Anzar Ahmad Khuroo

University of Kashmir · Centre for Biodiversity & Taxonomy

Climate change and land use transformation are triggering the shift in species ranges, causing tropicalization of temperate floras and consequently impacting the endemic biodiversity of temperate zones. Therefore, early documentation of such floristic changes is essential for implementing effective management strategies to mitigate the loss of ende...

Invasive alien species (IAS) are one amongst the dominant drivers of global environ- mental change. The reported effects of IAS on biodiversity and ecosystems are often highly variable across species, habitats, and environmental settings, which constrains our capacity to empirically generalise their overall impact. To date, meta-analyses have inves...

Globally, treelines form a transition zone between tree‐dominated forest downslope and treeless alpine vegetation upslope. Treelines represent the highest boundary of “tree” life form in high‐elevation mountains and at high latitudes. Recently, treelines have been shifting upslope in response to climate warming, so it has become important to unders...

Globally, rapid climate and land-use changes in alpine environments are posing severe risks to their bountiful biodiversity and ecosystem services. Currently, nature-based solutions are fast-emerging as the preferred approach to address the challenges of environmental sustainability. In alpine environments, cushion plants owing to their unique arch...

Climate change and biological invasions represent significant drivers of biodiversity loss, and changes in climate and land use can also synergistically influence the naturalization of alien species into new areas. Therefore, reporting the transition of alien plant species along the casual-naturalization-invasion continuum can be crucial to the ear...

Invasive alien species (IAS) are currently considered as one of the major causes of global environmental change. To manage the IAS, it is crucial to identify the different environmental and associated anthropogenic drivers that contribute to invasion of alien species in non-native regions. Although multiple drivers of invasion have been identified...

Swertia kashmirensis subsp. darii (Gentianaceae), a new taxon from Kashmir Himalaya, India is described here with de- scription and photographic illustrations. The new taxon resembles in few morphological characters with congeneric S. kash- mirensis, but differs clearly in having basal leaves with apices acute, petals elliptic-oblong, apices obtuse...

Range shifts are a key mechanism that species employ in response to climate change. Increasing global temperatures are driving species redistributions to cooler areas. Studies have documented climate change–induced shifts in species distributions. The range shift in three plant species, namely Bellis peren- nis L., Cannabis sativa L., and Portulaca...

This paper reports Blascoa ephedrae Askew,1997, from Kashmir Himalaya, which is first record of this species from Asia. To validate this new record, a brief diagnosis, photographic illustrations and distributional map of the species are provided. In addition, the present study first time describes a novel interaction between B. ephedrae and a gymno...

Artemisia neosinensis is reported here as first distribution record for India from Jammu and Kashmir. The taxonomic identification of species was confirmed on the basis of protologue, type specimen, floral parts, i.e., marginal female florets and disc florets, phyllaries and achene characters. Detailed distribution map, description, taxonomic notes...

Whereas temporal variability of plant phenology in response to climate change has already been well studied, the spatial variability of phenology is not well understood. Given that phenological shifts may affect biotic interactions, there is a need to investigate how the variability in environmental factors relates to the spatial variability in her...

In an era of global environmental change, empirical synthesis of biodiversity data across geographic scales and taxonomic groups is urgently required. Recently, with an upsurge in data synthesis, substantial progress has been made in making massive biodiversity data available on a global scale. However, most of these databases lack sufficient geogr...

A new species, Artemisia kargilensis, is described here from Ladakh (Trans-Hima-laya), India. The new species can be distinguished from its allied congeners Artemisia salsoloides Willd. and A. saposhnikovii Krasch. ex Poljakov in having leaves sessile, leaf rachis winged, leaf segments linear to linear-lanceolate, capitula globose and upright, pedi...

The book “Field Manual on Alien Flora of Kashmir Himalaya: Casual, Naturalised and Invasive Plants” has been prepared with two main goals in mind: (i) to promote awareness on the threats of invasive alien plants to biodiversity, ecology and environment, and (ii) to encourage research on, and management of, the alien plants. The Manual contains co...

We are currently living in an age of Anthropocene [1]. Amongst the dominant drivers of Anthropocene, biological invasions by alien species are recognised as the second greatest threat to global biodiversity after habitat loss [2]. In recent times, the rising global trade, travel and transport have accelerated the rate of species’ introductions outs...

