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Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 2906-2922
2906
Review Article https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.308
A Review on Management of Weeds in Maize (Zea mays L.)
Anwesh Rai1*, Debasis Mahata1, Everest Lepcha1, Kousik Nandi1 and
Pijush Kanti Mukherjee2
1Department of Agronomy, Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Pundibari, Cooch Behar,
West Bengal-736165, India
2Farm Section, Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI), Izatnagar, Bareilly,
Uttar Pradesh-243122, India
*Corresponding author
A B S T R A C T
Introduction
Maize (Zea mays L.) is the third most
important cereal crop of India. It is grown for
fodder as well as for grain purpose. Among
various other factors, weed is one the most
important yield limiting factor. Their effects
could be quite variable, but the most common
is competition for available resources which
leads to the drastic reduction in yield. Weed
management strategies viz. mechanical,
chemical and biological and integration of
these three methods i.e. integrated weed
management practices have been developed to
limit the deleterious effects of weeds on crop
plants.
Weed flora associated with maize crop
Dominant weed species present in the
experimental site were Cynodon dactylon L.,
Cyperus rotundus L., Amaranthus viridis L.,
Anagalis arvensis L., Argemone maxicana L.,
Chenopodium album L., Melilotus indica L.,
Oxalis corniculata L., Convolvulus arvensis
L., Rumex retroflex L. and Parthenium
hysterophorus L. (Kumar et al., 2017).
Among the different weed species that were
observed in the field experiment, the major
International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences
ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 7 Number 08 (2018)
Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com
Weeds constituent one of the major economic important problem for maize
growers and it can reduce yield up to 86 per cent. The magnitude of losses
largely depends upon the composition of weed flora, period of crop-weed
competition and its intensity. The highest weed control efficiency with
lowest weed density and weed dry weight was noted in pre-emergence
application of atrazine @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 followed by (fb) one hand weeding
(HW) at 30 DAS.
Ke ywords
Weed flora, Weed
management practices,
Weed density, Weed dry
weight, Weed control
efficiency
Accepted:
17 July 2018
Available Online:
10 August 2018
Article Info
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 2906-2922
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weed species were: Cynodon dactylon,
Cyperus rotundus, Parthenium hysterophorus
L. and Chenopodium album L. (Abdullah et
al., 2016). The important weeds noticed
during winter (rabi) season were Phalaris
minor, Poa annua among grass and Medicago
denticulata, Anagallis arvensis, Circium
arvense, and Chenopodium album among
broad-leaf weed (Stanzen et al., 2016).
The major weed flora during kharif season in
experimental field was composed of
Xanthium strumarium, Celosia argentea,
Tridax procumbens, Phyllanthus niruri,
Euphorbia geniculata, Euphorbia hirta,
Alternanathera triandra, Parthenium
hysterophorus, Digera arvensis, Cynodon
dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Amaranthis
viridis, Dinebra arabica, Panicum spp,
Commelina benghalensis (Kakade et al.,
2016).
Mukherjee and Rai (2015) observed that
major weed flora were Polygonum persicaria,
P. pensylvanicum, P. orientale, Oldenlandia
diffusa, Oldenlandia aquatic, Oxalis
corniculata, Stellaria media, Stellaria
aquatic, Physalis minima, Solanum nigrum,
Hydrocotyl ranunculoides, Ageratum
conyzoides (appeared at latter part of crop
growth), the sedge like Cyperus rotundus and
the grasses like Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria
ciliaris, Setaria glauca, Echinochloa sp.
Among these weeds Polygonum sp., Cynodon
dactylon, Digitaria ciliaris, Setaria glauca
were highly aggressive in maize. However,
Singh et al., (2015), reported that the
dominant weeds in the maize field were:
Medicago denticulata, Avena ludoviciana,
Phalaris minor and Chenopodium album.
Swetha, (2015) reported that the weed
spectrum of the experimental field consisted
of all three groups of weeds viz., grasses,
sedges and broad leaved weeds. Cynodon
dactylon L., Digitaria sanguinalis L.,
Dactyloctenium aegyptium L., Echinocloa spp
and Rottboelli aexaltata L among grasses,
Parthenium hysterophorus L., Commelina
benghalensis L., Amaranthus viridis L.,
Euphorbia geniculata L., Digera arvensis L
and Trianthema portulacastrum L among the
broadleaved weeds and the sedge Cyperus
rotundus L.
Kannan and Chinnagounder (2014) reported
that weed flora of the experimental field in
maize predominantly consist of 12 species of
broad leaved weeds, 5 species of grasses and
a sedge weed. The dominant among
broadleaved weeds were Trianthema
portulacastrum, Datura stramonium, Cleome
gynandra, Digera arvensis, Physallis minima,
and Corchorus olitorius. The dominant grass
weeds were Setaria verticillata and Cynodon
dactylon, C. rotundus was the only sedge
present in the experimental field. With respect
to individual weed species during both the
years, density of T. portulacastrum recorded
about 162.80%.
