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Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Berat Badan Kurang pada Balita di Timor Leste

Authors:
  • Institut Teknologi Sains dan Kesehatan RS dr Soepraoen Malang
  • Instituto Superior Cristal

Abstract

Latar Belakang: Berat badan kurang adalah indikator status nutrisi dan kesehatan balita yang buruk di sebuah negara. Pada tahun 2013 angka kejadian Stunting di Timor Leste tergolong tinggi sekitar 50,2% dibandingkan angka rata-rata untuk wilayah Asia Timur Pasifik yaitu 11,3%. Diantara anak balita yang mengalami stunting terdapat 38% yang memiliki berat badan kurang.Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian dengan berat badan kurang balita di Timor Leste.Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan studi cross-sectional berdasarkan data sekunder Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) pada 13 Provinsi di Timor Leste tahun 2016. Sampel pada penelitian ini sejumlah 3.723 balita.Hasil: Beberapa faktor yang berhubungan dengan berat badan rendah di Timor Leste adalah pendidikan Ibu (AOR = 0,50, 95% CI: 0,34-0,74), status gizi Ibu yang gemuk (AOR = 0,47, 95% CI:0,35-0,65) dan status gizi Ibu yang normal (AOR = 0,67, 95% CI: 0,55-0,81), jumlah kelahiran anak ≥ 7 (AOR = 1,67, 95% CI: 1,15-2,41), jenis kelamin anak perempuan (AOR 0,79, 95% CI: 0,67-0,94), kondisi ekonomi keluarga sangat kaya (AOR 0,66, 95% CI: 0,46-0,96), sumber air minum tidak higenis (AOR 1,37, 95% CI: 1,09-1,74)Kesimpulan: Upaya perbaikan status gizi balita dapat melalui peningkatan pendidikan dan nutrisi Ibu, ekonomi keluarga serta perbaikan kualitas air.
hps://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jkesvo Published online August 31, 2022 139
Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Berat Badan Kurang pada Balita di
Timor Leste
Factors Related to Underweight Toddlers in Timor Leste
Ardhiles Wahyu Kurniawan1,2, Rifzul Maulina1,3 , Anggelina Fernandes1,4
1Program Studi Doktor Kesehatan Masyarakat, Universitas Airlangga
2Departemen Keperawatan, Institut Teknologi Sains dan Kesehatan RS dr. Soepraoen
3Departemen Kebidanan, Institut Teknologi Sains dan Kesehatan RS dr. Soepraoen
4Instituto Superior Cristal, Timor Leste
ABSTRAK
Latar Belakang: Berat badan kurang adalah indikator status nutrisi dan kesehatan balita yang buruk
di sebuah negara. Pada tahun 2013 angka kejadian Stunting di Timor Leste tergolong tinggi sekitar
50,2% dibandingkan angka rata‑rata untuk wilayah Asia Timur Pasifik yaitu 11,3%. Diantara anak
balita yang mengalami stunting terdapat 38% yang memiliki berat badan kurang.
Tujuan: Mengetahui faktor yang berhubungan dengan kejadian dengan berat badan kurang balita di
Timor Leste.
Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan studi cross‑sectional berdasarkan data sekunder Demographic and
Health Survey (DHS) pada 13 Provinsi di Timor Leste tahun 2016. Sampel pada penelitian ini sejumlah
3.723 balita.
Hasil: Beberapa faktor yang berhubungan dengan berat badan rendah di Timor Leste adalah
pendidikan Ibu (AOR = 0,50, 95% CI: 0,34‑0,74), status gizi Ibu yang gemuk (AOR = 0,47, 95% CI:0,35‑
0,65) dan status gizi Ibu yang normal (AOR = 0,67, 95% CI: 0,55‑0,81), jumlah kelahiran anak ≥ 7 (AOR
= 1,67, 95% CI: 1,15‑2,41), jenis kelamin anak perempuan (AOR 0,79, 95% CI: 0,67‑0,94), kondisi
ekonomi keluarga sangat kaya (AOR 0,66, 95% CI: 0,46‑0,96), sumber air minum tidak higenis (AOR
1,37, 95% CI: 1,09‑1,74)
Kesimpulan: Upaya perbaikan status gizi balita dapat melalui peningkatan pendidikan dan nutrisi
Ibu, ekonomi keluarga serta perbaikan kualitas air.
Kata Kunci: Balita; Berat Badan Kurang; Timor Leste
ABSTRACT
Background: Underweight is an indicator of poor nutritional status and health of children under‑ five. In 2013
the incidence of stunting in Timor Leste was high at around 50.2% compared to the average for the East Asia
Pacific region of 11.3%. Among children under‑five who experience stunting, 38% are underweight.
