Smart Segregation Bins for Cities Using Internet of Things (IoT)

Abstract

Waste management includes various activities like the collection of waste, treatment of waste, and other such actions which if neglected will become a threat to the environment. Among these, one such significant activity is the segregation of waste. Though people tend to use the manual segregation of waste using different colors of dustbin, the sustainability of this process does not last for a much longer time. In this paper, the first half of the operation concentrates on segregation of wastes which is performed with the help of sensors and few other components, whereas the second half of the operation involves monitoring the real time updates of the dustbin which is implemented using IoT. We have used IR sensor, Ultrasonic sensor, and capacitive sensor to sense the presence of the waste, measure the level of the waste, and identify the presence of plastics, respectively. Components like an air blower, a microcontroller, rotating disk, servo motor are used to perform the action of segregation. With the help of a cloud server system, all the data of the dustbin will be stored, and using the Wi-Fi module, these data can be monitored. Even though we tend to segregate the wastes into plastic and reusable wastes, the collection of wastes from the garbage bin will be done manually because we do not want our technology to affect the work of daily laborers and eventually lead to unemployment. Keeping all these factors in mind, we have proposed this idea which will help definitely pave a way for the betterment of the society.KeywordsUltrasonic sensorAir blowerArduino UnoThe internet of thingsThe waste management control room

Full text

Smart Segregation Bins for Cities Using
Internet of Things (IoT)
K. Srisabarimani, R. Arthi, S. Soundarya, A. Akshaya, M. Mahitha,
and Sruthi Sudheer
Abstract Waste management includes va r i o u s a c t i v i t i e s l i ke the collection of waste,
treatment of waste, and other such actions which if neglected will become a threat
to the environment. Among these, one such significant activity is the segregation of
waste. Though people tend to use the manual segregation of waste using different
colors of dustbin, the sustainability of this process does not last for a much longer
time. In this paper, the first half of the operation concentrates on segregation of
wastes which is performed with the help of sensors and few other components,
whereas the second half of the operation involves monitoring the real time updates
of the dustbin which is implemented using IoT. We have used IR sensor, Ultrasonic
sensor, and capacitive sensor to sense the presence of the waste, measure the level of
the waste, and identify the presence of plastics, respectively. Components like an air
blower, a microcontroller, rotating disk, servo motor are used to perform the action
of segregation. With the help of a cloud server system, all the data of the dustbin will
be stored, and using the Wi-Fi module, these data can be monitored. Even though we
tend to segregate the wastes into plastic and reusable wastes, the collection of wastes
from the garbage bin will be done manually because we do not want our technology
to affect the work of daily laborers and eventually lead to unemployment. Keeping
all these factors in mind, we have proposed this idea which will help definitely pave
awayforthebettermentofthesociety.
Keywords Ultrasonic sensor ·Air blower ·Arduino Uno ·The internet of things ·
The waste management control room
K. Srisabarimani (B
)·R. Arthi ·S. Soundarya ·A. Akshaya ·M. Mahitha ·S. Sudheer
Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, S.R.M Institute of Science and
Tec h nol o gy, Ch e nna i , Ind i a
e-mail: srisabak@srmist.edu.in
R. Arthi
e-mail: arthir2@srmist.edu.in
S. Soundarya
e-mail: ss3039@srmist.edu.in
©TheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2022
P. K. Mallick et al. (eds.), Electronic Systems and Intelligent Computing,LectureNotes
in Electrical Engineering 860, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-9488-2_68
717