Madhavi et al., (2014) identified the major
weeds in maize field were Cyperus rotundus
L. among the sedges, Digitaria spp,
Dactyloctenium aegyptium L., Dinebra
arabica L., Cynodon dactylonL., and Eleusine
indica L. among grasses; Parthenium
hysterophorus L., Melilotus alba L.,
Trianthema portulacastrum L., Euphorbia
geniculate L., Commelina spp, Tridax
procumbens L. and Amaranthus viridis L.
among broad leaf weeds.
Madhavi et al.,(2013) reported that
predominant weed flora in the experimental
field comprised of Cyperus rotundus,
Cynodon dactylon, Digitaria sanguinalis,
Dactylocteniuma egyptium, Rottoboellia
exaltata, Parthenium hysterophorus, Celosia
argentia, Euphorbea hirta, Digera arvensis
and Trianthema portulacastrum.
Ravisankar et al., (2013) observed that the
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broad leaved weeds were dominating over
grasses and sedge in the experimental field.
Among the individual weed species,
Trianthema portulacastrum, Cleome
gynandra, Digera arvensis, Datura
stramonium, Cynodon dactylon,
Dactyloctenium aegyptium, Comme- lina
bengalinsis and Cyperus rotundus were
predominant in maize field. Among broad
leaved weeds, Trianthema portulacastrum
was the dominant one during both the
seasons. Similar studies reported that maize
crop infested with major broad leaved weeds
were Trianthema pórtulacastrum, Digera
arvensis, Phyllanthus niniri, Amaranthus
viridis. Among the grassy weeds Cynodon
dactylon and Dactyloctenium aegyptium had
dominated. Cyperus rotundus was the major
sedge weed (Ramesh and Nadanassababady,
2005).
The predominant weeds under monocot were
Echinochloa colona (15.4%), Digiteria
sanguinalis (13.1%), Cyperus rotundus
(16.2%) and Commelina communis (14.0%).
Phyllanthus niruri (14.4%) and Eclipta alba
(13.6%) were prominent among dicot weeds.
Many other minor weeds in small intensity
(13.3%) were also present in maize ecosystem
at 60 DAS stage (Sanodiya et al., 2013).
The predominant weed flora of the
experimental field was Rough leaf cocklebur
(Xanthium brasilicum Vell), Jimson weed
(Datura stramonium Mill), Asthma weed
(Euphorbia hitra L.), Purslane (Portulaca
oleracea L.), Plodder Hibiscus (Hibiscus
trionum L.), Tar vine (Boerhavia erecta L),
White pigweed (Amaranthus graecizans L.),
Pigweed (Amaranthus vridis L), Grip weed
(Phyllanthus niruri L), Black night shade
(Solanum nigrum L.), Common cal traps
(Tribuls terrestris L.), Water grass
(Echinochloa colona (L.) Link), Tropical crab
grass (Digitaria ciliaris Retz), Love grass
(Eragrostis magastachya Koel) and (Dinebra
retroflexa Vahi) (Babiker et al., 2013).
Singh et al., (2012) observed uniform
infestation of the grassy weeds Echinochloa
colona L., Digitaria sanguinalis L. and
Bracharia ramose L., while the broad leaf
weed included Phyllanthus niruri L., Cleome
viscose L and Trianthema monogyna L.,
Cyperus rotundus L., was the only sedge in
sandy loam soil of Uttarakhand.
The predominant weed flora were
Echinochloa crusgalli L. and Cynodon
dactylon L. among monocots; Cyperus
rotundus L. among sedges; and Amaranthus
viridis L., Digera arvensis L., Portulaca
oleracea L., Alternenthara sessili L. and
Trianthema spp. among dicots. (Arvadiya et
al., 2012).
The important grassy weeds observed were
Cynadon dactylon, Dinebra retroflexa,
Echinocloa colanum, Elusine indica. Cyperus
rotundus was alone in sedge category. Among
the broad leaved weeds Parthenium
hysterophorus, Commelina bengalensis,
Portulaca oleracea, Cynotis cuculata,
Phylantus niruri and Amaranthus viridis were
the dominant weeds (Haj et al., 2012).
Kumar et al., (2012) observed that weed flora
was composed of Commelina benghalensis
(25.6 and 12.3% at 60 DAS and at harvest,
respectively), Ageratum conyzoides (45.1 and
56.1%), Echinochloa colona (L.) Link (17.6%
and 8.7%), Panicum dichotomiflorum (8.4
and 7.7%), Cyperus iria (2.8 and 7.2%),
Digitaria sanguinalis (0.0 and 8.2%) and
Polygonum alatum (0.5 and 8.0%).
Sunitha et al., (2010) reported that during
both the years of study, 23 weed species
including six grasses, two sedges and 15
broad-leaved weeds were identified in the
experimental field. Among these, Panicum
repens (21.4%), Digitaria sanguinalis
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(18.5%), Celosia argenta (16.4%),
Acanthospermum hispidum (15.5%) and
Cleome viscosa (14.0%) were found to be the
dominant weeds.
Yield reduction in maize due to weeds
A number of weed species compete with corn
plant and have been observed to reduce yield
as much as 65% with delay in weed control.
Weeding in maize after the critical period of
weed removal can result in up to 83% losses
in grain yield (Ehsas et al., 2016).
Maize weeds comprise diverse plant species
from grasses to broadleaf weeds and sedges
and cause substantial yield losses (18–85%)
(Jagadish et al., 2016).