Objective: To determine the factors associated with the incidence of underweight children under‑ five in Timor
Leste.
Methods: Analysis based on the Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) in Timor Leste in 2016. The total
sample was 3,723 children under five.
Results: Some of the factors associated with low body weight in Timor Leste are motherʹs education (AOR =
0.50, 95% CI: 0.34‑0.74), nutritional status of obese mothers (AOR = 0.47, 95% CI: 0.35‑0.65) and normal
nutritional status of the mother (AOR = 0.67, 95% CI: 0.55‑0.81), the number of children born ≥ 7 (AOR =
1.67, 95% CI: 1.15‑2.41), gender of a daughter (AOR 0.79, 95% CI: 0.67‑0.94), family economic condition is
very rich (AOR 0.66, 95% CI: 0.46‑0.96), unhygienic drinking water sources (AOR 1.37, 95% CI: 1.09‑1.74).
Conclusion: Improving the nutritional status of under‑five through improving maternal education and
nutrition, family economic status and water quality.
Keywords: Under‑five; Underweight; Timor Leste
Jurnal Kesehatan Vokasional, Vol. 7 No. 3 (Agustus 2022)
ISSN 2541‑0644 (print), ISSN 2599‑3275 (online)
DOI hps://doi.org/10.22146/jkesvo.69648
Corresponding author: rifzulmaulina@itsk‑soepraoen.ac.id
Diajukan 10 Oktober 2021 Diperbaiki 11 Agustus 2022 Diterima 31 Agustus 2022
hps://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jkesvo Published online August 31, 2022
140
PENDAHULUAN
Malnutrisi merupakan persoalan
kesehatan serius bagi anak balita di
negara berkembang, termasuk Timor
Leste. Beberapa faktor penyebab
malnutrisi saling terkait dan memiliki
dampak kesehatan yang merugikan
(WHO, 2017). Salah satu indikator status
gizi buruk pada balita diantaranya adalah
berat badan kurang (underweight), hal ini
berkaitan dengan pertumbuhan tinggi
badan dan berat badan yang terhambat
(WHO, 2012). Faktor penyebab langsung
malnutrisi pada balita yaitu kurangnya
asupan makanan dan penyakit yang
berulang, sedangkan penyebab yang
mendasarinya antara lain kurangnya
akses ke fasilitas kesehatan, perawatan
ibu yang tidak memadai, kerawanan
pangan dan kemiskinan (Chaerjee et al.,
2016).
Kekurangan gizi pada anak‑anak
berkaitan dengan mortalitas dan
morbiditas yang lebih tinggi. Hal ini dapat
menghambat perkembangan fisik, mental,
dan emosional jangka panjang pada anak‑
anak dan menghambat pertumbuhan,
kesejahteraan ekonomi dan sosial suatu
bangsa (Mileki dan Broten, 2017).
Kekurangan gizi juga menyebabkan
hambatan kognitif anak, rentan terhadap
infeksi, dan berkontribusi pada
morbiditas dan mortalitas anak (Das et al.,
2020). Malnutrisi memberikan kontribusi
yang signifikan terhadap beban global
sejumlah penyakit. Secara global,
malnutrisi menyumbang setengah dari
sejumlah kematian anak balita (Liu et al.,
2015). Pada tahun 2016, menurut
Organisasi Kesehatan Dunia (WHO),
sekitar 99 juta anak di bawah usia lima
tahun mengalami berat badan kurang di
seluruh dunia (Black et al., 2013); WHO,
2016).
Di Timor Leste, lebih dari setengah
(50,2%) anak balita mengalami stunting
pada tahun 2013, jauh di atas rata‑rata
untuk Asia Timur Pasifik yaitu 11,3%.
Hampir setengah (38%) dari anak balita
memiliki berat badan kurang. Prevalensi
berat badan kurang lebih tinggi pada anak
laki‑laki (39,0%) dibandingkan anak
perempuan (36,3%). Balita kurus lebih
tinggi didaerah kota (14,3%)
dibandingkan dengan di desa (9,8%) dan
tertinggi di Covalima (17,4%) dan Oecusse
(19,8%) (Provo et al., 2017).
Besarnya indikator gizi buruk di
suatu negara menunjukkan status gizi dan
kesehatan balita yang buruk, sehingga
penelitian ini berfungsi untuk menggali
faktor‑faktor yang berhubungan dengan
gizi buruk pada balita di Timor Leste.