718 K. Srisabarimani et al.
1 Introduction
Asophisticatedmethodofwastemanagementhasanadverseeffectonhumanhealth
and the environment. Almost every street in India has a minimum of one dustbin
in each corner where all the waste is dumped together. Even though people throw
the waste inside the dustbin, quiet later after continuous dumping of waste inside
the bin, it gets overflowed which would eventually result in air pollution and many
other environmental issues. The segregation of the waste is so complicated that it
requires more space and time. This smart segregation bin tends to separate waste
into two categories—plastic waste and reusable waste. It comprises of few sensors
which will be attached to either side of the bin. With the help of the sensors and
air blower, the types of wastes can be categorized. The ultrasonic sensors are also
installed with which the level of wastes dumped can be determined. Every dustbin
has its own ID tags which contain all the information about that particular bin. When
the garbage is about to overflow, it will give an alert message to the data center of
the waste management control room where the level of both sides of the bin and
the temperature are being indicated, using the Internet of things (IoT) through a
microcontroller which is the Arduino Uno that has stored all the details regarding the
bin within it. Then necessary action to collect the garbage will be taken by tracking the
location through ID tags attached to each smart bin. The SMART SEGREGATION
BINS indeed makes the city smart as it has many advantages which will ultimately
increase the betterment of the society.
The segregation of plastic waste and reusable waste provides a sophisticated
method of waste management that has an adverse effect on human health and the
environment. The project contains a few sensors which will be attached to either side
of the bin through which the types of waste will be categorized. It has been found that
50% of Indian residents face the problem of improper waste collection and manage-
ment. This method helps to control waste management, which will pave ways for
making smart cities much more efficient and clean. It also helps to create a healthy
environment by reducing health risks and hazards that affect mankind. Proper waste
management helps us to improve the quality of waste as well as reduce the emission
of greenhouse gases. So, when they collect the waste, they are usually retrieved for
redistribution, recycling, and reusing of wastes, thereby reducing pollution and other
health hazards.
By implementing this method, proper waste management can be taken into
account and thus utilization of resources will also increase. The smart bin is an
efficient and hygienic waste disposal and segregation system which will eventually
help in waste optimization.

Smart Segregation Bins for Cities Using Internet of Things (IoT) 719
2RelatedWorks
A system has a belt that is driven by dc-motor to carry the waste to the dustbins with
help of sensors [1]. The metal detectors are used to separate the metallic wastes which
are collected to the separate bins. Likewise, the dry and wet wastes are also collected
in separate bins. The segregation method implemented is effective and helpful to the
municipality for the separation of metallic waste, dry waste, and wet waste. This
segregation is carried on with the help of sensors.
AsmartwastebinbasedontheInternetofThings(IoT)[2]andthecorresponding
real prototype. The detail about waste in the garbage is collected and the details are
transmitted over the internet. With this, the real-time status can also be viewed using
any tools available online by the citizens and checks the status of availability of bins
that are around different areas of the city.
A system that claims to sort the waste into wet, metallic, and dry wastes using
an automatic waste sorter and a robotic waste delivery system [3]. Right after the IR
sensor detects the existence of the waste, the robotic arm collects those wastes and
using AWS, the sorting process is done. With the help of sensors and a robotic arm,
the results of the experiment carried out are successful.
An alert system to the user about overfull of waste and manages the system and
provide fully automated smart bin [4]. It also predicts if waste is wet or dry. It is
efficient and saves time, helps in waste collection and management.
Amechanicalarrangementfordrywasteandwetwasteareseparatedandcollected
into a container [5]. The dry wastes are detected using IR sensor and wet wastes are
detected using moisture sensor. The percentage of waste available in the bins are
represented graphically is uploaded to the application which can be viewed by the
user who have account to the application. The user can access the application by
using the username and password created.
Asystemdevelopedbyusingraspberrypicontainsablower,aconveyor,andthe
sensors like moisture sensor, IR sensor, and capacitive proximity sensor to separate
dry and wet waste [6].
The waste is separated into metallic and non-metallic waste. The experiment
analysis comprises of 3 stages, where in stage 1—the detection of metallic and non-
metallic wastes observed using inductive proximity sensor. In stage 2—wet and dry
wastes are observed and in stage 3—the isolation process takes place.
Asystemtouseaparallelresonanceimpedancesystemalongwithfewsensors
in order to segregate the wastes automatically [7]. The experiment is carried out
successfully and using IoT the type of waste and the quantity of waste is monitored.
A methodology that uses a capacitive sensor and inductive sensor [8]. The sensor
checks the waste materials and segregates metallic and non-metallic wastes which
are controlled by Raspberry pi and Think Speak web. The wastes are separated and
composed in varying containers that ensures the industries that waste are segregated
successfully in an effective manner and waste can be recycled. The entire process is
carried on using Raspberry pi.

