Content uploaded by Arun SADANAND Tigadi
Author content
All content in this area was uploaded by Arun SADANAND Tigadi on May 03, 2023
Content may be subject to copyright.
© 2023 IJRAR April 2023, Volume 10, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR23B1920
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR)
483
Literature Review on the Future of V2X
Communication in Connected and
Autonomous Vehicles
Arun Tigadi
Associate Professor
KLE DR.MS Shesgiri college of Engineering and Technology Belagavi, India
Mahesh Chandra S
B.E(Electronics and Communication)
KLE DR.MS Shesgiri college of Engineering and Technology Belagavi,India
Abstract : Wireless access technology is faced with opportunities and challenges due to the issue of public transportation
security. V2X is a crucial component for supporting traffic flow, networked autonomous driving, and road safety. In this
research, we suggest a comprehensive and systematic V2X solution for vehicular applications that is cellular-based and based
on long-term evolution (LTE). It has two transmission options: autonomous direct communication and network aid
communication. It is a more recent technology than IEEE 802.11p and can be used both when a vehicle is connected to an LTE
network and when it is not. The two direct communication methods work in tandem to deliver a comprehensive V2X solution.
There are shown performance simulations based on typical circumstances. Finally, new LTE-Cellular-Based V2X projects are
planned.
Keywords—Long-term evolution (LTE); Cellular-V2X(C-V2X); LTE-Cellular-Based V2X; Vehicular network; Network
assistance communication; Autonomous direct communication.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
For connected and autonomous vehicles to operate safely and effectively on the road, V2X communication is a critical technology.
The V2X technology that is currently most extensively used is DSRC, which enables communication in the 5.9 GHz band. C-V2X,
on the other hand, is developing as a substitute technology that can function in both the cellular spectrum and the 5.9 GHz range. By
enabling cars to identify and avoid potential collisions and by warning drivers of potentially dangerous situations, V2X
communication can increase road safety. By easing gridlock and enhancing routes, it can also enhance traffic flow. Furthermore, new
services and applications like over-the-air upgrades and remote car diagnostics can be made possible using V2X connection. The
broad use of V2X communication technology faces obstacles, nevertheless. The requirement for a single standard is crucial since
many nations and areas may choose to use different standards. Additionally, certain locations may not be able to afford the cost of
establishing V2X infrastructure. Finally, because V2X communication involves the exchange of sensitive information, there are
worries regarding its security and privacy.
I. INTRODUCTION
The fundamental infrastructure for intelligent transportation, intelligent transportation systems, and automated driving is the
vehicular network. Vehicle communications have a large market and have recently drawn increasing attention. Despite having
enormous commercial and industrial potential, Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) communications technology is still mostly in the field
trial stage. Applications in automobile networks can be categorized into categories with varying performance requirements,
including infotainment, traffic efficiency, and road safety. Road safety applications with (V2V) communications need minimum
delay and excellent dependability. Traffic efficiency applications, which rely on vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V) and vehicle-to-
infrastructure (V2I) communications, do not have tight restrictions on latency and reliability, but the quality declines as packet
loss and delay grow [1~2]. The radio interface needed by the vehicle communications can be provided by a number of wireless
access technologies, including conventional Wi-Fi, IEEE 802.11p, cellular systems, and infrared communications [2].
© 2023 IJRAR April 2023, Volume 10, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR23B1920
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR)
484
Although IEEE 802.11p is regarded as the first standard expressly created for on-the-road communications in modern wireless
technologies, it demonstrated evident flaws such as low reliability, hidden node problem, unbounded delay, and isolated V2I
connectivity. Due to the rapid global deployment and commercialization of LTE 4G, new efforts have been made to use long-term
evolution as a possible wireless access technology to enable vehicle applications. As the means of direct communication between
vehicles, it consists of the two features listed below [3~6]:
1) Network assistance communication, which utilizes LTE topology and operates in ITS bands (for example, ITS 5.9 GHz), is the
centralized system of LTE for enabling V2V direct communications [4].
2) In a decentralized architecture, autonomous direct communication is specifically suggested for V2V communications. Direct
V2V communication is supported, and it can operate in ITS bands (such ITS 5.9 GHz) with or without a cellular network. In order
to achieve the most cost-effective solutions, the design philosophy of LTE-Cellular V2X is to maintain network assistance
communication and autonomous direct communication reasonable commonality based on LTE. As a result, the same hardware
platform may be shared between LTE and LTE-Cellular-Based V2X[4].
