Annaian Shanmugam

Annamalai University · Faculty of Marine Sciences

Complete development with 92% survival was observed when the larvae were fed with the mixed diet (DE) of Coscinodiscus sp. and Artemia nauplii in 23.18 days, which was followed by Artemia nauplii (E) alone (89.6%) in 24,95 days, Coscinodiscus sp. (D) alone (2.1%) in 29.11 days, the mixture (ABCDE) of Thalassiothrix longissima, Nitzschia sp., Skelet...

The purpose of this study was to assess the antibacterial activity of an ethanolic extract of Orchis mascula against clinically isolated human pathogenic bacteria, as well as to characterise its structural properties. The ethanolic extract was analysed for quantitative photochemical composition and the chemical constituents were analysed using GC–M...

The physical characteristics such as specific gravity, solidification point, saponification value, iodine, and acid value of liver oil were analyzed, and it has showed good characters similar to fish oil. The heavy metal was found in permissible limit, ash, and moisture was recorded in moderate level, protein, and carbohydrate were found as trace a...

Chitosan sulfate was synthesized from the internal bone of cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis by following demineralization, deproteinization, deacetylation and sulfating with chlorosulfonic acid. The structural feature of chitosan sulfate was analyzed by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy. The elemental composition of chitosan sulfate was analyzed in elemental an...

Serine racemase (SR) converts the free form of L-serine into D-serine (DS) in the mammalian brain. The DS functions as a co-agonist of N-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor. The over- activation of NMDA receptor leads to many neurological disorders like stroke, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease and an effective inhibitor of SR could...

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the anti-diabetic effects of the crude polysaccharide and rhamnose-enriched polysaccharide derived from G. lithophila on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic Wistar rats. Treatment with crude polysaccharide and rhamnose-enriched polysaccharide showed increases in body weight and pancreatic insulin leve...

The present study examined the accumulation of metal on Sepiella inermis from the Mudasalodai Landing Center, from southeast coastal region of India. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used to determine metals including aluminium, boron, cadmium, cobalt, chromium, copper, iron, manganese, magnesium, nickel, lead and zinc. The...

The ash, moisture, protein and carbohydrate content of the extracted oil were estimated as 4, 7, 4 and 1% respectively. The Vitamins A and E was found to be 59.14 and 17.4 mg/100 g. Nine fatty acids were found and the Linoleic acid, DHA and EPA were recorded as higher. The specific gravity, solidification point, refractive index, saponification val...

The present study was aimed to evaluate the nutritional fact and anticancer effect of liver oil extracted from the squid Loligo duvauceli. The ash and moisture content was noted as 3.21 and 2.13% whereas the total protein, lipid and carbohydrate, recorded 23.44, 21.23 and 2.13% respectively. The water and fat soluble vitamins and minerals were foun...

Herein, a polysaccharide obtained from Pleurotus sajor-caju was fractionated via anion-exchange column chromatography and purified using gel permeation column chromatography. The chemical characterization of the polysaccharide indicated that it contained 90.16% total carbohydrate, 0% protein, 12.7% ash and 5.2% moisture; on the other hand, the carb...

The sulfated galactans (SG) of mass 16 kDa was purified from S.hypnoides through anion exchange and gel permeation chromatography. The biochemical properties of SG including carbohydrate, 3, 6 anhydrogalactose, sulfate, uronic acid, moisture, ash, carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen contents were estimated. In the purified SG, the presence of major sugars s...

Rationale of this study was framed to investigate the protective effect and anti-cancer property of nanoparticles based on chitosan isolated from squid, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, on hepatic cells in N-Nitrosodiethylamine-induced hepatocellular carcinoma in rats. The results conferred that the chitosan nanoparticle supplementation had a protective ef...

The sulfated mucopolysaccharide (GAG) was isolated from S. pharonis and the carbohydrate and protein content was found to be 62.4% and 3.9%. The disaccharide profile of sulfated GAG composed glucuronic acid, N-acetyl glucosamine and sulphate content by contributing 50.11%, 38.00% and 27.69% respectively. The carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen content of...

Type I collagen from outer skin of Sepia pharaonis was extracted and partially characterized. Yield of Acid Soluble Collagen (ASC) and Pepsin Soluble Collagen (PSC) were calculated as 1.66% and 3.93% and the total protein content of ASC and PSC were found as 18.4% and 48.6%. FT-IR spectrum of ASC and PSC recorded 12 and 14 peaks, respectively. ¹H-N...