This Manual is based on the research work carried out by the authors in the Kashmir Himalaya. For documentation of the alien flora, we regularly surveyed the study region for field sampling, collection of data and plant specimens from 2019 to 2021. The study region lies between coordinates 33° 20′ to 34° 50′ North Latitude, 73° 55′ to 75° 35′ East...

Malvaceae Button weed, Velvetleaf ‘Velvat-pan sotchel’

Studying functional trait diversity can provide crucial clues about the adaptive survival strategies of regional plant species pool. Despite large-scale trait datasets available worldwide, the plant trait data from many biodiversity hotpot regions, like the Himalaya is still scarce. In this study, we aimed to investigate the plant functional traits...

Climate warming-driven temporal shifts in phenology are widely recognised as the foremost foot- print of global environmental change. In this regard, concerted research efforts are being made worldwide to monitor and assess the plant phenological responses to climate warming across species, ecosystems and seasons. Here, we present a global synthesi...

Climate warming-driven temporal shifts in phenology are widely recognised as the foremost footprint of global environmental change. In this regard, concerted research efforts are being made worldwide to monitor and assess the plant phenological responses to climate warming across species, ecosystems and seasons. Here, we present a global synthesis...

Invasive alien species are currently considered as one of the dominant drivers of global environmental change. Till now, the majority of studies have focused on single or a few traits of alien species that facilitate their invasion. Also inclusion of all the traits which determine the transition of aliens along the different stages of invasion cont...

Whereas temporal variability of plant phenology in response to climate change has already been well studied, the spatial variability of phenology is not well understood. Given that phenological shifts may affect the magnitude of biotic interactions, there is a need to investigate how the variability in environmental factors relates to the spatial v...

In meeting the challenges of biodiversity conservation, the taxonomic documentation of floristic diversity needs priority, particularly in data-deficient regions of the world. In this study, we present a comprehensive and updated checklist on the vascular flora of Ladakh, a region located in the remote Indian Trans-Himalaya. The checklist, based on...

The recent adoption of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework requires empirical synthesis of biodiversity data spanning across broad biogeographic scales to inform conservation policy and management. Although the availability and access to biodiversity databases have recently improved, yet majority of these databases lack sufficient geogra...

In temperate mountains, the belowground organ preformation prior to winter is a well-known adaptation strategy in perennial plants, however its detailed phenology is still poorly understood, particularly with reference to belowground floral morphogenesis. Here we investigate, in detail, the developmental stages occuring belowground and its relation...

Worldwide, invasive alien species (IAS) cause significant ecological and economic impacts. To meet the Target-6 of the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework that deals with IAS, it is crucial to fill the geographical knowledge gaps in invasion research. Towards this end, making available inventories of IAS from data-deficient regions of th...

Compression of life zones along elevational gradients in mountains supports diverse vegetation types, and therefore offers ideal setting to study plant functional traits. Functional traits, the features that enable plants to live in varied environmental conditions, help in understanding ecological interactions, evolutionary adaptations, and predict...

Subalpine-alpine vegetation of Himalayan global biodiversity hotspot forms the highest and unique ecosystem of the world. These ecosystems inhabit diverse cold adapted plants, which are currently threatened by global warming. Deciphering vegetation forms and their ecological niches is pre-requisite for evolving conservation strategies. Emerging rem...

In the Himalaya, collection of fodder from protected areas by local communities for sustenance of their livestock is an integral part of mountain farming systems. Here, we assess the diversity and utilization patterns of fodder resources collected by local communities from Overa-Aru wildlife sanctuary in Kashmir Himalaya. A multi-stage random sampl...

Trillium govanianum is a multipurpose medicinally valuable herb known to treat various human and livestock diseases in the traditional medicinal systems of India, Pakistan, Nepal, Bhutan and Tibet (China). Traditionally, it has been used to treat different types of diseases such as boils, dysentery, inflammation, menstrual disorders, sex-related di...

In an era of global environmental change, the treeline shift triggered by recent climate warming has been reported worldwide. However, it is still unknown how site-specific microclimatic conditions regulate the soil-vegetation relationship at treelines, which constrains our capacity to down-scale broad global trends in the treeline shift at regiona...

