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INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL AND CHEMICAL SCIENCES ISSN: 22775005
Vol. 4 (4) Oct-Dec 2015 www.ijpcsonline.com 433
Research Article
Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles Using Acacia Nilotica Leaf
Extract and Its Antibacterial and Anti Oxidant Activity
S. Ravikumar1 and Rwarinda U Angelo2
1Dean Faculty of Biotechnology Engineering, Prist University,
Puducherry, Tamil Nadu 605 007, India.
2Prist University, Thanjavur-613 403, Tamil Nadu, India.
ABSTRACT
The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized using leaf extracts as reducing and stabilizing agent are
reported and evaluated for antibacterial activity and antioxidant activity. The data revealed that the
rate of formation of silver nanoparticles increased significantly in solvent with increasing
temperature. The nature of AgNPs synthesized was analyzed by UV–vis spectroscopy, X-ray
diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The silver nanoparticles were with an average size of
20–25 nm and mostly spherical. The antibacterial potential of synthesized AgNPs was compared with
that of aqueous,acetone ethanol and methanol extracts by well diffusion method. Here the
microorganisms were used une gram negative gram positive and one fungus. Thus AgNPs showed
broad spectrum antibacterial activity at lower concentration and may be a good alternative
therapeutic approach in future, and antioxidant activity.
Keywords: Nanosilver; acacia nilotica leaf extract; Antibacterial activity;antioxidant activity.
INTRODUCTION
Since the starting of medicinal activities human being want to search new drugs for the present
diseases and based on his daily food mainly composed of vegetables, reads to the discover of
different medicinal plants. According to World Health Organization (WHO), medicinal plants would be
the best source to obtain variety of drugs. About 80% of individuals from developed countries used
traditional medicines, which have compounds derived from medicinal plants. Those plants used
should be investigated to better understand their properties, safety and efficiency. (Arunkumar and
Muthuselvam, 2009)
Medicinal plants are those plants which show antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral or insecticidal
activities. From the best known and used medicine shows the high level of usage of those plants and
while traditional medicinal plants are often cheaper, locally available and easily consumable, raw or
as simple medicinal preparations. (Cowan et al, 1999).
ACACIA NILOTICA
( KARUVELAI: Tamil name and KIKAL : Hindi name).
TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION KINGDOM Plantae
SUBKINGDOM
Tracheobionta
SUPER DIVISION spermatophyta
DIVISION Magnoliophyta
CLASS magnoliopsida
SUBCLASS
rosidae
ORDER Fabales
FAMILY
Fabaceae
GENUS Acacia
SPECIES
nilotica
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ACACIA PLANT
Acacia known commonly as acacia, thorn tree, whistling thorn, or wattle, is a genus of shrubs and
trees belonging to the subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, described by
the Swedish botanist Carl Linnaeus in 1773 based on the African species Acacia nilotica. Many non-
Australian species tend to be thorny, whereas the majority of Australian acacias are not. All species
are pod-bearing, with sap and leaves often bearing large amounts of tannins and condensed
tannins that historically found use as pharmaceuticals and preservatives.
The generic name derives from (akakia), the name given by early Greek botanist-physician Pedanius
Dioscorides (middle to late first century) to the medicinal tree A. nilotica in his book Materia
Medica. This name derives from the Greek word for its characteristic thorns, The species
name nilotica was given by Linnaeus from this tree's best-known range along the Nile river.
The genus Acacia previously contained roughly 1,300 species, about 960 of them native to Australia,
with the remainder spread around the tropical to warm-temperate regions of both hemispheres,
including Europe, Africa, southern Asia, and the Americas. However, in 2005, the genus was divided
into five separate genera under the tribe "Acacieae". The genus Acacia (sensu stricto) was retained
for the majority of the Australian species and a few in tropical Asia, Madagascar, and Pacific Islands.
Most of the species outside Australia, and a small number of Australian species, were reclassified
into Vachellia and Senegalia. The two final genera,Acaciella and Mariosousa, each contains about a
dozen species from the Americas. (Quattrocchi and Umberto,2000).