Sponges are mostly marine found distributed right from the intertidal region to the deeper waters of the oceans. Its spatial and temporal distribution is found ubiquitous. Though the sponges have simple morphology and anatomy, they show symbiotic association with several microorganisms, which are the main source of secondary metabolites and are cap...

β-Chitosan from the gladius was enzymatically depolymerized and utilized for the synthesis of β-chitosan nanoparticles using sodium tripolyphosphate by ionotropic gelation. The size and zeta potential of β-Chitosan nanoparticles (β-CNP) were determined. The structural features were evaluated by FT-IR and NMR spectral analysis. The morphological cha...

The purpose of this study was to explore the in vivo cardioprotective potency of liver (digestive gland) oil from S. lessoniana on isoproterenol induced myocardial infracted wistar rats. Rats received IPH for 2 successive days (85 mg kg-1 body weight) at 24 h intervals to induce myocardial infarction at the end of the experiment. S. lessoniana live...

Chitosan is a commercially available derivative of chitin that has been extensively studied for its antimicrobial properties. In order to improve the water solubility and its biological activity, the chemical modification or derivatisation is attempted. In the present investigation, the chitosan prepared from the cuttlebone of Sepia kobiensiswas be...

Sulfated polysaccharide is isolated from Gracilaria debilis was purified through gel chromatography and their molecular weight was determined through AGE and PAGE. The total sugars in the crude, fractionated and purified were estimated as 52.65%, 59.70% & 67.60% respectively. The ash and moisture content of crude and purified polysaccharide was fou...

Type I collagen from outer skin of Sepia pharaonis was extracted and characterized. Yield of Acid Soluble Collagen (ASC) and Pepsin Soluble Collagen (PSC) were calculated as 1.66% and 3.93% and the total protein content of ASC and PSC were found as 18.4% and 48.6% on dry weight basis (DWB). FT-IR spectrum of ASC and PSC recorded 12 and 14 pea...

The present study was conducted to extraction and evaluation of antimicrobial potential and functional groups characterization of Pinna nobilis extract against clinical isolates such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Bacilus subtilis, Vibrio Harvey and Aeromonas hydrophilla. The better antimicrobial activity results showed 10 to 12 mm at...

In vitro antibacterial aptitude of Avicennia marina, A. marina var acutissima, Rhizophora mucronata, and R. annamalayana leaves were evaluated for urinary tract infective bacterial strains. A. marina var. acutissima and R. annamalayana methanolic extracts had diverse phytochemicals and demonstrated lower antibacterial activity at the concentrations...

In-vitro Antibacterial screening of Methanolic Extract of whole Body tissue and EDTA extract of Cuttlebone of Sepia pharaonis (Ehrenberg, 1831) against selected clinical isolates. National Level Seminar on ‘Microbes in Human Perspectives in this Millennium’

The need for the discovery of new and novel antibiotics is imperative because evidence suggests that development and spread of resistance to any new antimicrobial agents is inevitable. In the present study, the in-vitro antibacterial activity of Methanolic extract of whole body tissue and EDTA (Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate) extract of cuttlebone...

The chitin, chitosan and their derivatives are found increasing uses day by day with more than 200 applications that include cosmetics, agriculture, food, biomedical, textile etc. This book provide an avenue for the wise utilization of bivalve shell which is so far used only for ornamental purpose apart from being a raw material for lime production...

Heparin (heterogeneous anionic polysaccharide), the glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) has been used as an anticoagulant for several years in clinical studies. In the present study, GAGs from MERETRIX CASTA were fractionated by ion exchange chromatography (Amberlite IRA-900). The active fractions were identified by agarose gel electrophoresis and metachroma...

In the present investigation, the hooded cuttlefish Sepia prashadi were collected from Mudasalodai landing centre, east coast of Tamil Nadu, India. Collected animals were dissected for their liver (digestive gland) and the dried liver was ground well and the cuttlefish liver oil was extracted. The percentage of oil yield was noted as 32.45 %. The e...