720 K. Srisabarimani et al.
The system composed of ARM 7 microcontroller [9], sensors, and the IoT Tech-
nology, detects the level of dirt, once it reaches the threshold level, it sends a message
to the Municipal/Government authority person with the location of that waste bins
using Global Positioning System (GPS).
AcontainerconsistingofanArduinoNanoboardandanultrasonicsensoris
used to sense the fullness level of the bins. The SMS alert was sent using the GSM
module, which was operated using a solar panel and powered by a Lithium battery.
This provides effective trash management on a small scale over various locations.
Asystemwouldbeabletomonitorthesolidwastecollection,process,andsegre-
gate dry and wet waste [11]. The waste segregator segregates the waste into three
major classes: plastic, organic, and metallic using Arduino successfully.
Asystemtosegregatethewastesintothreecategories—metallic,wetanddry
at the disposal level itself [12]. With the help of an inductive proximity sensor, the
conveyor belt and a high speed blower, the wastes are been separated automatically.
The experiment is done by using household waste and the test results show posi-
tive sign in segregating the waste. The localization algorithms like Multilateration
(MLAT) method, K-nearest neighbor (KNN), and Minimum Mean Square Error
(MMSE) method with RSS for Wi-Fi [13]. This algorithm provides a correlation
between the original data stored in the database and the location of the estimated bin
with high accuracy and less error.
This approach provides a range of the network that is connected in the model by
reducing traffic using LoRa and power that is consumed by the device [14], [15].
This approach discussed about low energy harvesting [16].
3ProposedWork
The main aim of the work is to segregate the wastes into plastic and reusable auto-
matically as shown in Fig. 1.Adiskiskeptatthetopofthebininwhichthereisa
slight opening in the plastic side through which the plastic waste enters the other side
of the bin when the air blower is turned ON. The Capacitive sensor also senses the
presence of plastic waste. Initially, the wastes are dumped into the dustbin. Sensing
the presence of the object, the IR sensor turns the Air blower ON with the help of
the microcontroller. According to researches, the density of plastic is comparatively
less than that of reusable waste. So the air blower blows the plastic wastes to the
other side of the bin. The Biodegradable waste is pushed down on the same side
with the help of the servo motor, which, in turn, rotates the disk. This way both the
plastic and the reusable wastes are separated. Ultrasonic sensors are used to measure
the level of the waste on both sides sends an alert message when the bin is about to
overflow through the microcontroller to the waste management control room where
the temperature, levels of plastic waste, and the biodegradable waste of the bin is
being monitored during IoT.
The necessary action to collect the garbage will be taken by tracking the location
through ID tags attached to each smart bin.

Smart Segregation Bins for Cities Using Internet of Things (IoT) 721
In Fig. 2, to monitor the real time updates of the dustbin, we have used a cloud
server system where all the data regarding the bin will be stored and using the Wi-Fi
module these data can be accessed. We have created a web page where the database
will be displayed. All the action is performed by IoT.
In Fig. 3,Arduinoisthemicrocontrollerforouroperation.Tothismicrocontroller,
all the sensors as well as other components are attached. The IR sensor is used to
sense the presence of the waste once it is thrown inside the bin. The two ultrasonic
sensors kept on either side of the bin is used to measure the level of waste on both
plastic and reusable side. In order to get better results, a capacitive sensor is used to
detect the plastics inside the waste. To regulate the power supply from Arduino to
servo motor, a motor driver is used so that the disk is made to rotate which will be
helpful for reusable waste segregation.
In Fig. 4,initially,whenthewasteisthrowninsidethebin,thepresenceofwaste
is sensed by an IR sensor. It will instruct the microcontroller which will turn on the
Fig. 1 The Design of smart segregation bin
Fig. 2 Web- p a ge

722 K. Srisabarimani et al.
Fig. 3 The block diagram of smart segregation bins

Smart Segregation Bins for Cities Using Internet of Things (IoT) 723
Fig. 4 The workflow of smart segregation bins
air blower which will blow off the plastic wastes to the other side of the bin since the
density of plastic wastes is considerably less than that of reusable waste. According
to the global survey, the density of plastic waste is found to be around 180 kg/m3
and the density of reusable waste is around 459.35 kg/m3it will be easy to blow off
plastic waste to the other side of the bin.
The capacitive sensor is used to sense the presence of the plastic, therefore, along
with the air blower, the capacitive sensor also gives better results in segregating
plastics from reusable wastes. The microcontroller will turn on the servo motor which
will make the disk like structure to rotate. Once it begins to rotate, the remaining
wastes which are the reusable wastes are made to push downwards so that they fall
inside the bin. Likewise, the process is carried out until the waste on both sides is
about to overflow.
Ultrasonic sensors are kept to measure the level of wastes on both sides. When it
is about to overflow, an alert message is sent so that the waste can be collected from
the garbage bin. Also, all information about the bin will be stored in the cloud server
system, and using the Wi-Fi module, the real-time status of the bin can be monitored.