Yield loss occurs up to 33% to complete crop
failure due to weed competition in maize
(Kakade et al., 2016).
In India, the presence of weeds, in general
reduces the maize yield by 27-60%,
depending upon the growth and persistence of
weed population in maize crop (Kumar et al.,
2015 and Jat et al., 2012). However, Yakadri
et al., (2015) opined that wider spacing and
initial slow growth of maize during the first 3-
4 weeks provides enough opportunity for
weeds to invade and offer severe competition,
resulting in 30-93% yield losses.
Mahadevi et al., (2014) reported that maize
being a widely spaced crop gets infested with
a variety of weeds and subjected to heavy
weed infestation, which often inflicts huge
losses ranging from 28 to 100%.
Kannan and Chinnagounder (2013) opined
that weeds constituent one of the major
economic important problem for maize
growers because they can reduce yield up to
86 per cent.
Ramachandran et al., (2012) opined that weed
causes drastic reduction in growth,
development and yield of the maize and
accounts for 40% yield loss and even >70%
yield loss under uncontrolled weed growth
condition in maize.
Sunitha and Kalyani (2012) reported
reduction in grain yield of maize due to weed
infestation ranged from 40 to 60 per cent
depending upon the intensity and types of
weed flora. However, Kumar et al., (2015)
opined that reduction in maize grain yield by
weeds is in tune of 50.3%.
The extent of reduction in grain yield of
maize has been reported to be in range of 33
to 50 percent depending on the weed species
in standing crop (Hawaldar and Agasimani,
2012).
Weed management practices
Cultural control
The maximum grain yield of (8.92 t ha-1) and
minimum weed density and dry weight of all
major weed species were recorded in 2 hand
weeding (HW) at 15 and 30 days after sowing
(DAS) (Kumar et al., 2017).
At harvest, the significantly lower monocot
and sedges were noted under weed control
through sugarcane trash mulch @ 5 t ha-1
(Ehsas et al., 2016).
Stanzen et al., (2016) observed that 2 HW
recorded significantly higher number of
grains cob-1, 1,000-grain weight and grain
yield which was statistically at par with
atrazine 1 kg ha-1.
Samanth et al., (2015) reported maximum
grain yield in farmer’s practice (HW at 20 and
40 DAS) and was fb atrazine @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1
as PE fb HW at 30 DAS.
Pathak et al., (2015) reported that hoeing at
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20 DAS fb atrazine 0.50 kg ha-1 being at par
with 2 HW (20 and 40 DAS), registered
significantly higher weed control efficiency
(WCE) at all growth stages of maize.
Swetha (2015) reported that HW at 20 and 40
DAS recorded higher grain yield (6580 kg
ha-1) which was on par with topramezone +
atrazine @ 25.2 + 250 g a.i ha-1 as PoE (6436
kg ha-1).
Stover yield and harvest index was also
higher in HW at 20 and 40 DAS.
Kumar et al., (2015) reported that brown
manuring helps in suppressing the weeds up
to 50% of total weed population on the
account of the shade effect of killed green
manure till 45 DAS up to which the critical
period of crop weed competition continues in
maize.
Madhavi et al., (2014) found that HW
reported significantly higher grain yield on
par with tank mix of topramezone + atrazine
along with adjuvant MSO (@ 25.2 + 250 g a.i
ha-1 and 21 + 250 g a.i ha-1) and topramezone
@ 25.2 + 250 g a.i ha-1 without adjuvant.
Deshmukh et al., (2014) reported that the
atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE fb mechanical /HW
at 30 DAS proves better in controlling weed,
dry matter accumulation, WCE, grain yield
and net monetary returns.
Kumar et al., (2013) reported that highest
grain yield was recorded in conventional-
tillage maize where HW at 15 and 30 DAS on
par with zero-tillage maize where glyphosate
was applied as pre-plant incorporation
followed by atrazine + halosulfuron @ 1.0 kg
a.i ha-1 + 90 g a.i ha-1 as post-emergence
(PoE).
Sanodiya et al., (2013) found that the highest
grain yield and stover yields was noted in HW
at 20 and 40 DAS fb atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 +
HW at 30 DAS.
Saini et al., (2013) from Palampur revealed
that soybean intercropping + one mechanical
weeding (20 DAS) recorded significantly
lowest weed dry weight, higher yield
attributes and maize equivalent yield which
was at par with 2 mechanical weedings (20
and 40 DAS) + mash intercropping in maize
among all other treatments.
Madhavi et al., (2013) reported that highest
grain yield recorded in HW treatment (7450
kg ha-1) which was significantly superior to
singular applications of pendimethalin (5350
kg ha-1) or oxyfluorfen (6020 kg ha-1) or
atrazine (6570 kg ha-1).
Malviya et al., (2012) noticed that highest
grain yield was recorded in alachlor @ 2 kg
a.i ha-1 fb one HW and was at par with weed
free treatment.
Ahmed and Susheela (2012) opined that the
farmer`s practice of eliminating weeds
through intercultivation (IC) at 20 DAS fb
HW 30 DAS reduced the weed density and
weed dry matter production significantly and
thereby increased the WCE (89.2%).
