Barry S Layton

Sixty-nine introductory psychology students participated in a phonemic restoration (PHR) experiment. PHR is the illusory perception of a phoneme deleted from a spoken sentence when that phoneme is replaced by an extraneous sound. Contrary to previous results, it was found that PHRs were significantly more prevalent when a cough was substituted, tha...

Patients who meet established criteria for head injury with neurogenic amnesia occasionally also present with symptoms of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD). However, at present, no generally acceptable means is available to diagnose PTSD when the causal event also has resulted in neurogenic amnesia. The reason for this diagnostic dilemma is that...

We describe five cases of traumatic asphyxiation injury, each meeting diagnostic criteria for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and characterized by a range of postinjury cognitive impairment. Four patients exhibited dense retrograde amnesia, including absence of conscious memory for the traumatic event. Appreciation of these asphyxiation cases,...

The authors present a new theory of the neurobiological mechanisms mediating the memory processes involved in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current fear-conditioning model accounts for learning that underlies certain central features of PTSD, but it fails to account for peritraumatic memory disturbances, episodic memory phenomena that a...

Because the Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT) requires oral or written response, it risks misclassifying as amnestic aphasic patients who are not, in fact, amnestic. To correct for possible classification errors due to anomia, a modified multiple-choice format of the GOAT (AGOAT) was developed. The average GOAT score of 10 control nonap...

This report documents a case of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following psychological trauma with cerebral insult and amnesia for the traumatic event. The case history demonstrates the role of implicit memory in PTSD and indicates that the mechanisms of psychopathology are one-trial sensitization and conditioned emotional responses.

Systemic administration of acidic amino acids produces selective neurotoxic effects on neurons in the arcuate nucleus. However, little is known on the comparative or topographical actions of various acidic amino acids within the hypothalamus. In the present study, microiontophoretic methods were utilized to compare the sensitivity of arcuate nucleu...

The preferential release of the neurohypophyseal hormones vasopressin and oxytocin by appropriate stimuli implies that neurons secreting each hormone receive different afferent connections and may therefore contain membrane receptors for different neurotransmitters. Since electrophysiological studies on rat supraoptic nucleus (SON) neurosecretory n...

Extracellular recordings from medial hypothalamic neurons in pentobarbital-anesthetized male Sprague-Dawley rats were evaluated during electrical stimulation in the ipsilateral and contralateral dorsal hippocampus/fimbria region. Similar short latency orthodromic (excitatory or inhibitory) responses were noted from both ipsilateral and contralatera...

Behavioral assessment procedures have been used to predict the onset of addictive behaviors. However, no controlled studies have been conducted to demonstrate the usefulness of such procedures in the treatment of drug abuse. A group using the Behavioral Assessment Technique (BAT) as an indicator for clinical intervention was compared to a group in...

An electrophysiological investigation was conducted on the connection of medial preoptic neurons with the median eminence and the basal and corticomedial amygdala in pentobarbital anesthesized male Sprague-Dawley rats. Of 411 medial preoptic neurons tested with median eminence stimuli, antidromic responses (mean latency 11.4 +/- SEM 0.4 ms) identif...

A behavioral analysis technique was compared to detoxified heroin addicts in their ability to predict drug behavior. It was found that the behavioral analysis technique was more successful than the heroin addicts in predicting drug-taking. Moreover, this difference was more pronounced when only transition drug usage (a drug-use week preceded by one...

Changes in brain function having detrimental behavioral consequences may be produced by factors other than those associated with trauma or disease. In this chapter we consider recent evidence which indicates that isolation from normal sensory experience is one of these factors. Our goal is to outline some of the conditions of visual deprivation whi...

A “Y” maze was adapted for conditioning studies in cats. The apparatus can deliver aversive and appetitive reinforcement and a variety of stimulus events. This device appears sensitive enough to detect perceptual, postural, and motor deficits induced by small brain lesions.

Presents evidence pertaining to the hypothesis that aging is characterized by a decrement in the ability to suppress irrelevant stimuli (perceptual noise). Although studies in the various sensory modalities generally support a perceptual noise hypothesis of aging, most of the evidence is marred by serious structural weaknesses. It is concluded that...

To reduce contingency and demand awareness, evaluatively neutral CVCs (constant-vowel-consonants) were paired with CVCs of either positive evaluative meaning or negative evaluative meaning in a 24-item, mixed CVC-CVC and CVC-word, paired-associate (PA) list. The PA list was presented for either one, three, or five trials to a total of 63 Ss. After...