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Adolescents’ Perception of Inter-Parental Conflict and Impact
on Psychological Distress
Md. Shahinuzzaman, Asoke Kumar Saha and Shamima Akhtar
ABSTRACT
The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationships between inter-
parental conflict and adolescent’s psychological distress. The current study was
examined the relationship of conflict properties, threat to self, and self-blame with
adolescent’s psychological distress. A total of 383 adolescents’ respondents
participated as a sample. The sample was selected from eight secondary schools by
using two stage cluster sampling technique at Dhaka city. The instruments used in
this study were demographic and personal information questionnaire, Children’s
Perception of Inter-parental Conflict Scale (Grych, Seid, & Fincham, 1992); and
Distress-Weinberger Adjustment Inventory Scale (Weinberger & Schwartz, 1990).
Results indicated that conflict properties, threat to self and self-blame were predictors
of psychological distress. These three variables accounted for only 89.5% variance
of psychological distress. Among these three variables, threat to self was the strongest
predictor, which alone explained by 69.9% variance of psychological distress.
Key words: Adolescent, Inter-parental conflict, Psychological distress.
INTRODUCTION
In studying adolescent development, adolescence can be defined biologically, as the
physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth;
cognitively, as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally; or
socially, as a period of preparation for adult roles. Adolescent is defined by World
Health Organization as a person between 10-19 years of age. Adolescent are a large and
growing segment of the global population. At this period, the body develops in size,
strength and reproductive capabilities, and the mind becomes capable of more thinking
that is abstract and begins to look to their future by developing lifestyle expectation and
Journal of Psychosocial Research
Vol. 11, No. 2, 2016, 369-378
Corresponding author. Email : zzamandu.508@gmail.com
ISSN 0973-5410 print/ISSN 0976-3937 online
©2016 Prints Publications Pvt. Ltd.
http//www.printspublications.com
Md. Shahinuzzaman, Asoke Kumar Saha and Shamima Akhtar
J. Psychosoc. Res.
370
setting education and occupational goals that will shape adult lives (Harris, Duncan &
Boisjoly, 2002).
Inter-parental conflict has a significant impact on adolescent (Christensen & Shenk,
1991; Emery, 1982; Hess & Camara, 1979; Hetherington, Cox & Cox, 1982). Inter-parental
conflict is associated with negative psychological symptoms among children (Davies &
Cummings, 1998; Nicolotti, El-Sheikh, & Whitson, 2003) and adolescents (Davies &
Lindsay, 2004; Harold & Conger, 1997; Harold, Shelton,Goeke-Morey & Cummings,
2004). The adolescent’s perception of inter-parental conflict predicts adolescent
psychological problem (Dadds et al., 1999; Harold et al., 1997; Oh et al., 2011;
Osborne & Fincham, 1996; Rogers & Holmbeck, 1997). Findings have found that inter-
parental conflict may negatively affect the family environment and adolescent behavior
(Grych and Fincham, 1993; Harold and Conger, 1997). It was also found that it is
partly through parent-adolescent conflict that inter-parental conflict brings about
emotional distress among adolescent (Buehler and Gerard, 2004; El-Sheikh and Elmore-
Staton, 2004; Gerard et al., (2005), Grych and Fincham (1990)).
An extensive research literature documents that, incidents of anger and hostility
between spouses affect strongly adolescent’s behavior, eliciting, among others, misbehavior,
aggression, delinquency, anger, emotional arousal, attachment insecurity (Cummings,
Davies, & Campbell, 2001; Cummings, Ballard, & El-Sheikh, 1991; Cummings & Davies,
1994; Emery, 1999). Another important studies have shown that parents’ avoidance of
resolving inter-parental conflict is associated with adolescents’ anxiety (Dadds et al.,
1999). Grych and Fincham (1990) emphasizes that children’s perceptions of the threat to
self posed by the conflict, beliefs in their ability to cope effectively, and attributions
regarding the cause of the conflict are viewed as particularly important for shaping their
immediate emotional and behavioral responses. Lazarus (1991) argued that the evaluation
of threat to self captures the personal relevance of an event and provides the “emotional
heat” of the encounter. Self-blame has an important correlation of psychological functioning
that is generally assessed as a form of coping (Barnett, Martinez & Keyson, 2006; Glinder
& Compas, 2009; Graham & Juvonen, 2008; Meyer & Taylor, 2006; O’Neill &Kerig, 2000).