Sultana et al., (2012) found that two spading
as intercultural operation along with HW at
10 and 20 days after emergence (DAE) +
earthing-up at 30 DAE recorded the highest
grain yield (7.74 t ha-1) along with highest
WCE (96.39%) and lowest weed dry weight.
Sarma et al., (2010) found two HW at 25 and
45 DAS to be best in producing higher yield
of maize along with minimum weed density
(4.0 %) and weed dry weight (3.3 %).
Prasad et al., (2008) reported that manual
weeding at 15 and 30 DAS recorded the
highest WCE (70.90 %) with grain yield of
32.30 q ha-1.
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 2906-2922
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Gopinath and Kundu (2008) reported that PE
application of atrazine at 1.25 kg ha-1 coupled
with one HW resulted in significantly lower
weed population and weed dry weight
compared to the other treatments. Twice HW
at 20 and 40 DAS and PE application of
atrazine @ 0.50 kg a.i ha-1 in combination
with pendimethalin @ 0.25 kg a.i.ha-1 were
found to be superior and recorded higher
grain yield (3658 and 3652 kg ha-1,
respectively) (Patel et al., 2006).
Hoeing at 15 DAS controlled the growth of
all weed species and their population at 30
DAS was less than half (23-32 weeds m-2)
compared with no inter-culture (67-70 weeds
m-2). Earthing up at 30 DAS resulted in the
virtual elimination of weeds throughout the
crop growth period (Sharma et al., 2000).
Chemical control
Sahoo et al., (2017) found that highest grain
yield of 81.38 q ha-1 was obtained with the
application of atrazine @ 1 kg ha-1 in maize.
Ehsas et al., (2016) reported that among
herbicide treatment, PE application of
atrazine @ 0.75 kg ha-1 + pendimethalin @
0.75 kg ha-1 recorded significantly higher
grain yield of 6267 kg ha-1 fb PE application
of alachlor @ 1.5 kg ha-1 + atrazine @ 0.5 kg
ha-1 (5918 kg ha-1).
These findings corroborate the results of Patel
et al., (2006), Sanodiya et al., (2013) and
Mathukia et al., (2014) in maize.
Sraw et al., (2016) observed the highest
average grain yield of maize (4.9 t ha-1) was
recorded in maize intercropped with cowpea
(used as mulch) fb maize intercropped with
cowpea (used as fodder) at 30 DAS which
was 27.9 and 22.2 % respectively, higher as
compared to control.
Kakade et al., (2016) reported that sequential
application of PE and PoE herbicides i:e,
atrazine 0.50 kg ha-1 fb 2,4-D sodium salt 0.5
Kg PoE at 30 DAS proves better in
controlling weeds and found economical
compare to conventional weed management
practice in maize.
Kumar et al., (2012) opined that atrazine 1.0
kg ha-1 + pendimethalin 0.5 kg ha-1 (PE) fb
2,4-D 0.75 kg ha-1 (PoE), fb atrazine 1.5 kg
ha-1 (PE) fb atrazine 0.75 kg ha-1 (PoE) could
be the better alternatives to HW in managing
different flushes of weeds in maize.
Application of atrazine 1.5 kg ha-1 recorded
grain yield of 44.48 q ha-1 which was on par
with atrazine 0.75 kg ha-1 and pendimethalin
1.0 kg ha-1 and 9.94 per cent higher yield than
pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 because of the
herbicides prevented the germination of weed
and reduced the growth of weed (Samant et
al., 2015).
Kannan and Chinnagounder (2014) reported
that among the weed control treatments, PoE
application of glyphosate at 1800 g a.i. ha-1 in
transgenic corn hybrid recorded higher grain
yield of 12.21 t ha-1.
Hatti et al., (2014) observed that significantly
higher grain yield was recorded in
oxyflurofen @ 200 g a.i ha-1 + 2, 4-D Na @
500 g a.i ha-1 as PoE which was on par with
HW at 20 and 40 DAS.
Chhetri et al., (2014) found that atrazine at
the dose of 1.1 kg ha-1 can be applied in maize
safely as PoE application treatment for
effective controlling weeds. Higher grain
yield (5,173 kg ha-1) was achieved in atrazine
1.0 kg ha-1 fb atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 treated plot
(Ahmed and Susheela, 2012).
Nadiger et al., (2013) observed higher grain
yield (10,436 kg ha-1) with application of
atrazine 1.25 kg ha-1 due to effective control
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of weeds and minimum dry weight [1.80
(2.73) g m-2] of weeds.
Kannan and Chinnagounder (2013) reported
that PoE application of potassium salt of
glyphosate at 1800 g ha-1 in transgenic and
conventional maize hybrid of 30V92
enhanced the complete control of broad
spectrum weeds and hence significantly
lowered weed density, weed dry weight and
higher WCE ranging from 96- 99%.
Singh, et al., (2012) reported that PoE
application of tembotrione 120 g ha-1 along
with surfactant (1000 ml ha-1) was found most
effective to control the grassy as well as non-
grassy weeds as compared to other herbicidal
treatments either applied as pre- or post-
emergence with maximum WCE (90%).