1.6 ACACIA NILOTICA SPECIES
Acacia nilotica is a shrub or tree belonging to the family Leguminosae. It is widely distributed in Kenya
and is widely used for medicinal purposes in both human and veterinary medicine in resource-poor
rural and urban households. The decoction of its stem barks is used against diarrhoea and eye
problems in livestock, stomachache, malaria, coughs, primary infection of syphilis, sterility, and
pneumonia in human being. (Kokwaro, 1976)
It is a low, branched tree with a more or less spherical crown. Black bark on stem becomes ash-grey
to light brown on the branches, bearing small, short, sharply hooked spines in pairs. It has a shallow
but extensive root system radiating from the crown, allowing the plant to exploit soil moisture and
nutrients from a large volume of soil. The roots rarely penetrate more than 1 m. leaves characterized
by 2 pairs of pinnulae, each with a single pair of leaflets. Leaflets elliptic 0.6-2 cm long and 0.6-1.2 cm
wide, glabrous and highly coloured beneath.
Today, traditional medicinal practices form an integral part of complementary or alternative medicine.
Although their efficacy and mechanism of action have not been tested scientifically in most cases,
these simple medicinal preparations often mediate beneficial responses due to their chemical
constituents.
The aim of this study is to assess the phytochemicals present in Acacia nilotica and examine their anti
microbial effects.
Nowadays different new diseases are developed due to resistance of causal agents; these call
researchers to get new medicine responsible of new causal agent. One of the best ways of achieving
this is the analysis of phytochemicals and study of their effects on different microbes.
One of plants is used in this study acacia nilotica which is well known and used as medicinal plant in
different areas of the world.
MEDICINAL USES OF ACACIA NILOTICA
Siddha Medicine is one of the oldest medical systems known to mankind. Contemporary Tamizh
literature holds that the system of Siddha medicine originated in Southern India, in the state of Tamil
Nadu, as part of the trio Indian medicines - ayurveda, siddha and unani. Reported to have surfaced
more than 10000 years ago, the Siddha system of medicine is considered one of the most ancient
traditional medical systems. (The Hindu, 2010).
SILVER NANOPARTICLES
Silver nanoparticles are nanoparticles of silver, i.e. silver particles of between 1 nm and 100 nm in
size. While frequently described as being 'silver' some are composed of a large percentage of silver
oxide due to their large ratio of surface-to-bulk silver atoms.
Silver nanoparticles have unique optical, electrical, and thermal properties and are being incorporated
into products that range from photovoltaics to biological and chemical sensors. Examples include
conductive inks, pastes and fillers which utilize silver nanoparticles for their high electrical
conductivity, stability, and low sintering temperatures. Additional applications include molecular
diagnostics and photonic devices, which take advantage of the novel optical properties of these
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nanomaterials. An increasingly common application is the use of silver nanoparticles for antimicrobial
coatings, and many textiles, keyboards, wound dressings, and biomedical devices now contain silver
nanoparticles that continuously release a low level of silver ions to provide protection against bacteria.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
SAMPLE COLLECTION
Fresh leaves of Acacia nilotica were collected in Tamil nadu, Tanjavur district, in garden near Sarafogi
College.
The plant materials were dried until all the water molecules evaporated and plants became well dried
for grinding. After drying, the plant materials were ground well using mechanical blender into fine
powder labeling for future use.
PREPARATION OF PLANT EXTRACTS
Crude plant extracts were prepared by Soxhlet extraction method. About 20 g of powdered plant
leaves was uniformly packed into a thimble and extracted with 180 ml of different solvents separately.
Solvents used were water, methanol, ethanol and acetone. The process of extraction till the solvent in
siphon tube of an extractor became colorless. After that the extracts were taken in beakers and kept
on a hot plate and heated at 30 – 40oC till all the solvent got evaporated. Dried extracts were kept in a
refrigerator at 4oC for their future use in phytochemical analysis.
ETHANOLIC EXTRACT
It was prepared by packing 20g of powdered plant leaves into a thimble and 180 ml of ethanol was
used as extract. Liquid extract obtained was dried on petri dish.
METHANOLIC EXTRACT
It was prepared by separating funnel where 20g of plant material was used by dissolving it into 180 ml
of methanol. After two days extract was obtained and kept for future analysis.
ACETONE EXTRACT
It was prepared by using 20g of plant material which dissolved into 180ml acetone by using
separating funnel. After two days extract was obtained and kept for future analysis.
Extracts were filtered and concentrated at room temperature. After completion of solvent these
extracts are kept for future uses.