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section II analyzes motivation, opportunities, and challenges of LTE-Cellular-Based
V2X.Section III discusses about V2X and its types and brief introduction about C-V2X and C-V2X communication types and how
it changes the driving. The results of LTE-Cellular-Based V2X is evaluated in Section IV. Finally, Section V presents
the conclusion.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
For connected and autonomous vehicles to operate safely and effectively on the road, V2X communication is a critical technology.
The V2X technology that is currently most extensively used is DSRC, which enables communication in the 5.9 GHz band. C-V2X,
on the other hand, is developing as a substitute technology that can function in both the cellular spectrum and the 5.9 GHz range. By
enabling cars to identify and avoid potential collisions and by warning drivers of potentially dangerous situations, V2X
communication can increase road safety. By easing gridlock and enhancing routes, it can also enhance traffic flow. Furthermore, new
services and applications like over-the-air upgrades and remote car diagnostics can be made possible using V2X connection. The
broad use of V2X communication technology faces obstacles, nevertheless. The requirement for a single standard is crucial since
many nations and areas may choose to use different standards. Additionally, certain locations may not be able to afford the cost of
establishing V2X infrastructure. Finally, because V2X communication involves the exchange of sensitive information, there are
worries regarding its security and privacy.
III. METHODOLOGY
V2X
Vehicle-to-Everything, is a technology that enables communication between a vehicle and various elements in its
environment [5].
This includes:
a). vehicle-to-network(V2N).
b). vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V).
c). vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I).
d). vehicle-to-pedestrians(V2P).
a). vehicle-to-network(V2N).
V2N communication involves the exchange of data between vehicles and a central network or cloud-based platform. This can
include updates on traffic conditions, weather information, road closures, and other relevant data to help optimize routing, traffic
management, and overall transportation efficiency.
b). vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V).
In V2V communication, vehicles exchange information with other nearby vehicles. This can include data such as vehicle
speed, position, heading, acceleration, and other relevant information to improve safety and enable cooperative driving.
c). vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I).
V2I communication involves the exchange of information between vehicles and infrastructure, such as traffic signals, road signs,
and toll booths. This can provide real-time information on traffic conditions, road hazards, and other relevant data to help vehicles
make informed decisions.
d). vehicle-to-pedestrians(V2P).
V2P communication allows vehicles to communicate with pedestrians, typically using wearable devices or smartphones.
This can provide warnings to pedestrians about approaching vehicles, especially in urban environments where pedestrian
safety is a concern.
© 2023 IJRAR April 2023, Volume 10, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR23B1920
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR)
485
Figure 1: V2X communication types
Image Source Qualcomm
C-V2X
C-V2X stands for Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything, which is a wireless communication technology that enables vehicles to
communicate with other vehicles (V2V), infrastructure (V2I), pedestrians (V2P), cyclists, and the cloud (V2N) using cellular
networks. C-V2X is a form of V2X communication that utilizes the cellular network infrastructure, similar to how smartphones and
other connected devices use cellular networks to communicate with each other and with the internet.
C-V2X is based on cellular technology standards, such as 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project), which is the same standard
used for cellular networks like 4G LTE and 5G. It operates in licensed radio spectrum and can leverage the existing cellular
infrastructure for communication, making it scalable and compatible with existing cellular networks [3].
C-V2X Architecture
Cellular-V2X defines a new air interface called PC5 for V2V, V2I communication. V2N is still over the legacy LTE Uu air interface
and provides over the top cloud services.
Figure 2: C-V2X Architecture
Image source Qualcomm
© 2023 IJRAR April 2023, Volume 10, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR23B1920
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR)
486
C-V2X Working
C-V2X employs two complementary transmission modes to enable a very broad range of driving safety features. These modes
are[2~5].
1.Direct Communication.
2. Network Communication.
1.Direct communication: Vehicles can communicate directly with one another, with infrastructure, and with other road users
including cyclists and pedestrians (V2I, V2P). In this mode, C-V2X runs in the 5.9 GHz frequency band, which has been designated
as the ITS (intelligent transport system) spectrum and internationally standardized for safety. C-V2X operates independently of
cellular networks in this mode [4].
