Impact of Intermittent Renewable Energy Generations Penetration on Harmonics in Microgrid Distribution Networks

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Impact of Intermittent Renewable Energy
Generations Penetration on Harmonics in Microgrid
Distribution Networks
Robi Kurniawan
Dept. of Renewable Energy
Universitas Malikussaleh
Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
robikurniawan467@gmail.com
Muhammad Daud
Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Malikussaleh
Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
mdaud@unimal.ac.id
Arnawan Hasibuan
Faculty of Engineering
Universitas Malikussaleh
Lhokseumawe, Indonesia
arnawan@unimal.ac.id
Abstract—The uncertainty and variability inherent in
renewable energy creates operational and planning challenges
for power systems. The issue of power system stability, lack of
technical awareness and the study of the impact of the relevant
renewable energy power grid are factors hindering the use of
large-scale integration of renewable energy sources (solar and
wind). The characteristics of intermittent renewable energy
generators demand that grid impact studies should be carried
out to ensure that the power grid is operated stably. This study
focuses on assessing the impact of Intermittent Renewable
Energy Generators (IREGs) on the power stability of the
power grid by considering photovoltaic and wind power plants.
This research focuses on analyzing the harmonics caused by
the intermittent integration of photovoltaic and wind power
systems in the microgrid distribution power network. The
integration of photovoltaic and wind power involves steady
state and dynamic analysis of the power grid. In addition, load
flow simulations are carried out to assess the performance of
the static conditions of the power grid. Furthermore, dynamic
analysis is carried out by applying 3-phase short circuits at
critical points of the network and observing how harmonic and
stability in the system. The simulation was carried out using
ETAP 19.0 software which was used to model a network of 20
kV distribution systems from the Substation of Meulaboh city.
Simulation of existing conditions and after penetration shows
that each bus has total harmonic distortion voltage and total
harmonic distortion current values below the allowable
standard. In addition, the results of the power flow simulation
in the existing conditions experienced a voltage drop.
Keywords— renewable energy; intermittent renewable
energy generators; harmonics; ETAP
I. INTRODUCTION
Today photovoltaic systems and wind technologies play
an important role in power generation compared to
traditional stand-alone systems [1]. Denmark is noted as the
country that uses the most PV systems and wind technology
[2]. Based on Ember Climate data, total electricity from
PLTB and PLTS in Denmark reached 51.9% of the total
electricity generated in the country in 2021. In the next
position, there is Uruguay with a share of PLTB and PLTS of
46.7%, followed by Luxembourg 43.4%, Lithuania 36.9%,
and Spain 32.9%. Globally, wind and solar power generation
generated 10.3% of the world's electricity supply in 2021 and
this figure is an increase from 9.3% in 2020 [3].
PV and wind technologies are also playing an important
role in the shift towards green growth, a low-carbon
economy, and a larger share of renewable energy in the
energy mix [4]. This creates new challenges in the
management and operation of power systems due to the
intermittent and variability inherent in solar power
generation and wind energy [5][6]. This variability mandates
that network impact studies should be conducted and
requires a comprehensive analysis prior to the integration of
IREGs into utility grids [7].
Some studies suggest that a penetration rate of IREGs of
more than 30% is possible without compromising the
transient stability of the power system [8]. Successful
integration and penetration of IREGs into the power grid
requires accurate modeling [9], and its power conditioning
system needs to be well understood to design and assess
system performance [10]. Failure of assessments on PV
systems and wind energy can lead to grid instability at the
expense of power system reliability, supply security and
utility grid power quality [11].
There are several factors that affect the level of efficiency
and performance of PV systems and wind turbines [12]. In
addition to ambient temperature conditions and fluctuations
in solar radiation, the characteristics that PV systems have
can also cause serious problems related to the efficiency
response and overall power quality of the system [13]. This
is stated by reference [14] that low solar radiation has a
significant impact on the output of the PV system and the
power quality of the system. While the power quality of
wind turbines is predominantly influenced by wind speed,
converters and types of generators [15]. Power quality can be
said to be good when the sinusoidal voltage and output
current of the power system are free from harmonics, inter-
harmonics and voltage distortion [16].
In general, the harmonics of current and voltage
generated by power plants can degrade power quality and
degrade the reliability and safety of electrical equipment
[17]. Harmonic currents can also cause interference with the
telecommunications system, errors in the measuring
instrument and excessive heat in the power breaker
equipment. As a result, the power breaker can be
disconnected by itself, the control system locks by itself, and
there are many more problems caused [18].