ANTIBACTERIAL STUDY
MICRO ORGANISMS
In this study both gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram negative (Eschelichia coli)
bacteria were used to determine antibacterial activity of different alcoholic extracts of plant Acacia
nilotica.
INNOCULUM PREPARATION
Bacteria broth was prepared by dissolving 1.3 g of nutrient broth in 100 ml of distilled water. Then,
took loopful of bacteria culture from the slant and inoculate bacteria into broth medium. Incubation
took place for 18-24 hrs at 37oc.
DETERMINATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
During this study antibacterial activity of Acacia nilotica extracts were carried out by a modified well
agar method. Mueller Hinton agar plates were swabbed with 24 hrs old broth culture of selected
bacteria. Consequently, using sterile borer, well of 0.6 cm diameter was made into each Mueller
Hinton agar 4 wells were made and 40 micro liter of each extract was filled into the well.
The control antibiotic (Tetracycline) was used to compare each extract activity, and then the plates
were incubated for 24 hrs at 37 oc. Results were recorded by measuring the diameter of inhibitory
zone by using a transparent meter rule at the end of 24 hrs.
ANTIFUNGAL STUDY
MICRO ORGANISM
For this study, fungal strain, Aspergillus niger fungi was used to determine antifungal activity of
different extracts of plant Acacia nilotica.
INNOCULUM PREPARATION
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Potato dextrose broth was prepared by dissolving 3.9g of potato dextrose broth into 100 ml of distilled
water. Took a loopful of fungal culture from the slant and inoculate fungi in broth medium. Then
incubate the culture broth for 48 hrs at 37oc.
DETERMINATION OF ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
In study antifungal activity of Acacia nilotica extracts was carried out by a modified well agar method.
Mueller Hinton agar plates were swabbed with 24 hrs old broth culture of selected fungi strain
(Asperigullus niger). Consequently, using sterile borer, well of 0.6 cm diameter was made into each
Mueller Hinton agar 4 wells were made and 40 micro liter of each extract was filled into the well.
The control antibiotic (Clotrimazole) was used to compare each extract activity, and then the plates
were incubated for 24 hrs at 37 oc. Results were recorded by measuring the diameter of inhibitory
zone by using a transparent meter rule at the end of 24 hrs
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY ASSAY
To determine the reducing power assay of Plant Sample by Yildrim et al., Method, 2001.
Reagents Required
Phosphate buffer, Potassium Ferric Cyanide, Trichloro acetic acid and Ferric Chloride
Procedure
Take different concentration of plant extract was mixed with phosphate buffer (2.5 ml 0.2 M, pH 6.6)
and potassium ferricyanide (2.5 ml). The mixture was incubated at 50oC for 20 minutes. A portion (2.5
ml) of Tricholoroacetic acid (10%) was added to the mixture, which was then centrifuged at 3000 rpm
for 10 min. The upper layer of solution (2.5ml) was mixed with distilled water (2.5ml) and Ferriccloride
(0.5ml, 0.1%) and read the absorbance measured at 700nm. Increased absorbance of the reaction
mixture indicates stronger reducing power. The activity was compared with ascorbic acid standard.
Calculation
Percentage scavenging activity =
control test
control
A A
100
A
Where Acontrol is the absorbance of the control Atest is the absorbance in the presence of the sample.
SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS
During this study plant extract was used to reduce silver nitrate in order to get silver nanoparticles.
Aqueous extract was prepared by boiling 25 g of plant leaves with 100 ml of distilled water during 20
min color change indicate the formation of extract, the obtained extract was filtered by using whatman
filter paper number one. This is followed by centrifugation to remove heavy biomolecules.
Silver nitrate solution was prepared and adjusted to 1x10-3M, 100 ml of solution was mixed with 5ml of
plant extract, after 12hrs show color change.
For analysis and characterization of formed nanoparticules UV visible spectrophotometer was used to
characterize transiformation and stability of nanoparticles, fourier transform infra red was used to
determine the stability of nanoparticles also scanning electron microscope was used to determine the
shape of nanoparticles.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
ANTIBACTERIAL AND ANTIFUNGAL ACTIVITY
The bacteria culture of E. coli and staphylococcus aureus in petriplates were incubated along with
were checked for growth inhibition zones of organism after 24 hrs, the antibacterial activity of
ethanolic, methanolic and acetone extracts of plant Acacia nilotica was studied. Antibacterial activity
of dried leaves extract and their efficiency were quantitatively assessed using agar well diffusion
methods by measuring the diameter of growth of inhibition zone.