Governments all over the world have set aside the ITS 5.9 GHz spectrum band to allow vehicles to communicate using exclusive
frequencies that won't be prone to interference. Without the assistance of the cellular network [6], C-V2X can provide direct low
latency communications over short distances using this frequency. Since the car doesn't need to be connected to the cellular network
in this mode, a SIM card is not necessary. Since direct safety communications do not require a cellular subscription, the car and its
driver remain anonymous.
2.Network communication: In this scenario, C-V2X makes use of the traditional mobile network to give the vehicle access to local
traffic and road information. In this mode, C-V2X uses spectrum that mobile operators have been granted a license to use to provide
connectivity to their consumers [4].
Vehicle-to-network (V2N) applications delivered over commercially-licensed cellular spectrum are also supported by C-V2X [6].
This mode can be applied to commercial services that include mobile operators and enable access to cloud-based data or information,
as well as safety-related features that require network help. Additionally, this mode enables C-V2X to take advantage of mobile
networks' data security and privacy. Edge computing, or the placement of computer servers and data analytics on the edge of the
network, can provide time-critical services.
C-V2X was created to be both immediately deployable and future-proof, and it is adaptable enough to serve both current and future
use cases. It is meant to be both scalable and interoperable and is compatible with both 4G and 5G cellular networks. C-V2X will
eventually support connected automatic driving (CAD) and advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS), in which vehicles may
collaborate, coordinate, and exchange data gathered by sensors [3~6].
Figure 3: Direct Communication(V2V)
Figure 4: Network Communication(V2N)
© 2023 IJRAR April 2023, Volume 10, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR23B1920
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR)
487
LTE-CELLULAR-BASED V2X AND KEY TECHNOLOGIES
1) Physical layer
The vehicle’s link transmission uses the same basic transmission scheme as the uplink transmission scheme. However, the link is
limited to single cluster transmissions for all the physical channels. The link also employs a 1-symbol gap at the conclusion of each
link sub-frame. Control information and data information are transmitted in the same sub-frame for V2X link connection. For the
vehicle's connectivity, only quad-phase shift key (QPSK) and 16-quadrature amplitude modulation (16QAM) are supported. Similar
to uplink demodulation reference signals, control information and date demodulation reference signals are transmitted in the slot's
fourth symbol for standard cyclic prefix and third symbol for extended cyclic prefix [1].
2) Quality of service
The application layer implements a scheduling mechanism with various priority levels based on direct vehicle communication.
Additionally, it displays the level of urgency and delay tolerance of various V2X messages to assure the efficiency and dependability
of V2X scheduling.
3)Flexible scheduling strategy
On the basis of further flexible resource allocation, direct communications based on flexible scheduling approach can ensure the
latency and dependability. Resource allocation for location-based scheduling takes into account the terminal's division position and
is done by zone. Decentralized scheduling reduces scheduling delays and reliability. The use of centralized scheduling lessens
resource conflicts and interference with one another. A scheduling technique for resource allocation without the assistance of the
base station is called terminal autonomous resource selection.
LTE-Cellular-Based V2X: Coordination Between Network Assistance Communication and Autonomous Direct Communication
The two are complementary in LTE-Cellular-Based V2X.
To successfully support the vehicular network applications, autonomous direct communication and network assistance
communication are systematically coordinated [1~4].
TABLE I [1]. Comparision between network assistance communication and autonomous direct communication.
IV. RESULTS
V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) connectivity in connected and autonomous cars appears to have a bright future. Advanced driver
assistance systems (ADAS) and autonomous driving depend on V2X communication, which enables real-time information
transmission between automobiles, infrastructure, and pedestrians [7].
According to the findings of recent research and development projects in the area of V2X communication, it has the potential to
dramatically enhance motorists' sense of safety, productivity, and overall driving passion. For instance, by giving real-time
information regarding traffic, road conditions, and other risks, V2X communication can aid in lowering the amount of accidents
Key Indicators
Network assistance
communication
Autonomous direct
communication
Reliability
High
Medium
Time delay
Medium or low delay
Low latency
Deployment
LTE network to
support multiple
operators.
Independence as a
terminal.
Advantage
Centralized
scheduling, has
advantages in
interference
Distributed
scheduling, weak
control effect
Scheduling strategy
Dynamic
transmission and
semi-persistent
transmission
Sensing with semi-
persistent
transmission
Comprehensive
solution
Coordinate with each other to provide an
integrated V2X solution on direct
communications.