Antimicrobial prospective of dichloromethane and methanolic extracts of R. apiculata was to evaluate against Urinary Tract infective strains such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeurginosa, Proteus mirabilis and Klebsiella pneumoniae, methanolic extract showed better quality results at 250–350 µg/ml against all strains. And...

Acid-solubilised collagen (ASC) and pepsin-solubilised collagen (PSC) were effectively isolated from squid skin with good yield and total protein content. ASC and PSC consist of two α-chains with an imino acid content of 182.6 and 184 imino acid residues/1000 residues. The molecular weight was determined to be between 73 and 107 kDa by using SDS-PA...

Ocean is the source of large group of structurally unique natural products that are mainly found in invertebrates such as sponges, tunicates, bryozoans and mollusks. In the present study, polysaccharide was extracted from the cuttlebone of Sepia aculeata and the structure was determined through Fourier transform infra red spectroscopy. Then, the an...

Chitin was extracted from the cuttlebone of Sepia kobiensis and chitosan was prepared through deacetylation. The chitosan was characterized for its structural, physical and thermal (CHN, DDA, FT-IR, NMR, XRD, Viscometric analysis, SEM and DSC) properties. Further, the chitosan exhibited the antioxidant activity of 50.68-74.36% at 1-10mg.ml(-1) and...

β-Chitin and its chitosan from the gladius of Sepioteuthis lessoniana have been isolated, purified, characterised and compared with the commercial chitosan. Ash, moisture, mineral, metal and elemental content were analyzed using standard techniques. The optical activity of chitin was found to be levorotatory. The degree of deacetylation was calcula...

Cuttlefish chitosan was extracted from the cuttlebone of Sepiella inermis by demineralization and deproteinization and produced by deacetylation, and its physical and chemical parameters were also compared with that of commercial chitosan. Ash, moisture, and mineral and metal content of the chitosan was estimated by adopting standard methodologies....

Chitosan has attracted much attention as a biomedical material, owing to its unique biological activities. In this study, hepatoprotective effect of β-chitosan obtained from the gladius of squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana was studied against carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced oxidative stress and liver injury in rats. The rats that received β-chitosa...

The biological activity of crude methanolic extract (CME) of sea anemone Stichodactyla mertensii was screened. The CME was fractionated using diethylaminoethyl (DEAE – cellulose) and screened for hemolytic activity, mice bioassay, analegsic activity and neuromodulatory activity. The presence of protein was estimated to be 0.292 mg/ml in crude, foll...

In the present study an attempt was made to isolate the fatty acids from the digestive gland of cephalopod squid Loligo duvauceli. Generally fish and their by-products are the major natural sources of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid) and DHA (docosahexaenoic acid), both of them plays a vital role in the...

New trends in drug discovery from natural sources emphasize on investigation of the marine ecosystem to explore numerous complex and novel chemical entities. Many of the marine natural products have been isolated from sponges, coelenterates, tunicates, opisthobranch mollusks, echinoderms and bryozoans and a wide variety of marine microorganisms....

In this study, the antimicrobial potential of chitosan and its water soluble derivatives from gladius of squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana against eleven human pathogens (gram +ve and gram -ve bacteria) was investigated. Chitosan was extracted from the gladius through demineralization, deproteinization and deacetylation. Chitosan was chemically modifie...

Collagen is a major structural protein of connective tissues. It can be used as a prosthetic biomaterial applicable to artificial skin, tendon ligaments and development collagen implants. In the present study, an attempt was made to isolate and characterize collagen from the marine sponge, Spirastrella inconstans. The total protein content of spong...

Objectives: Sulfated chitosan was prepared from the shell of donacid clam Donax scortum by following demineralization, deproteinization, deacetylation and sulfating with chlorosulfonic acid. Results: FT-IR spectrum proved the structure of sulfated chitosan. The yield, sulfate content and molecular weight was found 80.30%, 14.2% and 18.65 × 10 4 Da....

Rats (140 ± 20 g) were divided into four groups (n=6); control (Group I), ISO Group II (85 mg/kg of ISO subcutaneously injected at 13 th and 14 th days), GAG treated (300 µg/day per rat s. c. for 2 weeks-Group III), and GAG plus ISO Group IV (300 µg/day per rat s. c. for 12 days and then by ISO on 13 th and 14 th days). At the end of experimental p...