Artemisia dracunculus subsp. ladakhensis L. Ali, A.A. Khuroo & A.H. Ganie (Asteraceae) is described here as a new subspecies from Nubra Valley, Ladakh (Trans-Himalaya), India. It can be distinguished from A. dracunculus by several characters such as presence of taproot; sessile leaves that are undivided (but occasionally the middle cauline leaves a...

Understanding the genetic diversity and population structure of pharmaceutically important endangered plant species is crucial for their conservation and sustainable use. Despite the continuous population decline in Trillium govanianum Wall. ex D. Don, a highly prized medicinal plant endemic to the Himalaya, information regarding its conservation g...

It is vital to integrate local communities’ perception of ecosystem services (ES) into the management planning of protected areas. We investigated community perceptions of a broad range of ES in the Overa-Aru Wildlife Sanctuary, a designated protected area in Kashmir Himalaya. We conducted focus group discussions and semi-structured interviews with...

Introduction: The genus Actaea L., comprising of 32 species, has recently emerged as a source of potential phytochemicals with promising pharmacological properties. However, there is no review available integrating the scattered scientific studies on this genus. To fill this knowledge gap, an extensive review of the genus Actaea is presented with f...

Majority of global biodiversity databases lack sufficient coverage from the developing world and thus severely limiting their worldwide applicability. Bridging these knowledge gaps in global databases merits urgent research priority in biodiversity science. Here, we present Trees of India (ToI), Version-I, a comprehensive database assembled from an...

Soil microbial communities, being situated at the interface of aboveground plant and belowground soil systems, can play a pivotal role in determining ecosystem response to the drivers of global environmental change, including invasive species. In mountains, invasive plants occuring along elevational gradients offer a unique natural experimental sys...

The foremost role of forest vegetation in storing biomass and carbon (C) stock constitutes one of the main nature-based solutions to mitigate climate change. In this study, we aimed to quantify biomass and C stock partitioning in multiple vegetation strata (tree, shrub, herb, and ground floor layers) of major forest types in Jammu and Kashmir, West...

The Overa-Aru wildlife sanctuary is one of the largest protected areas in terms of area (425 km2) in Kashmir Himalaya. Here, we present an annotated checklist of flora of the sanctuary, which includes 397 taxa (392 species, 1 subspecies, 3 varieties and 1 forma) belonging to 254 genera in 76 families. Asteraceae was the dominant family with 57 spec...

Several species of the regional pool rarely become part of local communities. Such a con- siderable fraction of the species pool which remains absent but have potential to establish is referred to as dark diversity, and has till now remained understudied. In this study, we aimed to estimate the dark diversity, site-specific species pool, community...

Viola suavis subsp. naqshii (Violaceae) from Kashmir Himalaya, India is described here. The new taxon is based on char- acters like linear-lanceolate stipules with long fimbriae, position of bracteoles on peduncle and curved nature of the spur. Comparison of diagnostic characters of this new taxon with closely related taxa and photo-illustrations a...

Biotic homogenization by invasive alien species is one of the dominant drivers of global environmental change. However, little is known about the patterns of biotic homogenization in global biodiversity hotspots. Here, we fill this knowledge gap by studying the patterns of biotic homogenization and associated geographic and climatic correlates in I...

The ethnic communities living near Protected Areas (PAs) are critically dependent on medicinal plants for their healthcare. Although several ethnomedicinal studies are available from the Himalaya, yet the quantitative studies focusing on PAs in this region are largely overlooked. In this study, we aimed to document ethnomedicinal plants of Overa-Ar...

Understanding the vegetation and soil ecology of natural habitats harbouring threatened species is critical in conservation planning and restoration. The present study investigated the vegetation composition and soil physico-chemical attributes of natural habitats of Trillium govanianum – a threatened Himalayan endemic species. We laid 120 quadrats...

In an era of global environmental change, conservation of threatened biodiversity and ecosystem restoration are formidable ecological challenges. The forest understory strata and the belowground soil environment including rhizospheric microbial communities, which are crucial for ecosystem functioning and overall forest biodiversity maintenance, hav...

Oxalis corniculata L. is recorded for the first time from the Trans-Himalayan region of Ladakh. The plant species has a conspicuous stem, obcordate leaf blades, and umbellate inflorescence with yellow flowers and cylindrical or narrowly ovoid fruits. As the plant is known to spread rapidly, it may become an aggressive weed of agricultural crops in...