Researchers typically find a relationship between high self-blame and poorer emotional
adjustment (Aldwin & Revenson, 2007; Arata & Burkhart, 1998; Barnett, Martinez & Keyson,
1996; Meyer & Taylor, 2006). High self-blame may be associated with increased severity
and length of depressive episodes (Beck, 1963). Grych and Fincham (1993) discovered that
when the content of the inter-parental conflict was adolescent-related, adolescents were
more likely to blame themselves for their parents’ conflict. Numerous studies have shown
that perceived threat (potential physical harm, future negative parent adolescent interaction
or parental separation) are predictive of adolescent psychological distress (Buehler et al.,
2007; Dadds et al., 1999; Gerard et al., 2005; Grych, Harold, & Miles, 2003; Grych & Fincham,
1990). Child blaming attributions also have been found to increase when conflicts are more
Adolescents’ Perception of Inter-Parental Conflict and Impact on Psychological Distress 371
J. Psychosoc. Res.
intense (Grych and Fincham, 1993, Kerig, 1996; Grych et al., 1992).
Significance of the Study
In the review of related literature, no studies were found that address the relationship
between inter-parental conflict and psychological distress of Bangladeshi adolescence.
A scientific study of adolescents’ Perception of inter-parental conflict and psychological
distress is important for understanding inter-parental conflict variables that will allow
for professional development for couple counselor and to focus on areas to decrease
marital conflict. In addition, a child and adolescent counselor also can help to reduce
psychological distress of adolescence. Besides studies of the relation of inter-parental
conflict to the adjustment of school-aged children have been numerous in recent years,
outcomes for adolescents have been relatively less studied. Thus, the current study
was designed to examine the relationship between inter-parental conflict and
adolescents’ psychological distress.
HYPOTHESIS
Based on previous research findings the following hypotheses were proposed:
1. Conflict properties would contribute significantly to the variation of psychological
distress.
2. Threat to self would contribute significantly to the variation of psychological
distress.
3. Self-blame would also contribute significantly to the variation of psychological
distress.
METHOD
Participants
A total of 383 adolescents participated in this research. They were selected by two-
stage cluster sampling technique from eight different secondary school of Dhaka city.
Among 383 participants, 192 were boys and 191 were girls. Participants were between
the ages of 14-18. Total participants reported currently living with their mother and
father. A majority of participant 167 indicated that their father’s highest education
includes master’s degree (35.1%), 145 indicated honors degree (30.5%), 40 indicated
higher secondary school degree (8.4%), and 3 indicated secondary school certificate
(6.5%). In contrast, 151 adolescents indicated their mother’s highest education to be a
higher secondary school degree (31.7%) followed by 145 with honors degrees (30.5%),
56 with masters degrees (11.8%) and 31 indicated secondary school certificate and
below (6.5%). The selected participants (275) also indicated that their father’s highest
number service includes job (57.8%) and 108 indicated businessman (22.7%). In
Md. Shahinuzzaman, Asoke Kumar Saha and Shamima Akhtar
J. Psychosoc. Res.
372
compression their mother’s highest number service oriented includes housewife 225
(47.3%), 108 indicated job (22.7%) and 50 indicated business (10.5%).
Measuring Instruments
Demographic and Personal Characteristics Questionnaire: This questionnaire, collected data
on sex, age, educational qualification, socio-economic status, parents educational status
and parent’s occupation.
Children’s Perception of Inter-parental Conflict Scale: The adapted Bangla version
(Shahinuzzaman & Akhtar, 2013) of children’s perception of inter-parental conflict scale
(Grych et al., 1992) was used for measuring adolescents’ inter-parental conflict. The
CPIC is a 48-item, three dimension with nine subscales: 18 items for conflict properties
(frequency, intensity, resolution), 16 items for threat to self (threat to self, coping
efficacy, triangulation), and 14 items for self-blame (self-blame, content, stability). The
48 items of English version translated into Bangla. Then the English and Bangla version
were given to judges for checking correctness of translation were made according to
the suggestions of judges. English and Bangla version were administrated on 50
participants with a gap of 7 days half of the subjects were administrated English version
first and the remaining half of the subjects were administrated Bangla version first.
The significant correlation between English and Bangla version, conflict properties,
[r (48) = .801, p<.0005], threat to self, [r (48) = .866, p<.0005] and self-blame, [r(48) =
.89, p<.0005] were obtained between scores of English and Bangla version indicating
high translation reliability of the scale. The high alpha coefficient of conflict properties,
threat to self and self-blame were ( = .7187), ( =.9355) and ( = .9194) respectively,
indicates internal consistency of the scale. Grych et. al., (1992) reported reliability
coefficients of the three subscales were; conflict properties, r = .90; threat to self, r =
.83; and self-blame, r = .81. Inter-parental conflict on a 3-point Likert Scale ranging
from true = 3, sort of true = 2, and false = 1. Highest scores on CPIC sub-scales
represented greater or more distressing perception of inter-parental conflict.