Length-weight and allometric relationship was studied in Sepia pharaonis collected from Cuddalore fish landing centre, southeast coast of India, from June 2009 to May 2010. The slope value (b) estimated for male was found to be 2.1601 and for female 2.2508. The linear equation was fitted separately for male and female. To find out the differences a...

The basic nutritional components such as protein, carbohydrate, lipids, vitamins and minerals are chemical compounds essential to the growth and health of a living being. Hence, in the present study, the nutritional quality of different body parts (head, arm, tentacle and mantle) from the cuttlefish Sepia kobiensis was evaluated. The total protein...

The acid soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) were extracted from the outer skin of Sepiella inermis and further characterized partially. The yield of ASC was low (0.58% on dry weight basis); whereas the yield of PSC was comparatively more (16.23% on dry weight basis). The protein content in ASC and PSC was calculated as 20.24 a...

This study was aimed to assess the cardioprotective role of low molecular weight glycosaminoglycans (LMW-GAG) in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction (MI) in male Wistar rats. Effect of LMW-GAG on biomolecules, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)-isoenzyme, and electrocardiographic (ECG)-patterns was studied as evidence of cardioprotection. Ma...

To find out a novel source for natural antioxidant 'chitosan', from the shell of donacid clam Donax scortum which was characterised by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, Potentiometric titration, Viscometry and DSC. Chitosan was evaluated for antioxidant efficacy through various antioxidant assays such as conjugated-diene method, DPPH radical...

Marine animals have great potential for providing novel drug leads with novel mechanism of action. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial potency of methanolic extract of whole body tissue of Sepiella inermis and Ethylene Diamine Tetra Acetate (EDTA) extract of cuttlebone (polysaccharides) against ten human pathogens. S. ine...

Objective: To investigate antioxidant potency of chitosan and sulfated chitosan in various established in vitro systems, such as superoxide (O 2-)/hydroxyl (-OH) radicals scavenging, reducing power, metal ion chelating. Methods: Chitosan was prepared from deacetylation of chitin from cuttlefish. FTIR, degree of acetylation and mineral studies was c...

Objective: To evaluate the antimicrobial activity of polysaccharide from cuttlebone and methanolic extract from body tissue of Sepia prashadi, against ten human pathogenic bacteria and five fungi. Methods: The activity of polysaccharide and methanolic extract was investigated against Vibrio cholerae, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, V...

Generally, heavy metals enter into the aquatic environment through atmospheric deposition, erosion of geological matrix or due to anthropogenic activities caused by industrial effluents, domestic sewage and mining wastes. The present study analyzed the concentration of seven elements (Cd, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zi and Hg) in eight seaweeds such as Centroc...

To find out a novel source for natural antioxidant 'chitosan', from the shell of donacid clam Donax scortum which was characterised by UV-Vis spectroscopy, FT-IR spectroscopy, Potentiometric titration, Viscometry and DSC. Chitosan was evaluated for antioxidant efficacy through various antioxidant assays such as conjugated-diene method, DPPH radical...

“In vitro antioxidant activity of sulfated chitosan extracted from the cuttlebone of S. inermis (Orbigny, 1848)“ in an International symposium on Innovations in Free Radical Research and Experimental Therapeutics (IFRRET-2011) & 5th Annual Convention of Association of Biotechnology and Pharmacy

an International Journal, SSM International Publications

Bioactive substances from marine biota have been found useful as special tools in pharmacological and biomedical research. In the present study, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic extracts of six species of cephalopods (Sepia kobiensis, Sepiella inermis, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Octopus aegina, Octopus aerolatus, Octopus dollfu...

Bioactive substances from marine biota have been found useful as special tools in pharmacological and biomedical research. In the present study, the in vitro antimicrobial activity of crude methanolic extracts of six species of cephalopods (Sepia kobiensis, Sepiella inermis, Sepioteuthis lessoniana, Octopus aegina, Octopus aerolatus, Octopus dollfu...

Poster presentation in International symposium in environmental risk assessment, (ISERA, 2011) on “Conversion of Biowastes (cuttlebone) into biofunctional and Biodegradable Polymer and its utilization”

The present study describes the isolation, purification and structural characterization of heparan sulfate (HS) from marine scallop. Enzymatic depolymerization of the isolated HS, followed by polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis (PAGE), confirmed its presence of HS is by metachromatic activity and agarose gel electrophoresis. The purity of H...