This study will focus on discussing the impact of
penetration of Intermittent Renewable Energy Generators
(IREGs) on harmonics on the power stability of the power
grid at the microgrid distribution level by considering solar
(PV) and wind power plants using ETAP 19.0 software.
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Solar Power Plant
Solar power plant is a plant that converts photon energy
from solar into electrical energy [19][20]. Solar power plants
utilize sunlight to produce DC (Direct Current) electricity
and can be converted into AC (Alternating Current)
electricity if needed [21]. Polycrystalline silicon is a
semiconductor material commonly used in photovoltaic
ELTICOM 2022 30

panels and the principle is the same as the principle of p-n
diodes [22][23].
Fig. 1. Work ing principle of Solar Cells [24]
From the character of the connection, photovoltaic solar
power plants that produce electricity in the form of direct
current (DC) electricity are connected through power
electronics [25] as the diagram shown in the image below.
Fig. 2. Direct current (DC) power plant is connected to the alternating
voltage (AC) power grid through a power electronics device [26]
B. Wind Power Plant
Wind power plant is a power generation system built
from wind turbines [27]. Wind turbines operate on two
conversion principles. The rotor blades capture the kinetic
energy of the wind and convert it into rotational mechanical
energy, then the generator converts the rotational mechanical
energy into electrical energy [28]. The mathematical
equation of mechanical energy generated by wind is as
follows.
!
"
#
$
%
&
'
(
)
*
$
+
,
-
./
0
"
1
(1)
Where !" is the power generated by the wind, . is the
density of air (kg/m3 ), A is the rotor area (m2), 23 is the
wind speed (m/s), dan Cp is the power coefficient of both the
speed ratio functions, * and the angle of the blade setting, ,
[29].
Fig. 3. Wind turbin es in general
C. Power Sysytem Stability
The power system's ability to survive disruption without
having to sacrifice customer service is very noteworthy [8].
In operating a safe power system, the power system must pay
attention to the following, namely knowing the safety of the
power system, knowing the influence when the power
system is operated under different conditions and
configurations, and knowing the actions that must be taken
when the power system is operated within acceptable limits
[30]. To ensure the safety of the power system, the system
must be operated in a stable state. The IEE/CIGRE group
defines power system stability as the ability of a power
system at the time of certain operating conditions to be able
to return to a state of operating equilibrium after a physical
disturbance with variables in the system that are limited in
such a way and remain a complete overall system [31].
The stability of electric power systems can be classified
into rotor angle stability, frequency stability and voltage
stability as in the following figure [32].
Fig. 4. Power system stability classification [33]
The stability of the rotor angle is said to be stable when
the synchronous engine on the power system network
remains under normal operating conditions after a
disturbance [34]. Meanwhile, the power system's ability to
maintain the bus voltage at the operational limit after a
disturbance in normal operation is called voltage stability.
[35]. Frequency stability is the power system's ability to
maintain nominal operating frequency after the system has
experienced an imbalance between generation and load that
causes synchronous generator angle instability [36].
D. Harmonics
Harmonics is the phenomenon of distortion in electrical
network waves caused by the operation of non-linear
electrical loads [37]. The frequency of the distortion wave is
formed in multiples of the fundamental wave frequency
value, where this wave will hitch a ride on the fundamental
wave resulting in the formation of a defective wave which is
the number between the fundamental wave and the distortion
harmonic wave [37].
ELTICOM 2022 31

Fig. 5. Fundamental waves and harmonic waves
The comparison of harmonic frequencies with base
frequencies is the order of harmonics, expressed in the
following equation.
4
#
5
6
5
(2)
Harmonic parameters include:
a) Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD).
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(3)
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(4)
b) Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)
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(6)
c) Root Means Square (RMS)
7
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(7)
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(8)
Harmonic distortion has several problems in the power
system such as overheating and neutral damage of the
conductor in the distribution transformer [38].
E. Microgrids
Microgrids are an example of a distributed generation
pattern [39]. According to EU research projects microgrids
include a small-scale distribution system, consisting of
distributed energy sources, which include microturbines, fuel
cells, PV and so on, with energy storage media (flywheels,
energy capacitors and batteries) as well as flexible loads
[40]. Microgrids are located at low voltage, can work under
normal conditions and emergency operating conditions so as
to improve reliability. In addition to improving reliability,
microgrids are also environmentally friendly [41].