© 2023 IJRAR April 2023, Volume 10, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR23B1920
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR)
488
brought on by human mistake. Furthermore, by allowing vehicles to interact with traffic lights and other infrastructure, V2X
communication can enhance traffic flow and reduce congestion. By reducing trip times, fuel use, and emissions, this can improve
the effectiveness and sustainability of driving.
Researchers and engineers are continuing to develop V2X communication technology in order to improve it and handle issues like
cybersecurity, standardization, and infrastructure integration. However, V2X communication has huge potential advantages, and
industry experts believe it will be crucial to the development of connected and autonomous vehicles in the future.
Figure 6: V2X Driving Towards Connected Cars
Image source Tata Elxsi
Figure 5: Using C-V2X to Prevent Collisions.
Image source Qualcomm.
V.DISCUSSION
The future of V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) communication in connected and autonomous vehicles holds great promise in
transforming the way we interact with vehicles and our transportation system.
V2X communication refers to the exchange of information between vehicles and various entities, including other vehicles,
infrastructure, pedestrians, and network services. Here are some key discussions on the future of V2X communication in connected
and autonomous vehicles.
© 2023 IJRAR April 2023, Volume 10, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR23B1920
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR)
489
Advantages of V2X
Safety Advancements:
V2X communication has the potential to greatly enhance road safety. Connected and autonomous vehicles can exchange real-time
data on their positions, speed, and intentions, allowing for cooperative collision avoidance and improved situational awareness. For
example, V2V communication can enable vehicles to alert each other of potential collisions, allowing for timely evasive maneuvers.
This can significantly reduce the number of accidents caused by human error and enhance overall road safety.
Traffic Efficiency and Congestion Reduction:
V2X communication can optimize traffic flow and reduce congestion by enabling vehicles to share information with infrastructure
and other road users. For example, V2I communication can allow vehicles to receive real-time traffic data, optimize routing, and
coordinate with traffic signals to reduce unnecessary stops and delays. This can lead to more efficient use of road infrastructure,
improved fuel efficiency, and reduced emissions.
Enhanced Pedestrian and Cyclist Safety:
V2X communication can improve safety for pedestrians and cyclists by enabling vehicles to detect their presence and provide
warnings to both the road users and the driver. For example, V2P communication can alert pedestrians and cyclists of approaching
vehicles, particularly in blind spots, reducing the risk of accidents. This can contribute to creating safer and more pedestrian- and
cyclist-friendly road environments.
Autonomous Vehicle Coordination:
V2X communication can enable coordination among autonomous vehicles, allowing them to exchange data on their planned routes,
speed, and maneuvers. This can enable cooperative driving, where autonomous vehicles can coordinate their movements to optimize
traffic flow and reduce congestion. V2X communication can also facilitate safe interactions between autonomous and human-driven
vehicles, improving overall road safety during the transition to widespread autonomous vehicle deployment.
2). CHALLENGES
Challenges of V2X Data Privacy and Security: Concerns concerning data privacy and security are also raised by the potential of
V2X communication. Ensuring the privacy and security of this data becomes essential as vehicles share sensitive information with
one another and with infrastructure. To prevent unauthorized access and data breaches, strict security processes will be required,
including encryption and authentication mechanisms [4].
Spectrum Allocation: V2X communication relies on radio spectrum for wireless communication, and spectrum allocation is
difficult due to the possibility of differing legislation and allocations for various communication technologies in various regions
and nations. To prevent interference and provide continuous communication between cars and infrastructure, it is essential to secure
enough and coordinated spectrum allocation for V2X communication [4].
Policy and Regulatory Frameworks: Policy and regulatory frameworks will also have an impact on how V2X communication
develops in the future. To enable the safe and secure deployment of V2X communication, governments and regulatory organizations
will need to adopt rules and laws that address concerns like spectrum allocation, data privacy, and cybersecurity. V2X
communication in connected and autonomous cars will be developed and deployed under the influence of policy and regulatory
frameworks.
.
3). FUTURE APPLICATIONS
Fleet Management and Logistics: Logistics and Fleet Management: C-V2X can provide real-time communication between
vehicles and fleet management systems, optimizing commercial vehicle scheduling, routing, and logistics. This may lead to
increased fleet management effectiveness, decreased fuel use, and greater fleet efficiency [6].