724 K. Srisabarimani et al.
4ResultandDiscussions
In Fig. 5,thecircuitconnectionswehavemadeforourproject.Itisclearlyshown
that the wires of the sensors and the rest of the other components are connected to the
Arduino microcontroller. We use a relay switch to enhance the performance. Toward
the downside, we have etched node MCU over the PCB board.
In Fig. 6., the connection of components that we have used in our project. To the
top, the two ultrasonic sensors have been fixed. These two ultrasonic sensors detect
the level of waste on either side of the bin. Exactly opposite to that is the infrared
sensor which is used to sense the presence of waste once it is thrown in the bin.
Besides is the temperature sensor, which is used to measure the temperature of the
bin. Along the side is the air blower with the plastic sensor. This air blower is used
to make the plastic waste fall off the other side of the bin when it is turned on, and
in order to get better results, we have also used the plastic sensor. To the side of the
rotating disk is the servomotor with which the disk is made to rotate.
In Fig. 7,theoutlookoftheprototypewheresensorsareattachedtothesides.The
plastic waste is separated from the reusable wastes using the air blower and in order
Fig. 5 Model Circuit

Smart Segregation Bins for Cities Using Internet of Things (IoT) 725
Fig. 6 Working model
Fig. 7 Final outlet

726 K. Srisabarimani et al.
to get more efficient results, the capacitive sensor comes into action which will sense
the presence of the plastic. By this method, the plastic wastes will be separated from
the reusable wastes. Then remains there usable wastes. The circular disk on top will
rotate once the servo motor is turned on. There is a circular disk-like structure placed
that contains the reusable wastes. When the servo motor is turned on, this disk-like
structure is made to rotate, and is made to push downwards so that all the remaining
reusable waste falls down inside the bin.
5 Experimental Explanation
In Fig. 8, we are performing the experiment by taking few plastic wrappers for plastic
wastes and a wooden broken pencil and a vegetable to represent reusable waste. When
the power supply is turned on, these wastes are placed on the rotating disk and the
IR sensor senses the presence of these wastes. Then it will instruct the air blower to
turn on through the Arduino Microcontroller.
In Fig. 9,theairblowerblowsofftheplasticwastestotheplasticsideofthebin
since the density of plastic waste is considerably less than that of reusable waste, what
Fig. 8 Throwing the waste

Smart Segregation Bins for Cities Using Internet of Things (IoT) 727
Fig. 9 Remaining reusable waste
remains on the top of the disk is the reusable wastes. After few seconds, the servo
motor turns on which makes this disk to push itself downwards and the remaining
reusable wastes are made to fall on the reusable side of the bin.
In Fig. 10,thefinaloutputofthefirsthalfoftheprojectwherethewastesare
segregated into plastic and reusable waste and are made to fall on its respective sides
of the bin using sensors and few components.
Figure 11 shows the outlook of the web page through which all the data collected
by the cloud server system and which are accessed by the Wi-Fi module can be moni-
tored. The information such as the temperature of the bin measured by a temperature
sensor, the garbage level on either side of the bin is detected by the ultrasonic sensor
and the date which shows when the last time the experiment has been performed was
monitored.
In Fig. 12,thehistorybuttonisclickedtheresultsofpreviouslyperformedexperi-
ments will be displayed. When the waste is about to overflow, with the alert message
sent by the ultrasonic sensor the wastes from the waste management control room,
the municipality will call for laborers to collect the waste from the garbage bin. This
way not only the segregation of wastes is performed, but also we have made sure
that the employment of daily labors is not affected.

728 K. Srisabarimani et al.
Fig. 10 Final output
Fig. 11 The real time monitoring system output
6FutureWork
Every project has a scope of improvement. Perhaps the most pressing issue of parting
of the waste is when they are disposed of instantaneously. The smart bin can be
improvised further which would include the separation of wastes such as paper and

Smart Segregation Bins for Cities Using Internet of Things (IoT) 729
Fig. 12 The real time monitoring system output after segregation
plastic, safe segregation of biomedical waste generated at home, a compact and
aesthetic Mechanical design.
7 Conclusion
The smart bins have various features such as durability, affordability, and accuracy.
The Smart Dustbin can have a lot of contribution toward the clean neat and hygienic
environment in the construction of a smart city. The advantages of the smart bins
are: saves time for the segregation of waste; helps to keep our environment clean
and green from the bad odor of wastes to improve the health of the environment
to keep cities clean; reduces air pollution in the society. The cost of Infrastructure,
operating, and maintenance will be reduced. The smart waste management process
to the city will enhance the smart city. There few drawbacks in the system are, it
requires a large number of bins for collecting the separated waste for the population
in the city. The initial cost is expensive when compared to other methods. It also
requires a well-structured hardware system.
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