Kekuatan penelitian kami meliputi
penggunaan data nutrisi dari survei
berbasis populasi representatif baru‑baru
ini (DHS 2016) untuk menilai malnutrisi
gizi pada anak usia 0‑59 bulan di Timor
Leste. Selain itu, survei ini memiliki
ukuran sampel yang besar dan respons
yang tinggi.
Peneliti menggunakan data Survei
Demografi dan Kesehatan Timor Leste
(DHS) tahun 2016 yang representatif
secara nasional untuk mengkaji faktor
yang melatarbelakangi malnutrisi pada
anak balita. Dengan demikian, pembuat
kebijakan dapat mengambil tindakan
segera dan tepat, terutama di daerah
dengan kasus tertinggi (Menon, Raabe
dan Bhaskar, 2009; Hoddino et al., 2013).
Hal ini penting mencegah kekurangan
gizi pada anak‑anak untuk pembangunan
ekonomi dan sosial (Kramer dan Allen,
2015).
METODE
Penelitian ini menggunakan studi
cross‑sectional yaitu analisis data sekunder
menggunakan DHS Timor Leste tahun
2016. Survei ini menggunakan informasi
tentang sosio‑demografis, kesehatan ibu
dan anak, survei ini juga mencakup
penduduk desa dan kota dari tiga belas
provinsi di Timor Leste
Sampel anak (n= 3.723, usia 0‑59
bulan) yang telah dilakukan pengukuran
antropometri lengkap. Evaluasi status gizi
Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Berat Badan Kurang...
hps://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jkesvo Published online August 31, 2022 141
anak < 5 tahun menggunakan indeks
antropometri yang diakui secara
internasional (berat badan menurut tinggi
badan dan berat badan menurut umur)
untuk menilai status gizi anak balita
dalam data DHS 2016. Multicenter Growth
Reference Study WHO digunakan untuk
menghitung indeks antropometrik untuk
mengevaluasi status gizi. Indeks tersebut
dinyatakan dalam satuan standar deviasi
(S.D) dari median populasi referensi.
Anak‑anak dengan Z‑skor, di bawah ‑2SD
dari populasi referensi WHO
menggunakan berat berdasarkan usia
(WAZ) (WHO, 2009).
Variabel bebas yang dipilih dibagi
menjadi dua faktor yaitu faktor
sosiodemografi‑ ibu dan anak. Faktor
sosial demografi yang dipilih adalah
pendidikan ibu, usia ibu, indeks massa
tubuh ibu, tinggi badan ibu, kepala rumah
tangga, jenis tempat tinggal, indeks
kekayaan rumah tangga, fasilitas toilet,
sumber air minum, dan provinsi tempat
tinggal. Faktor anak adalah jenis kelamin
anak, berat badan anak saat lahir, dan
kunjungan klinik antenatal.
Analisis dilakukan dengan
menggunakan uji statistik χ2 dan multiple
logistic regression (MLR) dengan STATA
14.0 yang bertujuan mengetahui faktor
yang berpengaruh terhadap berat badan
kurang pada balita di Timor Leste.
Variabel prediktor utama adalah:
pendidikan ibu, usia ibu, status gizi ibu,
tinggi badan ibu, jumlah kunjungan ANC
saat hamil, jumlah kelahiran, jenis
kelamin kepala keluarga, tempat tinggal,
kekayaan, fasilitas toilet, sumber air
minum dan provinsi.
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
Penelitian ini menganalisa sejumlah
3.723 balita usia 0‑59 bulan. Balita dengan
berat badan kurang (< ‑2SD) di Timor
Leste sebesar 1.395 balita (37,5%),
sedangkan berat badan normal (≥ 2SD)
sebesar 2.328 balita (62,5%).
Tabel 1. Karakteristik Sosio‑Demografi Balita di Timor Leste
Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Berat Badan Kurang...