Antibacterial activity of extracts and their efficiency were assessed using agar well diffusion methods
by measuring the zone of inhibition diameter. The results showed that ethanolic extract is more
powerful than other extracts, where it was most active against E.coli and staphylococcus aureus. The
antifungal culture of Aspergillus niger in petriplate was along with the test were checked for growth
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inhibition zone of organisms after 48 hrs, the fungal activity of ethanolic, methanolic and acetone
extracts of plant Acacia nilotica were studied.
The ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica show the maximum zone of inhibition against Aspergillus niger
which is 13mm while the acetonic extract show the minimum one which is 10mm.
The minimum inhibition zone was evaluated using ethanolic extract with different concentrations here
30%, 50% and 80% were chosen to be used. The 80% concentration showed maximum zone of
inhibition in both E. coli and staphylococcus aureus wich is 34 mm.
When we compare all extracts ethanolic extracts showed high zone of inhibition against methanolic
and acetone.
The culture of Aspergillus Niger was used for the antifungal activity test where the zone of inhibition
was evaluated after 48 hrs, in all extracts here ethanolic extract showed high zone of inhibition which
is 16 mm. different concentrations were used to evaluate the minimum zone of inhibition where 80%
concentration of ethanolic extract show high zone of inhibition 28 mm. and 30% show the minimum
one 20%.
The comparison in strain shows that in gram negative E. coli the minimum zone of inhibition was
observed on acetonic extracts which is 23mm while the maximum was 25mm on methanolic extract,
in gram positive Staphylococcus aureus the minimum zone of inhibition was observed on methanolic
extract and was 13mm and the maximum one was 18mm on ethanolic extract. When compared to the
ethanolic, methanolic and acetonic extracts, ethanolic extract showed the highest zone of inhibition
among the organisms, as presented in figure 11 and 12 as well as in table 2.
Fig. 1: Antibacterial activity
Fig. 2: Ethanolic extract with different concentrations
Table 1: Antimicrobial Activity
S NO NAME OF ORGANISM ZONE OF INHIBITION(mm)
S 30% 50% 80%
1 E.coli 38 28 32
2
Staphylococcus aureus
38
29
32
34
3 A.niger 30 20 25 28
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MINIMUM INHIBITORY CONCENTRATION
The present study indicates that the ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica significantly suppress the
growth of selected bacteria. The ethanolic extract of acacia nilotica was most active against the
microorganisms Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli. The maximum inhibition zone was obtained in
E. coli 26 mm and the minimum inhibition zone was methanolic extract found in staphylococcus
aureus which is 1 mm.
The minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts of Acacia nilotica against various pathogens was
performed. The MIC of ethanol extract was low [2.5mg./ml] as compared to other extracts [10
mg/ml].The lower MIC is an indication of high effectiveness of extract. As showed in table: 3.
Table 2: Minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts against pathogens
S. no Name of organism MIC(mg/ml)
Ethanolic extract Methanolic extract Acetone extract
1 E. coli 2.5 mm 9 mm 4 mm
2 Staphylococcus aureus 5 mm 10 mm 7 mm
3 A.niger 3 mm 10 mm 8 mm
ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY ASSAY
Antioxidant is a substance that prevents or slows the breakdown of others substance by oxygen, they
are chemical substances that donate an electron to the free radicals and convert it into harmless
molecules.
Natural antioxidants that are present in different plants and spices are responsible for inhibiting or
preventing the deleterious consequences of oxidative stress. Spices and plants contain free radical
scavengers like polyphenols, flavonoids and phenolic compounds. In the present study, we have
evaluated the free radical scavenger activity of ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica with different
concentrations.
Reducing power assay method is based on the principle that substances, which have reduction
potential, react with potassium ferricyanide (Fe3+) to form potassium ferrocyanide (Fe2+), which then
reacts with ferric chloride to form ferric ferrous complex that has an absorption maximum at 700 nm.
In the present study antioxidant activity was performed ethanolic extract of Acacia nilotica using
different concentrations (30%, 50% and 80%) and different quantity of ascorbic acid. (0.5And 1.0 ml).