Distress-Weinberger Adjustment Inventory: This scale was originally developed by the
adapted Bangla version(Shahinuzzaman & Akhtar, 2013) scale was originally developed
by (Weinberger & Schwartz, 1990) for measuring global psychological distress of
adolescent including anxiety, depression, low self-esteem, and low well-being. 12 items
of English version scale translated into Bangla. Then the English and Bengali version
were given to judges for checking correctness of translation were made according to the
suggestions of judges. English and Bengali version were administrated to 50 participants
with a gap of 7 days half of the subjects were administrated English version first and the
remaining half of the subjects were administrated Bengali version first. The significant
correlation between English and Bangla version [r = 0.879, p<0.0005] indicated translation
reliability of the scale. On this scale, participants identified the extent to which each statement
Adolescents’ Perception of Inter-Parental Conflict and Impact on Psychological Distress 373
J. Psychosoc. Res.
reflects their current feelings and rated statements about the psychological distress on a 5-
point Likert Scale ranging from the items 1-7 were scored on the following ; false = 1,
somewhat false = 2, not sure = 3, somewhat true = 4, and true = 5, with items 2, 4 and 7
reverse coded. Items 8-12 were scored on the following; never = 1, not often = 2,
sometimes = 3, often = 4 and almost always = 5, with item 9 reverse coded. The maximum
obtainable score of 60 indicates a high level of emotional distress and the minimum score
of 12 indicates a low level of emotional distress.
PROCEDURE
The questionnaires were administered on individual participant. Necessary rapport
was established before administering the questionnaire. The general instruction of all
scales was given separately for each participant. They were allowed to ask question
freely if they had regarding any item of the scale. Your answer will be completely
anonymous and confidential and will be used only for research purpose, try to answer
all questions as honestly as possible.
RESULTS
To assess effects of each independent variable on psychological distress, Stepwise
regression analysis was also performed. In present study, direct effect of independent
variable on psychological distress is estimated by the partial standardized regression
co-efficient with all other independent variables in the equation. Table 1 presents mean,
standard deviation and correlation of independent and dependent variables. Results
of the table 2 indicated that regression of independent variable with psychological
distress was important predictors and significant. The mean and standard deviation
of psychological distress (M=49.04, SD =5.08), conflict properties (M=48.14 SD =6.69),
threat to self (M=42.91, SD =4.63) and self-blame (M=26.58, SD = 3.06) scores indicate
that the adolescents perceived their parental conflict and they were high level of
emotional distress in their life.
Table 1
Mean, Standard deviation and correlation of study variables (N = 383)
Variables M SD 1 2 3 4
Psychological Distress 49.04 5.08 -
Conflict properties 48.14 6.69 .719** -
Threat to self 42.91 4.63 .836** .606** -
Self-blame 26.58 3.06 .774** .546** .478** -
** Correlation significant at .01 level
Md. Shahinuzzaman, Asoke Kumar Saha and Shamima Akhtar
J. Psychosoc. Res.
374
Pearson correlation coefficients showed that there were statistically significant
relationships among variables. Conflict properties, threat to self and self-blame were
found to be significantly associated with psychological distress. Psychological distress
had a significant relationship with threat to self [r(383) = .836, p<.0005]; self-blame
[r(383) = .774, p<.0005]; and conflict properties [r(383) = .719, p<.0005].
Table 2
Regression model of psychological distress with conflict properties, threat to self
and self-blame
RR
2R2change
SE t p F p
Threat to self .836 .699 .699 .584 .024 24.77 .00053 883.45 .0005
Self-blame .938 .881 .182 .719 .034 21.19 .0005 1401.92 .0005
Conflict properties .946 .895 .014 .122 .017 7.138 .0005 1074.46 .0005
Adjusted R2 = .894
The standardized betas () indicated that the three variables in the model were
predictors of Psychological distress. These variables were threat to self ( = .584, p<.0005),
self-blame ( = .719, p<.0005) and conflict properties ( = .122, p<.0005). R-square
indicated that these three variable accounts for 89.5% variance of psychological distress
(Table 2). R-square change also calculated for determining relative importance of each
independent variable (table 2). The overall F-test was performed in table 2 the significant
F-test [F (3,379) = 1074.46, p<.0005] indicated that variation in psychological distress
was accounted by joint linear influence of conflict properties, threat to self and self-
blame. Correlation co-efficient (Table 1) and standardized Beta (Table 2) confirmed
the hypothesized relation between threat to self and psychological distress.