In the present study an attempt has been made to isolate and characterize the type I collagen from outer skin of Sepia pharaonis. The total protein content and molecular weight of acid soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) were determined. The structure of ASC and PSC from S. pharaonis was persistent by using Fourier transform in...

In : Proceedings of “Bioactiva’11 – Life Saving Products from Marine Origins”

In : Proceedings of “Bioactiva’11 – Life Saving Products from Marine Origins”

In : Proceedings of “Bioactiva’11 – Life Saving Products from Marine Origins”.p. 58

In : Proceedings of “Bioactiva’11 – Life Saving Products from Marine Origins”

In the present study an attempt has been made to isolate and characterize the type I collagen from outer skin of Sepia pharaonis. The total protein content and molecular weight of acid soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin soluble collagen (PSC) were determined. The structure of ASC and PSC from S. pharaonis was persistent by using Fourier transform in...

The intensity of heavy metals (Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cd, Co, Cu, Pb) were estimated in sediment, shell and tissue of the molluscs Cerithidea cingulata, Crassostrea madrasensis and Meretrix meretrix from two stations of Vellar Estuary, Southeast coast of India. The concentrations of the heavy metals analyzed exhibited variations in sediments, tissue and s...

The extracted unfractionated glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) obtained from the marine clam Meretrix meretrix were fractionated by ion-exchange (Amberlite IRA-900 and 120) chromatography. The fractionated sample activity was determined through azure-A by metachromatic activity and agarose gel electrophoresis. The active fractionated sample molecular mass...

The neogastropod Cymbium melo was collected from Cuddalore landing centre (along south-east coast of India) to analyse the biochemical constituents such as total protein, carbohydrate, lipid, water content and fatty acids in foot, mantle and remaining body tissues. The total protein content was found to be varying from 20.78±1.90% (body tissues) to...

Collagen is the most abundant protein of animal origin, comprising approximately 30% of total animal protein. There are at least 19 variants of collagen, named type I to XIX. Types I, II, III and V are the fibrous collagens. Type I collagen is found in all connective tissue, including bones and skins. It is a heteropolymer of two " 1 chains and one...

Lysozyme was extracted from the egg white of the eggs of lovebird (Agapornis sp.) and partially purified using the dialysis membrane. The amount of lysozyme extracted was determined through absorbance assays using Micrococcus lysodeikticus cell walls as substrate. The total protein content in the crude (0.5 mg/ml) and partially purified (0.01 mg/ml...

Collagen is the most abundant protein of animal origin, comprising approximately 30% of total animal protein. There are at least 19 variants of collagen, named type I to XIX. Types I, II, III and V are the fibrous collagens. Type I collagen is found in all connective tissue, including bones and skins. It is a heteropolymer of two " 1 chains and one...

Level of trace metals (Fe, Mg, Zn and Cu) in four species of gastropod (Turbo bruneus, Littorina scabra, Nodilittorina pyramidalis and Morula funiculata) shells from Kanniyakumari, southeast coast of India was studied. The accumulation of trace metals was in the order of Mg > Fe > Zn > Cu. The accumulation of Mg and Fe in T. bruneus shell was highe...

The present work explores suspicious consequence of low molecular weight glycosaminoglycan (LMW-GAG) on oxidative stress and cellular abnormalities in isoproterenol (ISO)-induced myocardial infarction in an experimental model. Group-III male Wistar rats (140 +/- 10 g) were administrated by ISO (85 mg ISO/ml subcutaneously (SC) injected at the last...

A survey conducted to know the diversity of malacofauna in Vellar estuarine mangroves (southeast coast of India). In this study, 13 species of molluscs (10 species of gastropods - Melampus ceylonicus, Cerithidea cingulata, Cassidula nucleus, Pythia plicata, Neritina (Dostia) violacea, Littorina scabra, Littorina melanostoma, Ellobium aurisjudae, C....

Cone snails are remarkable for the extent and diversity of gene-encoded peptide neurotoxins that are expressed in their venom apparatus. The protein content of the crude toxin extract of Conus figulinus Linneaus was found to be 1900 µg/mL. The crude extract (dilution up to 10 -5) expressed hemolytic activity. The crude extract subjected to gel filt...