Phytosociological analysis and soil physicochemical properties provide the baseline data to understand the overall vegetation composition and structure. In this study, we investigated the species composition and diversity of vegetation assemblages of an endemic plant species Actaea kashmiriana along with the edaphic parameters. We laid randomly sel...

In this study, we investigated the reproductive biology of Trillium govanianum — a medicinally important endangered plant species endemic to the Himalaya. We specifically aimed to unravel the key floral traits that aid and/or limit the species’ reproduction, including the breeding strategies and modes of pollination. We studied qualitative and quan...

Treeline ecotones, the transition zone between the upper closed forest limit (timberline) and treeless alpine vegetation, are the most conspicuous features of mountain ecosystems around the world. Understanding the patterns of plant species richness in the treeline ecotones is crucial in accurately assessing and monitoring the treeline shifts and v...

Canopy height is a key physiognomic parameter of biodiversity, productivity and other ecosystem functions in high-elevation alpine ecosystems. However, little is known as to how altitude influences canopy height in these ecosystems. This study makes use of an open-access global forest canopy height map with a spatial resolution of 30 m that integra...

Ethnopharmacological relevance: The traditional knowledge about ethnomedicinal plants has a significant impact on human healthcare. However, across the globe especially in remote areas, this treasure-trove of traditional knowledge is being rapidly lost. Therefore, it is important to scientifically document and validate the folklore claims about med...

In prioritising conservation and sustainable use of medicinal plants, endemic species merit immediate research priority. Towards this endeavour, understanding the basic reproductive biology of endemic medicinal plant species is crucial to their successful conservation and sustainable utilisation. In this study, the reproductive biology of Actaea ka...

This paper reports seven species of lichens for the first time from India.

Lack of sufficient studies on seed ecology of endemic species poses practical hurdles in their habitat restoration programs. Here, we studied the seed ecology traits and regeneration potential of Actaea kashmiriana – an endemic plant species to Kashmir Himalaya. We conducted population sampling of the species at four different sites in Kashmir Hima...

Despite a wide range of nutritional and nutraceutical diversity existing within the wild germplasm of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) that can be utilized to develop genetically superior cultivars, little research efforts have been focused on the characterization of this neglected and underutilized crop in the Himalaya. To fill this research gap,...

Swertia drassensis (Gentianaceae) is described as a new species from Drass, an area located in the Trans-Himalaya region of Ladakh, India. This new species resembles in few characters to its congeneric Swertia petiolata, but clearly differs from it in possessing a pair of fused nectaries, fimbriae characteristically absent, margin of sepals slightl...

Plant-pollinator studies are increasingly using network analysis to investigate the structure and function of such communities. However, many areas of high diversity largely remained unexplored in this way. Our study describes a plant-pollinator meta-network from an overlooked biodiversity hotspot, the Kashmir Himalaya, where we specifically invest...

Documenting distribution records of biodiversity at regional scale plays a pivotal role in bridging the Wallacean shortfall in global knowledge on biodiversity. Here we report the first distribution record of a tree species, Pinus wallichiana A. B. Jackson to the flora of Ladakh – a remote region in Indian Trans-Himalaya. The tree species grows wil...

The present study reports the chromosome number and meiotic behavior including microsporogen- esis of Actaea kashmiriana J. Compton and its relation with pollen fertility and seed set. The species showed a chromosome count of 2n=4x=32 and meiotic chromosomal irregularities such as chromatin stickiness, cytomix- is, laggard formation, chromosomal br...

Swertia kashmirensis (Gentianaceae), a new species from Bangus Valley of Kashmir Himalaya, India is described here. The species resembles morphologically to Swertia thomsonii but differs markedly from it by cauline leaves free at base, petals having obtuse apices, nectaries oblong-oval, fimbriae 3-5, restricted on lower part of the nectary towards...

The family Amaryllidaceae displays striking diversity in floral morphology, and as such its members have been grown as ornamentals since long in the Kashmir valley to enhance its picturesque natural landscape. In the absence of a taxonomic account of the ornamental species of Amaryllidaceae available for Kashmir valley, the present study report 19...

Plagiochila pseudopoeltii, a leafy liverwort is reported here for the first time from Kashmir Himalaya. The species was collected from Dachigam National Park, Srinagar district, and grows on moist soil as well as on the tree trunk. A detailed illustrated account of the species has been provided to validate the new distribution record and facilitate...