The conditions and factors affecting the stability of the
microgrid are shown in the following figure [42].
Fig. 6. Different stability issues in microgrids [43]
III. METHOD
A. System Design
This study evaluated the impact of IREG (Solar PV and
Wind) integration on power quality, especially harmonics.
This study was conducted to contribute and further
knowledge about the harmonic distortion of voltage and
current in relation to pv and wind power installations. This
study considers the dynamic performance and static state of
the network. The dynamic analysis in this study was carried
out by applying a 3-phase short circuit fault to the bus bar
with the appropriate pressure from the power grid so that the
selected location resulted in maximum electrical system
instability. After the fault is applied, the time domain
response of the harmonics of both current and voltage
distortions is observed before and after the fault conditions.
Static condition performance is evaluated by analyzing the
voltage performance against the 20 kV distribution system of
the Meulaboh Substation (GI) using ETAP 19.0 software.
For the simulation of installing IREGs integration, 3
scenarios are used. This is based on the most voltage drop
points can be seen in the following table.
TABLE I. DISTRIBUTED GENERATION MOUNT SCENARIOS
Scenario Location of DG Type of DG Capacity of DG
Scenario 1 Bus GH Calang Photovoltaic 210.7 kW
Scenario 2 Bus GH Lamno Wind Turbine 332 kW
Scenario 3
Bus GH Calang
and Bus GH
Lamno
Photovoltaic and
Wind Turbine 542.7 kW
ELTICOM 2022 32

Fig. 7. Meulaboh city power grid at ETAP
There are several modellings carried out in analyzing the
data in this study, namely:
• Transformer modeling
• Load modeling
• Transmission line modeling
• IREGs modeling
B.
ETAP Software Parameter Setting
Simulation review is carried out at a time when the
system is running in a normal state and maximum load. The
calculation of the power flow of the electrical system is
carried out using the Newton Raphson method in the ETAP
software, with a maximum iteration of 99, a precision of
solution of 0.0001, a system frequency of 50 Hz and an
English system unit. Warning simulation settings used to
notify the condition of the electrical system that have been
determined based on PLN standards (SPLN 1: 1995) namely
the overvoltage tolerance limit of +5% and the undervoltage
tolerance limit of -10% [44].
IV.
R
ESULT AND
D
ISCUSSION
A.
Simulation Results and Power Flow Analysis
Power flow simulation is carried out to determine the
value of voltage, active power, reactive power, pseudo-
power, and power factor in each bus [45]. It should be
understood that harmonic problems are closely related to the
power flow of the system because of the consequences
caused such as excessive losses [46].
Fig. 8. Power flow conditions of existing
TABLE II. S
IMULAT ION
R
ESULTS OF
E
XISTING
P
OWER
F
LOW
Bus ID kV % PF MVA Amp MW MVAR
Bus GH Calang 18.349 85.0 6.211 121.9 3.29 2.04
Bus GH Lamno 17.545 85.0 2.194 72.2 1.86 1.15
Fig. 9. Power flow conditions of PV integration to the grid
TABLE III. S
IMULAT ION
R
ESULTS
I
NTEGRATION
P
OWER
F
LOW
PV-
TO
-G
RID
Bus ID kV % PF MVA Amp MW MVAR
Bus GH Calang 19.13 82.5 6.499 196.2 2.72 1.686
Bus GH Lamno 18.44 85.0 2.231 69.9 1.56 0.969
ELTICOM 2022 33

Fig. 10. Power flow conditions of wind-to-grid integration
TABLE IV. S
IMULAT ION
R
ESULTS OF
W
IND
I
NTEGRATION
P
OWER
F
LOW TO
G
RID
Bus ID kV % PF MVA Amp MW Mvar
Bus GH Calang 19.74 77.9 6.512 190.5 2.72 1.686
Bus GH Lamno 19.36 85.0 2.271 67.7 1.564 0.969
Fig. 11. Power flow conditions of wind and pv integration to the grid
TABLE V. S
IMULAT ION
R
ESULTS OF
PV
AND
W
IND
I
NTEGRATION
P
OWER
F
LOW TO
T
HE
G
RID
Bus ID kV % PF MVA Amp MW MVAR
Bus GH Calang 20.31 75.9 6.211 121.9 2.72 1.686
Bus GH Lamno 20 84.2 2.194 72.2 1.564 0.969
The results of the simulation of the existing condition
power flow (Table II) show two buses that experienced a
voltage drop condition from the nominal voltage. On the GH
Calang Bus it is 8.26% or 1.65 kV and on the GH Lamno
Bus it is 12.28% or 2.45 kV. The condition on the GH Bus is
still within the marginal limit, while the condition of the GH
Lamno Bus has exceeded the marginal limit, according to
PLN standards (SPLN 1: 1995) where the maximum limit
drops voltage by - 10% of the nominal voltage.