Etahonolic extract at 30% of concentration with 1.0 ml shows high antioxidant activity compare to
other extracts and concentrations, as presented in table: 4 and figure 13.
Table 3: In-Vitro Antioxidant activity of Plant extract
by Reducing Power Scavenging Activity
Sample Extracts Inhibition values in %
0.5 ml 1.0 ml
30% Ethanolic extract
53.2
91.6
50% Ethanolic extract 54.3 69.3
80% Ethanolic extract 37.4 61.4
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In-Vitro
Antioxidant activity of Plant extract by
Reducing Power Scavenging Activity
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
30% 50% 80%
Concentration of extract
Values in %
1.0 ml
0.5 ml
Fig. 3: in-vitro antioxidant activity by reducing
power scavenging activity
SILVER NANOPARTICLES SINTHESIS
The synthesis of silver nanoparticles and their utilization in diverse areas become an area of research
and investigation during the last two decades because of their unique optical, physical, chemical and
magnetic properties compare to the bulk sold. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticals shows the rapid
and eco friendly advantages compare to the other methods. During this study aqueous extract of
Acacia nilotica was used to reduce silver nitrate (AgNO3) into silver nanoparticles. The results are
presented in figure 14 to 16.
Fig. 4: plant extracts Fig. 5: silver nitrate solution
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Fig 6: silver nanoparticles solution
UV-visible absorbance study showed that the addition of Acacia nilotica leaf extract to silver nitrate
solution resulted in color change of solution from transparent to brown-black due to the production of
silver nanoparticles (Figure: 6).
The SPR of silver nanoparticles produce a peak centred at 300 nm, (figure: 7). This indicates the
reduction of silver nitrate to silver nanoparticles . it was observed that the reduction started at the start
of the reaction and continue rapidly till the end of reaction, and showing the rapid biosynthesis of
silver nanoparticles.
Fig. 7: UV- vis spectrum of silver nanoparticles
Results of FT-IR study of biosynthesis silver nanoparticles using Acacia nilotica extract showd sharp
absorption peak located 3421, 2922, 2361, 1624, 1384 and 1060 cm-1 as showed on figure 8 the peak
on1624 cm-1 may be assigned to the amide I bond of proteins arising from carbonyl stretching in
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proteins and the peak 3421 cm-1 is arising to OH stretching in alcohols and phenolic compounds. The
absorption peak at 1624 cm-1 is close to that reported for native proteins, which suggests that proteins
are interacting with biosynthesized silver nanoparticles and also their secondary structure was not
affected during reactionwith Ag+ ions or after binding with Ag0 nanoparticles. This spectroscopic study
confirms that the carbonyl group of amino acid residues has a strong binding ability with silver,
suggesting the formation of layer covering silver nanoparticles. These results confirm the presence of
possible proteins acting as reducing and stabilizing agents.
SAMPLE NAME :FT-3978 FT-IR SP ECTRUM Date: 3/13/2 014
warinda,prist university,FT-3978-030 314.pk
warinda,prist university,FT-3978-030 314.007 3601 4 000.00 400 .00 45.42 48.25 4.0 0 %T 25 0.50
REF 4000 48.25 20 00 46.99 600
3421.57 45.4 2 2922.48 45 .99 2361.03 46 .33 1624.75 45.52 13 84.02 45.65
1060.15 45.4 3 494.17 46.97
4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000
400.0
45.00
45.5
46.0
46.5
47.0
47.5
48.0
48.50
cm-1
%T
3421.57
2922.48
2361.03
1624.75 1384.02
1060.15
494.17
Fig. 8: FT-IR spectrum of silver nanoparticles
SEM analysis of silver nanoparticles shows uniformly distributed AgNPs on the surface of the cells;
silver nanoparticles were spherical in shape with particle size range 10 to 50 nm. The larger one may
be due to the aggregationof the smaller ones. Figure 9(A to D) shows the results of SEM with
different resolutions were presented.
(A: X 100000 resolution)
(B: X 75000 resolution)
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(C: X 50000 resolution) (D: X10000 resolution)
Fig. 9: SEM analysis of silver nanoparticles in different resolutions
5.5 DISCUSSION
Medicinal plants show their capacity to heal different infection and this was achieved by using
different solvent in order to assess the phytochemicals, Extraction methods used pharmaceutically
involves the separation of medicinally active portions of plant tissues from the inactive/inert
components by using selective solvents (Kumar, 2011). During extraction, solvents diffuse into the
solid plant material and solubilize compounds with similar polarity. In this study three solvents ware
used (ethanolic, methanolic and acetone).