Reddy et al., (2012) reported the highest grain
yield 170% higher than that of unweeded
control along with lowest density (no. m-2)
and dry weight (g m-2) of grasses, and broad-
leaved weeds at 30 DAS with tank mix
application of atrazine + glyphosate (0.75 +
0.8 kg ha-1).
Glyphosate (1.6 kg ha-1) was found superior
to atrazine (1.5 kg ha-1) and paraquat (1.5 kg
ha-1) for density, dry weight of weeds and
WCE.
Singh et al., (2012) observed that tembotrione
@ 120 g a.i ha-1 as PoE along with surfactant
recorded significantly highest grain yield and
was on par with reduced dose of 110 g a.i ha- 1
+ surfactant and HW at 20 and 40 DAS.
Ramachandran et al., (2012) observed the
highest grain (7.23 t ha-1) and stover yield
(11.56 t ha-1) with PE alachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 +
brown-manuring. It was closely followed by
PE alachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 + daincha as intercrop
with in-situ incorporation on 35 DAS (6.38
and 10.20 t ha-1).
Significantly higher seed yield (5302 kg ha-1)
was obtained in atrazine 1.25 kg ha-1 fb
glyphosate 2.5 kg ha-1 when compared to
weedy check (Haji et al., 2012).
Kumar et al., (2012) reported that
pendimethalin 1.50 kg ha-1, atrazine fb
atrazine 0.75 kg ha-1, atrazine 0.75/1.0 +
pendimethalin 0.75/0.50 fb metsulfuron
methyl 4 g ha-1 effectively controlled
Echinochloa colona. Atrazine fb atrazine
brought about significant reduction in the
count of Panicum dichotomiflorum up to 60
DAS. Pendimethalin fb atrazine, atrazine 1.0
+ pendimethalin 0.50 fb 2, 4-D 0.75 kg ha-1
and HW twice effectively reduced the
population of Commelina up to 60 DAS.
Pendimethalin/atrazine fb atrazine and
atrazine + pendimethalin fb 2,4-D/
metsulfuron-methyl controlled Ageratum
conyzoides up to 60 DAS.
Rani, et al., (2011) reported that application
of sulfosulfuron 15 g ha-1 + imazethapyr 25 g
ha-1 as PE with HW at 40 DAS was found to
be effective and economic weed management
practice for irrigated sweet corn. Sunitha et
al., (2010) reported that PE application of
atrazine @ 1 kg ha-1 fb HW at 30 DAS
provided significant weed control during the
critical crop-weed competition period in
sweet corn upto 45 DAS. Nadeem et al.,
(2010) reported that metolachlor + atrazine @
1110 + 740 g a.i ha-1 as PE recorded highest
grain yield on par with manual hoeing +
earthing-up.
Integrated weed management
Abdullah et al., (2016) found that the most
effective treatment in controlling weed
population and increasing the grain yield of
maize were atrazine @ 1.00 kg ha-1 + HW, 2
HW and paddy straw mulching, producing
grain yield of (203.48 g, 188.34 g and 186.82
g) respectively, as compared to un-weeded
plot (68.30 g).
Rasool and Khan (2016) found that PE
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2913
application of atrazine @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 +
HW at 20 DAS recorded maximum grain
yield fb atrazine @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 PE +
isoproturon @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 PoE). Maize +
dhaincha (1:1) and (1:2) as green manure and
maize alone with 2 HW during 1st year where
as maize + cowpea as seed crop (1:1) and
maize alone with 2 HW during 2nd year
produced significantly higher yield and lower
weed dry weight (Kumar et. al., 2015).
Kumar et al., (2013) reported that in zero
tillage maize pre-plant incorporation of
glyphosate fb atrazine + halosulfuron @ (1.0
+ 90 g a.i ha-1) as PoE resulted in highest
grain yield.
Malviya et al., (2012) reported higher grain
yield of maize with HW at 20 and 40 DAS
and pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 as PE fb
HW at 30 DAS and were at par with weed
free treatment.
Sanodiya et al., (2013) stated that lowest
weed biomass was recorded in weed free
treatment (HW at 20 and 40 DAS) fb
application of atrazine @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 as PE
fb hand weeding at 30 DAS.
Verma et al., (2009) revealed that in maize-
green gram system, manual weeding at 20
DAS fb earthing up at 30 DAS in maize
recorded significantly higher plant height,
culm girth and dry weight of plant. Deshmukh
et al., (2009) reported significantly higher
grain yield and fodder yield with atrazine @
0.75 kg a.i ha-1 as PE fb one HW at 45 DAS.
Influence of weed management practices
on weed characteristics and weed control
efficiency
Weed density
Abdullah et al., (2016) found that maximum
reduction in density of the weeds (m-2) was
observed with the treatment Paddy straw
mulching (61.00) and Black polythene
mulching (61.0) fb pre-emergence atrazine @
1.0 kgha-1 + one HW @ 45 DAS (75.0).
Application of atrazine + pendimethalin 0.50
+ 0.50 kg ha-1 as PE similar to HW at 20 and
40 DAS recorded reduced weed density of
narrow-leaf, broad-leaf and sedges at 30 and
60 DAS. The extent of reduction was to the
tune of 69.8, 96.9 and 85.1% at 30 days and
73.7, 85.7 and 88.2% at 60 DAS, respectively
(Barla et al., 2016).