The result of a power flow simulation after the
integration of 210.7 kW of PV into the installation grid on
the GH Calang Bus was presented in Table III. After this PV
Integration, the voltage on each bus has increased. Where on
the GH Calang Bus experienced an increase of 3.89% or 0.77
kV and on the GH Lamno Bus experienced an increase of
4.48% or 0.89 kV. The results of the power flow simulation
after the integration of 332 kW of wind into the mounting
grid on the GH Lamno Bus can be seen in Table IV. After
this wind integration, the voltage on each bus also increases.
Where on the GH Calang Bus it increased by 7.0% or 1.39
kV and on the GH Lamno Bus it increased by 9.1% or 1.81
kV.
Furthermore, simulation of electricity flow after hybrid
integration (photovoltaics and wind turbines) into the grid,
installation on the GH Calang Bus and GH Lamno Bus can
be seen in table 5. The most significant voltage increase was
shown after the integration of this hybrid, which was 9.81%
or 1.96 kV on the GH Calang Bus and by 12.26% or 2.45 kV
on the GH Lamno Bus.
In addition, from Table II to V, it can be seen that the
power factor ranges from 79% to 85% below the tolerance
limit determined by the State Electricity Company (PLN).
This means that harmonic sources of both PV and wind
turbines affect the power factor. It is also influenced by the
large variation of the load on the system. In periods of low
load, the supply voltage and magnetizing current increase,
causing the power factor to decrease [47]. However, it is
very important to know that power factor is a major
consideration in harmonic analysis because the two power
quality parameters affect each other [17].
B.
Simulation Results and Harmonics Analysis
This simulation aims to determine the THD value of
voltage and current THD, and the dominant harmonic order
in the system and its IHD value. The following are the results
of simulations with ETAP.
TABLE VI. S
IMULAT ION
R
ESULTS OF
E
XISTING
V
OLTAGE
H
ARMONIC S
Bus ID Fund (%) RMS (%) THD (%)
Bus GH Calang 91.74 91.75 0.379
Bus GH Lamno 87.72 87.73 0.061
ELTICOM 2022 34

TABLE VII. SIMULATION RESULTS OF PV INTEGRATION VOLTAGE
HARMONIC TO THE GRID
Bus ID Fund (%) RMS (%) THD (%)
Bus GH Calang 95.63 95.63 0.363
Bus GH Lamno 92.20 92.20 0.057
TABLE VIII. SIMULATION RESULTS OF WIND INTEGRATION
VOLTAGE HARMONIC S TO THE GRID
Bus ID Fund (%) RMS (%) THD (%)
Bus GH Calang 98.70 98.70 0.353
Bus GH Lamno 96.79 96.79 0.054
TABLE IX. SIMULATION RESULTS OF PV AND WIND INTEGRATION
VOLTAGE HARMONIC S TO THE GRID
Bus ID Fund (%) RMS (%) THD (%)
Bus GH Calang 101.55 101.55 0.344
Bus GH Lamno 99.98 99.98 0.053
Table VI until Table IX presented the result of a
simulation of the voltage harmonics of conditions before and
after the installation of the integration of PV and wind
turbines. The simulation results of the voltage harmonics of
the existing conditions are 0.379% on the Calang GH Bus
and 0.061% on the Lamno GH Bus. The simulation results of
voltage harmonics of PV integration to the grid are 0.363%
on the Calang GH Bus and 0.057% on the Lamno GH Bus.
The simulation results of voltage harmonics integration of
wind to grid are 0.353% on the Calang GH Bus and 0.054%
on the Lamno GH Bus. While the simulation results of the
integration of PV and wind voltage harmonics to the grid are
0.344% on the Calang GH Bus and 0.053% on the Lamno
GH Bus. It can be seen that PV contributes a greater value of
voltage harmonics than wind to the power grid.