Secondary metabolites are the classes of compounds which are known to show curative activity
against several ailments in man, and therefore could explain the use traditional of medicinal plant for
the treatment of some illnesses.
There are a chemical compounds (phenolic compounds, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, quinones,
saponins, etc) with complex structures and with more restricted distribution than primary metabolites.
They are not indispensable for the plant that contains them; at least their metabolic functions have not
been discovered yet.
According to Yaole(2010), phenolic compounds is one of the most numerous groups of substances in
plant kingdom ranging from simple molecules, such as phenolic acids, to complex compounds, such
as tannins. Large groups of phenolic compounds comprises: simple phenols (catechol, resorcinol,
etc..), phenolic acids, stilbene (resveratrol, etc..), flavonoids (quercetin, cyanidin, etc..), biflavonoids
(ormocarpine, etc..), proanthocyanidins (epicatechin), tannins, coumarins and anthraquinones. In this
study selected phytochemicals were evaluated using standard techniques and the results were
presented in table: 1 those compounds are known as phytochemicals.
Acacia nilotica has a wealth of medicinal uses. It is used for stomach upset and pain, the bark is
chewed to protect against scurvy, an infusion is taken for dysentery and diarrhea. The pods are
desirable as fodder for cattle, and the leaves, young shoots and young pods are thought to aid milk
production. As reported by WHO, here it was selected to be used in this study.
This study shows minimum inhibitory concentration of the extracts against various pathogens used in
this study. The MIC of ethanol extract was low [2.5mg./ml] as compared to other extracts [10
mg/ml].The lower MIC is an indication of high effectiveness of extract. It shows also antimicrobial
effect on gram positive and gram negative bacteria as well as antifungal activity.
In this study plant extract shows antioxidant activity, these results suggest that the level of antioxidant
activity in Acacia nilotica varies to a great extent. It also suggests that phenolics in this plant provide
substantial antioxidant activity. Upon achievement of this survey, and using more samples, appears to
be a rich and interesting source for supplementary ethnomedicinal and phytochemical studies.
In recent years, like other technology developments,nanotechnology also expected to grow based on
their demand and its wider applications and the number of research being conducted in this field is
rapidly growing throughout the world as reported in different scientific journals. Nanotechnology deals
with the development of nanometer sized materials. In the field of nanotechnology different concepts
of engineering, electronics, and material science are applied in molecular or submicron level. Particles
with a size up to 100 nm are usually referred as nanoparticles and they exhibit completely new
properties based on their size, distribution and morphology. In the nanoscale level the properties of
the materials are different from that of their bulk materials and the increased surface area of these
nanoparticles is mainly responsible for their different chemical,optical, and mechanical properties as
showed by Satyavani (2011).
The extract of Acacia nilotica used in this study show the capacity of reducing some compounds and
formation of nanoparticles the one formed is silver nanoparticles. The formation of stable silver
nanoparticles from AgNO3 gave mostly spherical particles with a diameter ranging from10 to 50 nm.
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CONCLUSION
Plants have been evaluated as rich source of medicines due to their production of wide range of
bioactive molecules which are classified as secondary metabolites or phytochemicals, most of which
act as chemical defense against predation and infection.
Acacia nilotica is commonly known as medicinal plant in different area of the world.
Different extracts of Acacia nilotica leaves showed presence of essential phytochemicals
where the test shewed positive results on alkaloids,steroids, saponnins and terpenoids
In the different three extracts (ethanolic, methanolic and acetone) ethanolic extract of Acacia
nilotica leaves showed maximum zone of inhibition effect than methanolic and acetone
extracts of acacia nilotica leaves.
The 80% concentration of ethanolic extract exhibited high effect against bacteria and fungi
than 30% and 50 % ethanolic extract.
Ethanolic extracts of Acacia nilotica leaves showed high antioxidant activity in the
concentration of 30%.
Plant extract shows the antioxidant activity with different concentrations.
Plant extract show capacity of reducing different compounds and give formation of
nanoparticles.
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