Stanzen et al., (2016) reported the minimum
density of weeds and biomass was observed
under 2 HW which was at par with atrazine 1
kg ha-1.
Shankar et al., (2015) found that lower
density and dry weight of weeds m-2 was
recorded with atrazine (50%) @ 1.25 kg lit-1
or pendimethalin (50%) @ 2.5 lit ha-1 as
compared to other chemical weed
management treatments.
Samant et al., (2015) reported that farmers
practice produced the minimum weed density
(20.16 m-2). PE application of atrazine 50%
WP @1.0 kgha-1 fb one HW at 30 DAS
produced lower weed density (47.52 m-2)
which found superior over rest of herbicidal
treatments in controlling weed density.
Singh et al., (2015.) reported that lowest weed
density (49.5 m-2) was recorded with
pendimethalin (1000 g) + 1 HW which was
statistically similar to pendimethalin (500g) +
atrazine (500 g) and both were significantly
superior to weedy check.
Kannan and Chinnagounder, (2014) reported
that lower weed density was achieved under
non transgenic maize hybrid BIO 9681 and
30B11 with PE application of atrazine at 0.5
kg ha-1 fb HW at 20 DAS.
Shingrup et al., (2014) reported that the
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 2906-2922
2914
application of atrazine 0.75 kg ha-1 PE fb 2,4-
D PoE significantly reduced the weed
population in maize.
Madhavi et al., (2014) observed that tank mix
application of PoE herbicide topramezone +
atrazine @ 25.2 + 250 g a.i ha-1 recorded
significantly lowest density of weeds
compared to other treatments.
Lowest weed dry matter and highest WCE
readings were recorded with HW (89.8%) fb
atrazine fb intercultivation (87.5%),
oxyfluorfen fb intercultivation (84.2%) and
pendimethalin fb intercultivation (81.3%)
(Madhavi et al., 2013).
Nadiger et al., (2013) reported that in maize
HW fb IC at 20 and 30 DAS recorded
significantly lowest weed density on par with
atrazine @ 1.25 kg a.i ha-1 as PE fb IC at 30
DAS.
Ramachandran et al., (2012) reported that PE
alachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 + brown manuring proved
to be effective in registering the lowest weed
density of grasses, sedges, broad-leaved
weeds and total weeds.
Arvadiya et al., (2012) observed the marked
reduction in weed density with PE application
of atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 coupled with
pendimethalin 0.25 kg ha-1 fb application of
PE atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1.
Sunitha and Kalyani (2012) found that the PE
application of atrazine 0.5 to 1.0 kg ha-1 in
combination with HW at 30 DAS recorded
lowest weed density.
Singh et al., (2012) reported that tembotrione
@ 120 g a.i ha-1 as PoE along with surfactant
effectively reduced the growth and density of
grasses Echinochloa colona L. and Digitaria
sanguinalis L. sedge Cyperus rotundus L.
Srividya et al., (2011) found that application
of either atrazine 1.25 kg ha-1 or
pendimethalin 1.5 kgha-1 in combination with
paraquat 0.6 kg ha-1 at 3 weeks after sowing
(WAS) recorded lower weed density (16.67
m-2).
Dubey, (2008) found that application of
pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 along with one HW
at 30 DAS significantly reduced the density of
weeds than weedy check.
Among weed control methods, atrazine 1.5 kg
ha-1 being statistically at par with acetachlor
1.25 kg ha-1 produced significantly lower
density and dry matter of weeds and resulted
in significant increase in all the yield
attributes of maize crop and thereby its grain
yield by 75.18 and 71.66%, respectively, over
unweeded check (Chopra and Angiras, 2008).
Weed dry weight
Barad et al., (2016) reported that the lowest
dry weight of weed was observed under HW
and IC at 15 and 30 DAS (208 kg ha-1),
though it was found statistically at par with
atrazine 0.5 kg ha-1 as PE fb HW and IC at 30
DAS (295 kg ha-1).
Ehsas et al.,(2016) reported that minimum dry
weight of weeds (60.96 kg ha-1) at harvest
was recorded under treatment of PE
application of atrazine @ 0.75 kg ha-1 +
pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1, which
remained at par with PE application of
alachlor @ 1.5 kg ha-1+ atrazine @ 0.5 kg ha-1
(68.53 kg ha-1). Samanth et al., (2015)
reported that the minimum weed dry biomass
(27.05 g m-2) was obtained in farmers practice
of two HW at 20 & 40 DAS and among the
herbicidal treatments PE application of
atrazine 50% WP@1.0 kg ha- 1 fb one HW at
30 DAS recorded the minimum weed dry
biomass (40.57 g m-2).
Singh et al., (2015), reported that application
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 2906-2922
2915
of pendimethalin (1000 g) + 1 HW recorded
the lowest weed dry matter (44.8 g m-2) which
was statistically similar to pendimethalin
(500g) + atrazine (500 g) and both were
significantly superior to weedy check.
