hookworm and Taenia Spp were the most
prevalent and least parasites, respectively
among the children in the study area.
Therefore, the result showed relatively high
prevalence of STH infection among the
school children. There is need to advocate
the people by making them understand the
various risk factors that are associated with
these types of infection, there mode of
transmission and method of prevention so
as to curtail the problems caused by these
parasites. Furthermore, school-based
deworming as recommended by WHO and
school health programs should also be
integrated with in order to get rid of the
STH parasites among the school children.
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