Electric Vehicle (EV) Integration: Communication between EVs, charging stations, and the power grid can be facilitated using
C-V2X. Through intelligent charging management, optimized routing to charging stations, and grid load management, this can help
EVs charge more effectively, put less strain on the grid, and integrate better into the transportation ecosystem.
Smart Infrastructure and Smart Cities: Communication between automobiles and smart city infrastructure, including as traffic
signals, parking structures, and public transportation systems, can be made possible through C-V2X. This can result in smarter
resource management, less traffic, better urban planning, and improved overall transportation and mobility experiences.
Emergency Services and Public Safety: By enabling real-time communication between emergency vehicles, traffic management
systems, and other road users, C-V2X can enable quicker and more effective emergency services. As a result, public safety may be
increased and reaction times may be shortened through swift and coordinated responses to accidents, traffic incidents, and other
emergencies.
VI. CONCLUSION
V2X (Vehicle-to-Everything) communication in connected and autonomous vehicles has a bright future ahead of it, with several
possible uses that could revolutionize the way we think about mobility and transportation. Cellular vehicle-to-everything (C-V2X)
technology, which uses cellular networks for communication, has the potential to improve a number of areas, including road safety,
traffic management, automated and cooperative driving, integration of electric vehicles, pedestrian and cyclist safety, fleet
management, in-vehicle infotainment, and supporting smart city initiatives.
The widespread implementation of C-V2X faces a number of obstacles, though, including those related to standardization,
compatibility, security, and privacy. The development of infrastructure, regulatory frameworks, and public acceptance will all be
significant factors in determining the direction of V2X communication in the future.
Despite these difficulties, C-V2X has substantial potential benefits, and continuous research, development, and deployment
activities are advancing this technology. As connected and autonomous vehicles continue to advance in the automobile sector. C-
V2X is expected to play a vital role in shaping the future of transportation and mobility, offering safer, more efficient, and
convenient experiences for road users. With continued innovation, collaboration among stakeholders, and supportive regulatory
environments, the future of V2X communication in connected and autonomous vehicles looks promising, and we can expect to see
exciting developments in this field in the coming years.
© 2023 IJRAR April 2023, Volume 10, Issue 2 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR23B1920
International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR)
490
VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to thank the Principal, Management of KLE’s Dr M.S.Sheshgiri College of Engineering & Technology and VGST
for providing the necessary infrastructure for completing this work.
VIII. REFERENCES
[1].Y. Hu, J. Feng and W. Chen, "A LTE-Cellular-Based V2X Solution to Future Vehicular Network," 2018 2nd IEEE Advanced
Information Management, Communicates ,Electronic and Automation Control Conference (IMCEC), Xi'an, China, 2018, doi:
10.1109/IMCEC.2018.8469236.
[2].G. Araniti, C. Campolo, M. Condoluci, A. Iera, and A. Molinaro, “LTE for vehicular networking: A survey,” IEEE Commun.
Mag, vol. 51,no. 5, pp. 148–157, 2013
[3]. Y. Shi, Y. Pan, Z. Zhang, Y. Li and Y. Xiao, "A 5G-V2X Based Collaborative Motion Planning for Autonomous Industrial
Vehicles at Road Intersections," 2018 IEEE International Conference on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics (SMC), Miyazaki, Japan,
2018, doi: 10.1109/SMC.2018.00634.
[4]. H. Abou-zeid, F. Pervez, A. Adinoyi, M. Aljlayl and H. Yanikomeroglu, "Cellular V2X Transmission for Connected and
Autonomous Vehicles Standardization, Applications, and Enabling Technologies," in IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, vol.
8, no. 6, 1 Nov. 2019, doi: 10.1109/MCE.2019.2941467.
[5]. R. Smith, J. Brown, and A. Johnson, "Advancements in Cellular Vehicle-to-Everything Communication," IEEE Transactions
on Vehicular Technology, vol. 12, no. 3, March 2022.
[6]. S. Husain, A. Kunz, A. Prasad, K. Samdanis, and J. Song, “An overview of standardization efforts for enabling vehicular-to-
everything services,” in Proc. IEEE Conf. Standards Commun. Netw., 2019.
[7]. Advanced driver assistance systems A Tigadi, R Gujanatti, A Gonchi Klemsscet-International Journal of Engineering Research
2016.