Kumari et al., (2014) concluded that
acetachlor @ 2250 g a.i ha-1 as PE fb 2, 4-D
Na salt @ 500 g a.i ha-1 as PoE recorded
lowest weed dry matter on par with
application of topramezone + atrazine
(25.2+250 g ha-1) and tembotrione +
isoxadifen- ethyl @ (105+52 g ha-1) +
adjuvant as PoE.
Madhavi et al., (2014) noticed that lowest
weed dry matter of weeds was recorded in
tank mix application of topramezone +
atrazine @ 25.2 + 250 g a.i ha-1 as PoE and
was on par with application of topramezone +
atrazine @ 21 + 250 g a.i ha-1.
Kannan and Chinnagounder (2014) found that
considerable reduction in weed dry weight
was recorded with the application of
glyphosate at 1800 g a.e ha-1 in transgenic
30V92 and POE controlled application of
glyphosate at 1800 g a.e ha-1 in conventional
maize hybrid of 30V92 (1.58 and 1.82 g m-2)
at 40 DAS.
Shingrup et al., (2014) observed the lowest
weed dry matter accumulation due to
application of atrazine 0.75 kg ha-1 PE fb 2,4-
D PoE. However, Nadiger et al., (2013)
observed the minimum dry weight [1.80
(2.73) g m-2] of weeds with application of
atrazine 1.25 kg ha-1.
In maize, significantly lowest weed dry
weight was recorded with pre-plant
incorporation of glyphosate fb atrazine +
halosulfuron @ 1.0 kg + 90 g a.i ha-1 as PoE
at 30 and 60 DAS, which was on par with pre-
plant incorporation of glyphosate fb
topramezone + atrazine @ 40 ml + 500 g ha-1
as PoE (Kumar et al., 2013).
Sanodiya et al., (2013) observed that tank mix
application of atrazine + pendimethalin @
0.75 + 0.75 kg a.i ha-1 recorded significantly
lowest dry weight of Echinochloa colona L.,
Digitaria sanguinalis L., Cyperus rotundus
L., Commelina benghalensis L. and
Phyllanthus niruri L., at 60 DAS compared to
application of herbicides alone. Singh et al.,
(2012) reported that tembotrione + surfactant
@ 120 g a.i ha-1 as PoE recorded significantly
lowest weed dry matter at 30 and 45 DAS.
Kumar et al., (2012) reported that
pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 PE fb atrazine 0.75
kg ha-1 PoE, atrazine 1.5 kg ha-1 PE fb
atrazine 0.75 kg ha-1 PoE were all effective in
reducing total weed dry weight as compared
to untreated check up to harvest.
Sunitha and Kalyani (2012) reported that the
PE application of atrazine 0.5 to 1.0 kg ha-1 in
combination with HW at 30 DAS recorded
lowest weed dry weight. Sequential
application of atrazine 0.75 kg ha-1 fb 2, 4-D
1.0 kg ha-1 recorded significantly lower dry
weight of weeds which was on par with
mechanical weeding (Hawaldar and
Agasimani, 2012).
Haji et al., (2012) reported that lower total
weed dry weight was noticed in atrazine 1.25
kg ha-1 fb glyphosate 2.5 kg ha-1. Significant
weed control was also reported by Sarma and
Gautam (2010). At 45 DAS the lowest weed
dry weight was recorded with tembotrione
120 g ha-1 + surfactant fb its lower dose (110
g ha-1 + surfactant) (Singh et al., 2012).
Srividya et al., (2011) found that application
of either atrazine 1.25 kg ha-1 or
pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1 in combination with
paraquat 0.6 kg ha-1 at 3 weeks after sowing
(WAS) recorded lower weed dry matter
comparable with that of two HW and IC with
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 2906-2922
2916
power weeder at 4 WAS.
Application of atrazine 0.5-1.25 kg ha-1 had
significantly reduced the populations and dry
weight of weeds (Anon., 2010). Chopra and
Angiras (2008) opined that application
atrazine 1.5 kg ha-1 at 60 DAS was proved to
be significantly superior in reducing the dry
matter of weeds.
Rout and Satapathy (1996) and Sharma et al.,
(2000) also proved the superiority of atrazine
to control weeds.
Significantly lower dry weight of weeds (28.8
kg ha-1) was achieved under treatment of
atrazine + pendimethalin but was at par with
weed free (Patel et al., 2006).
Weed control efficiency
Application of PE herbicides atrazine @ 1 kg
ha-1 fb glyphosate @ 2.5 kg ha-1 was recorded
with weed control efficiency (WCE) of 92.12
% next to weed free check (Sahoo et al.,
2017).
Ehsas et al., (2016) observed that highest
WCE was recorded under the treatment of PE
application of atrazine @ 0.75 kg ha-1 +
pendimethalin @ 0.75 kg ha-1 (88.97%) fb PE
application of alachlor @ 1.5 kg ha-1 +
atrazine @ 0.5 kg ha-1 (80.75%) and PE
application of atrazine @ 0.75 kg ha-1 + 2,4-D
@ 0.5 kg ha-1 (80.25%).
Sraw et al., (2016) reported that highest WCE
(91.6%) was observed in maize: cowpea
(mulch 30 DAS) fb maize: cowpea (fodder at
30 DAS). Atrazine @ 1.0 kg ha-1 fb HW at 30
DAS gave least WCE due to higher weed dry
weight (70.45 g m-2 and 45.6 g m-2
respectively). Dimitrios et al., (2010) also
found that maize intercropped with legumes
considerably reduced the weed density
compared with the mono-cropping maize.