It can be seen that the magnitude of the voltage THD
value indicates that all buses present on the system have
substandard THD. Where the minimum normal THD voltage
threshold limit allowed in accordance with the IEEE
Std.519-2014 standard for electrical systems below 69 kV is
5% [48]. It can also be seen that the voltage harmonics after
the installation of PV and wind turbine integration produced
by the system are very small with a range of 0.05 to 0.3%.
This shows that PV and wind turbines affect the harmonic
value of the system.
In addition to the voltage harmonics, the value of current
distortion must also be observed. The following are the
simulation results that explain the THD current data on the
electrical system of the 20 kV distribution grid from the
Meulaboh substation.
TABLE X. SIMULATION RESULTS OF EXISTING CURRENT
HARMONIC S
Bus ID Isc (kA) IL (kA) Isc/IL THD (%)
Bus GH Calang 1.372 0.138 9.94 0.351
Bus GH Lamno 0.838 0.031 27.03 0.991
TABLE XI. SIMULATION RESULTS OF PV INTEGRATION CURRENT
HARMONI SC TO GRID
Bus ID Isc (kA) IL (A) Isc/IL THD (%)
Bus GH Calang 1.380 0.149 9.26 0.364
Bus GH Lamno 0.841 0.330 2.55 0.972
TABLE XII. SIMULATION RESULTS OF WIND INTEGRATION
CURRENT HARMONIC S TO GRID
Bus ID Isc (kA) IL (A) Isc/IL THD (%)
Bus GH Calang 1.404 0.140 10.03 0.453
Bus GH Lamno 0.906 0.350 2.59 1.041
TABLE XIII. SIMULATION RESULTS OF PV AND WIND
INTEGR ATION CURRENT HARMONIC S TO GRID
Bus ID Isc (kA) IL (A) Isc/IL THD (%)
Bus GH Calang 1.412 0.144 9.81 0.461
Bus GH Lamno 0.909 0.360 2.53 1.011
The data listed in Table X until Table XIII are the results
of simulating the harmonic current conditions before and
after the integration of PV and wind turbines. The result of
the current harmonic simulation of existing conditions is
0.351% on GH Calang Bus and 0.991% on GH Lamno Bus.
The result of the harmonic simulation of PV integration flow
to the grid was 0.364% on GH Calang Bus and 0.972% on
GH Lamno Bus. The result of the harmonic simulation of the
wind integration current to the grid was 0.453% on the GH
Calang Bus and 1,041% on the GH Lamno Bus. Meanwhile,
the result of the harmonic simulation of the current of PV
and wind integration to the grid is 0.461% on the GH Calang
Bus and 1,011% on the GH Lamno Bus. It can be seen that
the wind turbine contributes a harmonic value of current
greater than that of PV to the power grid.
The current harmonics of microgrid systems can be
determined by the calculation of the ratio between the short-
circuit current (Isc) and the nominal current (IL) flowing in
the channel. THD current values range from 0.3 to 1.04%,
based on the IEEE Std. 519-2014 standard this value is
below the acceptable standard limit. Thus, the system has
high reliability and safety.
V. CONCLUSION
Based on the results of the ETAP simulation and the
calculations that have been carried out, it can be concluded
as follows:
1. The results of the simulation of the existing condition
power flow show that there are 2 buses that
experience undervoltage conditions of nominal
voltage. namely on the GH Calang Bus of 8.26% or
1.65 kV and on the GH Lamno Bus of 12.28% or 2.45
kV.
2. Simulation of power flow after hybrid integration
(photovoltaic and wind turbine) to the grid,
installation on GH Calang Bus and GH Lamno Bus
showed the most significant voltage increase of 9.81%
or 1.96 kV on GH Calang Bus and by 12.26% or 2.45
kV on GH Lamno Bus.
3. THD voltage and THD current are below the standard
of IEEE Std.519-2014, the results show that all buses
in the system have THDv with a range of 0.05 to 0.3%
and THDI values ranging from 0.3 to 1.04%. This
ELTICOM 2022 35

value is the result of a simulation of the harmonic
conditions before and after the integration of IREGs.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The authors highly thankful to Kementerian Pendidikan,
Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi for funding this research
and LPPM Universitas Malikussaleh for managing the
research grant.
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