Results of regression analysis indicated that strongest predictor of psychological
distress was threat to self which alone explained 69.9% of variance of psychological
distress. R–square further indicated that threat to self, self-blame and conflict properties
jointly explained 89.5% of variance of psychological distress. R-square change indicated
that 18.2% variance of psychological distress was accounted by self-blame. Findings
on self-blame and psychological distress further indicated that self-blame was the second
important predictor of psychological distress. R-square change also indicated that 1.4%
variance of psychological distress was accounted by conflict properties.
DISCUSSION
Findings on threat to self and psychological distress revealed that threat to self was the
important predictor of psychological distress. It explained 69.9% variance of psychological
distress. Significant positive correlation (Table 2) and significant standardized Beta have
Adolescents’ Perception of Inter-Parental Conflict and Impact on Psychological Distress 375
J. Psychosoc. Res.
confirmed the hypothesis that adolescents with high threat to self have more psychological
distress experiences and low threat to self have low psychological distress. Grych and
Fincham (1990) emphasizes that children’s perceptions of the threat to self posed by the
conflict, beliefs in their ability to cope effectively, and attributions regarding the cause
of the conflict are viewed as particularly important for shaping their immediate emotional
and behavioral responses. The relationship between threat to self and psychological
distress suggests that when adolescents feel threatened by conflict and perceive
themselves as unable to cope effectively, they are more likely to express more anxiety,
depression and low self-esteem in response to marital conflict. Additionally, the manner
in which parents resolve their inter-parental disputes (avoiding, attacking resolution
style) predicts adolescent psychological distress (Dadds et al., 1999).
The result on self-blame and psychological distress revealed that self-blame was
the second important predictor of psychological distress. It explained 18.2% variance of
psychological distress. Significant positive correlation (Table 2) and significant
standardized Beta have confirmed the hypothesis that adolescent is with high self-blame
have more psychological distress and low threat self-blame have low psychological
distress. Self-blame are a particularly important element of children’s efforts to explain
why a conflict is occurring because of their potential to involve the child in the conflict
emotionally and behaviorally (Grych and Fincham, 1990). Consistent with our expectations,
negative family environment seemed particularly salient self-blame for adolescents.
Because adolescents spend, more time at home, a fact that gives them the opportunity to
observe and experience parental behaviors. The relationship between self-blame and
psychological distress is consistent with previous research suggesting that feeling
responsible for marital conflict provides adolescents with a sense of coping efficacy and
perceived control over conflict, which increases the likelihood of involvement (Grych,
1998). Interestingly, however, self-blame continued to exert direct effects on anxiety
and depression. Grych and Fincham (1990) cognitive-contextual frame-work, this finding
suggests that children who feel threatened and unable to cope with conflict and blame
themselves for its occurrence may be likely to exhibit problems such as anxiety and
depression. Therefore, we say that threat to self and self-blame significantly associated
with psychological distress. Findings on conflict properties and psychological distress
revealed that conflict properties were the important predictor of psychological distress.
It has explained 1.4% variance of psychological distress.
Implications of research for practice
Significant positive correlation (Table 2) and significant standardized Beta have
confirmed the hypothesis that adolescent’s with high conflict properties have more
psychological distress. Conflict properties, are characterized by the adolescents’
perceptions of inter-parental conflict intensity, resolutions, and frequency. Adolescents’
Md. Shahinuzzaman, Asoke Kumar Saha and Shamima Akhtar
J. Psychosoc. Res.
376
perceptions of threat to their own well-being, or response to the conflict, are
characterized by their means of coping with the inter-parental conflict and the degree
to which they get involved through triangulation. The findings of the study can be
readily used in organizational management, socio cultural and inter-religious
perspective.
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ABOUT THE AUTHORS
Md. Shahinuzzaman, Assistant Professor — Department of Psychology, Jagannath University,
Dhaka-1100, Bangladesh.
Dr. Asoke Kumar Saha, Professor — Department of Psychology, Jagannath University, Dhaka-1100,
Bangladesh.
Shamima Akhtar, Ex Ms Student — Department of Psychology, Jagannath University, Dhaka-1100,
Bangladesh.