In an era of climate change, quantifying forest biomass and carbon stock along elevational gradients in moun- tainous areas assumes immediate relevance for carbon budgeting and forest management. Here, we carried out extensive field studies to quantify the tree biomass and carbon stock of major forest types along a wide eleva- tional gradient (350–...

Detailed examination of the protologue, herbarium, and live specimens of Ephedra kardangensis P. Sharma & P. L. Uniyal (Systematic Botany, 35:730–735, 2010) revealed that this species actually corresponds to E. gerardiana. Therefore, we report here E. kardangensis as a new synonym of E. gerardiana. Discrepancies in the description, diagnosis, and t...

Historically, and even today, discovery of new species has remained one of the primary research activities driving the discipline of taxonomy. Discovering scientifically still unknown biodiversity is critical in addressing the taxonomic impediment which is hampering our progrees to meet the challenges of global biodiversity crisis. However, in the...

Critical study of the protologue, herbarium and live specimens of Ephedra yangthangensis Prabha Sharma & Rita Singh revealed that this species actually corresponds to E. intermedia. The description of E. yangthangensis as a new species is based on phenotypically plastic characters such as nature of microsporagiophore, size of male strobili and colo...

In an era of climate change, quantifying forest biomass and patterns of carbon stock along elevational gradients in mountainous areas are particularly important for carbon budgeting and forest management. Here, we carried out extensive field studies to quantify the tree biomass and carbon stock of 12 major forest types along a wide elevational grad...

The Himalaya – a global biodiversity hotspot – harbours diverse flora and fauna, but increasingly beset with multiple threats, including biological invasion by invasive alien species. Here, we aimed to investigate the diversity, distribution, and drivers of alien flora in the Indian Himalayan Region (IHR), a region spread across 12 states/union ter...

Experimental evidences in support of climate warming–driven phenological shifts are still scarce, particularly from the developing world. Here, we investigated the effect of experimental warming on flowering phenology of selected woody plants in Kashmir Himalaya. We selected the twigs of four congeneric pairs of temperate woody species (Prunus, Pop...

Lagotis kunawurensis Rupr. (Plantaginaceae), a rare plant species endemic to the Himalaya, is reported here after a gap of 50 years from Ladakh. This species has often been taxonomically misidentified and confused with Picrorhiza kurroa, an important medicinal plant of the Himalaya. The present study clarifies the taxonomy of L. kunawurensis by pro...

The university campuses in the Global South (low- and middle-income countries of the world) harbour a significant proportion of the trees outside forests which furnish precious ecosystem services. In this study, we conducted field surveys to document the tree flora in the campus of Maharshi Dayanand University, Rohtak (Haryana), India. We documente...

Globally, the treelines at higher elevations in mountains are reported to be advancing up-slope in response to recent climate warming. However, little is known about the treeline advancement in the Himalaya due to paucity of baseline vegetation data with which to compare, thus making their assessment and monitoring challenging. To fill this knowled...

Several anthropogenic activities can impact forest carbon (C) dynamics. In the Himalaya, insufficient studies are available on the intensity and impacts of multiple anthropogenic activities on forest C stocks. Here, we studied the changes in tree C stock in temperate forest stands of Kashmir Himalaya due to anthropogenic disturbances. We sampled fo...

The Himalaya, one of the global biodiversity hotspots, harbors a rich diversity of medicinal flora. The Jammu, Kashmir and Ladakh regions, located in the northwestern side of the Himalaya, represent a wide elevational gradient with diverse habitats teeming with valuable biological resources, including wealth of medicinal plant species. It is in thi...

Swertia pahalgamensis (Gentianaceae), a new species from Kashmir Himalaya, India is described here with photographic illustrations. The new species resembles with Swertia thomsonii in some morphological characters, but differs clearly in having basal leaves elliptic-spathulate with acute-acuminate apices, petals yellowish green, ovate, sub-obtuse a...

Research in global change ecology relies heavily on global climatic grids derived from estimates of air temperature in open areas at around 2 m above the ground. These climatic grids do not reflect conditions below vegetation canopies and near the ground surface, where critical ecosystem functions occur and most terrestrial species reside. Here, we...