Kakade et al., (2016) reported that the highest
WCE (80.09 %) and less weed index (13.50
%) was achieved with atrazine 0.50 kg ha-1 fb
2, 4-D sodium salt 0.5 kg ha-1 PoE 30 DAS.
Samant et al., (2015) found that the WCE
varied from the maximum of 80.87 % with
farmers practice to the minimum of 54.12 %
with application of pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1
fb one HW at 30 DAS. Application with
atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1 as PE fb one HW at 30
DAS recorded higher WCE (71.31%) than
rest of herbicide treatments.
Mukherjee and Rai (2015) observed that
highest WCE and lowest weed index values
were registered with atrazine (1.0 kg ha-1) as
PE + atrazine (1.1 kg ha-1) as PoE. Shankar et
al., (2015) reported that highest WCE was
found with application of atrazine (50%) @
1.25 kg or lit + pendimethalin (50%) @ 2.5 lit
ha-1.
Madhavi et al., (2014) found that tank mix
application of topramezone + atrazine @ 25.2
+ 250 g a.i ha-1 as PoE along with adjuvant
methylated seed oil recorded highest WCE of
grasses, sedges and broad leaved weeds
compared to application of herbicide without
adjuvant.
Kamaiah et al., (2014) also found that tank
mixture application of atrazine @ 0.625 kg
ha-1 + pendimethalin @ 0.5 kg ha-1 fb 2,4-D
@ 0.5 kg ha-1 recorded higher WCE.
Shingrup et al., (2014) reported that the
highest WCE was achieved with the
application of atrazine 0.75 kg ha-1 PE fb 2,4-
D PoE.
Madhavi et al., (2013) observed that lowest
weed dry matter and highest WCE readings
were recorded with HW (89.8%), fb atrazine
fb IC (87.5%), oxyfluorfen fb IC (84.2%) and
pendimethalin fb IC (81.3%).
Sanodiya et al., (2013) reported that WCE
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci (2018) 7(8): 2906-2922
2917
was maximum with 2 HW closely fb alachlor
2.5 kg ha-1 + HW at 30 DAS, atrazine 1.0 kg
ha-1 + HW at 30 DAS, combined application
of atrazine 0.75 kg/ ha + pendimethalin 0.75
kg ha-1 and atrazine 0.75 kg ha-1 + alachlor
2.25 kg ha-1 but lowest WCE found with PE
application of atrazine 1.0 kg ha-1,
pendimethalin 1.0 kg ha-1 and alachlor 2.5 kg
ha-1 alone. These results are in agreement
with findings of Walia et al., (2007).
Babiker et al., (2013) reported that maximum
WCE was observed under treatment of Stomp
in combination with Geaprim @ (1.5 L a.i
+1.6 kg a.i) 97.9% in the first season and
96.6% in the second season. This finding was
in conformity with the result of Patel et al.,
(2006) who stated that the WCE of >98% was
achieved with PE application of atrazine in
combination with pendimethalin.
With regard to WCE, it was higher (84.41,
92.15 and 89.65% at 20, 40 and 60 DAS,
respectively) in PE alachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 +
brown manuring. This was closely fb PE
alachlor 1.0 kg ha-1 + daincha as intercrop
with in-situ incorporation on 35 DAS
(86.04%) (Ramachandran et al., 2012).
Hawaldar and Agasimani (2012) also reported
that the highest WCE at all the stages of crop
growth was recorded with sequential
application of atrazine 0.75 kg ha-1 fb 2,4-D
(1.0 kg ha-1).
Sunitha and Kalyani (2012) reported that PE
application of atrazine 0.5 to 1.0 kg ha-1 in
combination with HW at 30 DAS recorded
highest WCE. Sunitha et al., (2010) also
observed the highest WCE with PE
application of atrazine 1 kg ha-1 fb HW at 30
DAS,
Kumar et al., (2012) concluded that
sequential application of atrazine @ (1.5 fb
0.75 kg a.i ha-1) recorded highest WCE 80.3%
which was closely fb pendimethalin @ 1.5 kg
a.i ha-1 as PE fb atrazine @ 0.75 kg a.i ha-1as
PoE.
Malviya et al., (2012) reported higher WCE
with HW at 20 and 40 DAS fb application of
pendimethalin @ 1.0 kg a.i ha-1 as PE and
HW at 30 DAS.
Srividya et al., (2011) reported that higher
WCE with lower weed index (21.3%) was
noticed with application of atrazine 1.25 kg
ha-1+ paraquat 0.6 kg ha-1 application fb
pendimethalin 1.5 kg ha-1+ paraquat 0.6 kg
ha-1 and these were at par with that of weed
free check and IC with power weeder.
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How to cite this article:
Anwesh Rai, Debasis Mahata, Everest Lepcha, Kousik Nandi and Pijush Kanti Mukherjee.
2018. A Review on Management of Weeds in Maize (Zea mays L.).
Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci. 7(08): 2906-2922. doi: https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.708.308