Historically, and even today, discovery of new species has remained one of the primary research activities driving the discipline of taxonomy. Discovering scientifically still unknown biodiversity is critical in addressing the taxonomic impediment which is hampering our progrees to meet the challenges of global biodiversity crisis. However, in the...

Asia, occupying nearly 30% of the earth’s terrestrial surface, is one of the most important continent known for its highly diverse culture, economy, geography, and ecology. Three of the world’s five largest economies, and nearly two-thirds of the world’s population, are in Asia. The continent has a diverse range of habitats including tropical moist...

Veronica polita subsp. lilacina (T.Yamaz.) T.Yamaz. is reported as a new distribution record for India from the Kashmir Himalaya. A detailed description, photographic illustrations and comparison of diagnostic characters with the type subspecies are provided to validate the new record and facilitate easy field identification.

We report Pedicularis gracilis var. brunoniana (Wall. ex Pennell) T. Husain & Arti Garg (Orobanchaceae) for the first time from Ladakh, a region of Trans-Himalaya in India. This variety is most similar to P. gracilis var. macrocarpa but differs in having out-curved galea, long calyx lobes with hairy margin. Detailed morphological notes along with p...

Geum elatum forma rubrum (Rosaceae) is elevated here to the rank of species, Geum rubrum comb. nov. from the Himalaya. The species differs from the commonly occurring G. elatum in several distinctive characters which include: smaller flower size (2.2–2.8 cm diameter), elliptic or lanceolate pseudo-sepal, glandular hairs on calyx, red petals, dorsif...

Naturalisation is the most crucial stage along the ecological process of introduction-naturalisation-invasion continuum. Therefore, reporting the transition of alien plant species at the naturalised stage along the continuum can be crucial for the early warning and rapid response in invasion management. Here we report Ranunculus repens as a new dis...

Swertia kashmirensis (Gentianaceae), a new species from Bangus Valley of Kashmir Himalaya, India is described here. The species resembles morphologically to Swertia thomsonii but differs markedly from it by cauline leaves free at base, petals having obtuse apices, nectaries oblong-oval, fimbriae 3–5, restricted on lower part of the nectary towards...

Ephedra pangiensis Rita Singh & P. Sharma is recognized here as a new synonym of E. intermedia Schrenk & C.A. Mey. as both found conspecific. A detailed description of E. intermedia with additional taxonomic characters, photographs, illustrations and distribution map are provided. Morpho-anatomical comparison of E. intermedia with its congeneric ta...

Impatiens edgeworthii is an important plant species endemic to Western Himalaya. In this species male reproductive organs conceal the stigma – seat of pollen reception during male phase therefore acts as barrier for self-pollination. In addition the stigma become receptive only after the androecium of the same flower is shed and then receptive stig...

In an era of climate change, identifying suitable habitats for ecosystem restoration is critical for conservation of globally threatened biodiversity. Here, we integrate the insights gained from ensemble modelling with the community field data on threatened Himalayan Trillium (Trillium govanianum) to identify the suitable sites for its habitat rest...

Invasive alien species are regarded as one of major drivers of global biodiversity loss, and correct taxonomic identification of these species at early stage of introduction is crucial in successful invasion management. Here we report Matricaria discoidea DC., an alien plant species, which has currently reached to the invasive stage in Kashmir Hima...

Elevation plays a pivotal role in determining the diversity and distribution of biodiversity in mountainous landscapes, and therefore macroecological assessment of forest tree vegetation is crucial for developing scientifically-informed forest policy and management. In this study, we investigated the diversity, distribution pattern and regeneration...

The increasing spatial, spectral and temporal resolution of satellite images create a potential for producing accurate datasets on community level biodiversity and more widely, as an alternative to monitor individual species. This project is aimed to develop community level vegetation database for regional landscapes and describe vegetation charact...

Apricot is considered an ecologically and economically important tree species of the stone-fruit crops that is widely grown in temperate regions of the world. Very few studies on apricot genetic diversity assessment have been carried out from the regions of Kashmir and Ladakh. In this backdrop, the present study was carried out to analyse the genet...

Detailed knowledge about the meiotic behavior of threatened plant species is crucial to develop successful conservation strategies. Here we provide a detailed account of the male meiotic behavior of Trillium govanianum Wall ex. D. Don an endangered endemic medicinal plant species of the Himalaya. We collected the plant material from the Bangus vall...