No. Variabel Berat Badan Berat Total
n%n%n%
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Tingkat Pendidikan Ibu
Rendah
Sedang
Tinggi
Usia Ibu
< 20 tahun
20‑29 tahun
30‑39 tahun
> 40 tahun
Status Gizi Ibu
Kurus
Normal
Gemuk
Tinggi Ibu
Pendek
Normal
Kunjungan ANC Saat Hamil
Tidak
Iya
Jumlah Kelahiran Saat Ini
1
2‑6
≥ 7
Jenis Kelamin Anak
Laki‑laki
Perempuan
Jenis Kelamin Kepala Keluarga
Laki‑laki
Perempuan
904
1175
249
58
1078
903
289
418
1543
361
214
2108
293
2035
478
1649
201
1140
1188
2069
259
38,8
50,5
10,7
2,5
40,7
42,2
14,3
18,0
66,5
15,5
9,2
90,8
12,6
87,4
20,5
70,8
8,6
49,0
51,0
88,9
11,1
690
644
61
39
568
589
199
352
901
132
159
1229
179
1216
247
970
178
744
651
1259
136
49,5
46,1
4,4
2,8
40,7
42,2
14,3
25,4
65,1
9,5
11,5
88,5
12,8
87,2
17,7
69,5
12,8
53,3
46,7
90,3
9,7
1.594
1.819
310
97
1.646
1.492
488
774
2.453
496
343
3.380
472
3.251
725
2.619
379
1.884
1.839
3.328
395
42,8
48,9
8,3
2,6
44,2
40,1
13,1
20,8
65,9
13,3
10,1
89,9
12,7
87,3
19,5
70,4
10,1
50,6
49,4
89,4
10,6
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142
Berdasarkan data Tabel 1 diketahui
pada balita di Timor Leste dengan berat
badan kurang memiliki mayoritas tingkat
pendidikan Ibu rendah (49,5%), usia Ibu
20‑29 tahun (40,7%), status gizi Ibu normal
(65,1%), tinggi Ibu normal (88,5%),
melakukan kunjungan ANC saat hamil
(88,5%), jumlah kelahiran 2‑6, jenis
kelamin balita laki‑laki (53,3%), jenis
kelamin kepala keluarga laki‑laki (90,3%),
tempat tinggal desa (72,4%), kekayaan
kategori kaya (23,2%), fasilitas toilet
higenis (60,8%), sumber air minum
higenis (78,5%).
Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Berat Badan Kurang...
Tabel 1. Karakteristik Sosio‑Demografi Balita di Timor Leste (lanjutan...)
No. Variabel Berat Badan Berat Total
n%n%n%
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Tempat Tinggal
Kota
Desa
Keadaan Ekonomi
Sangat miskin
Miskin
Sedang
Kaya
Sangat kaya
Fasilitas Toilet
Higenis
Tidak Higenis
Sumber Air Minum
Higenis
Tidak Higenis
Provinsi
Aileu
Ainaro
Baucau
Bobonaro
Covalima
Dili
Ermera
Lautem
Liqui
Manatuto
Manufahi
Oecussi
Viqueque
772
1556
380
449
468
533
498
1505
823
1922
406
171
138
181
155
161
297
148
189
158
192
217
122
199
33,2
66,8
16,3
19,3
20,1
22,9
21,4
64,7
35,4
82,6
17,4
7,4
5,9
7,8
6,7
6,9
12,8
6,4
8,1
6,8
8,3
9,3
5,2
8,6
385
1010
312
287
292
323
181
848
547
1095
300
99
86
84
165
116
131
81
73
108
98
107
146
101
27,6
72,4
22,4
20,6
20,9
23,2
13,0
60,8
39,2
78,5
21,5
7,1
6,2
6
11,8
8,3
9,4
5,8
5,2
7,8
7
7,7
10,5
7,2
1,157
2,566
692
736
760
856
679
2353
1370
3017
706
270
224
265
320
277
428
229
262
266
290
324
268
300
31,1
68,9
18,6
19,8
20,4
23
18,2
63,2
36,8
81,0
19,0
7,3
6
7,1
8,6
7,4
11,5
6,2
7
7,1
7,8
8,7
7,2
8,1
Tabel 2. Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Berat Badan Kurang Pada Balita di Timor Leste :
Menggunakan X2 dan Multiple Logistic Regression
No. Variabel
X2MLR
p value OR (CI) p value
1.
2.
3.
4.
Tingkat Pendidikan Ibu
Rendah
Sedang
Tinggi
Usia Ibu
< 20 tahun
20‑29 tahun
30‑39 tahun
> 40 tahun
Status Gizi Ibu
Kurus
Normal
Gemuk
Tinggi Ibu
Pendek
Normal
0,00
0,01
0,00
0,03
1,00
0,91 (0,77 ‑ 1,10)
0,50 (0,34‑0,74)
1,00
0,89 (0,55 ‑ 1,43)
1,16 (0,70 ‑ 1,90)
1,03 (0,61 ‑ 1,75)
1,00
0,67 (0,55 ‑ 0,81)
0,47 (0,35 ‑ 0,65)
1,00
0,79 (0,6 ‑ 1,04)
0,34
0,00
0,63
0,57
0,91
0,00
0,00
0,09
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Analisis univariat menunjukkan
bahwa anak yang lahir dari ibu dengan
tingkat pendidikan rendah (OR = 0,91. CI
95% 0,77‑1,10), usia ibu < 20 tahun (OR =
0,89. 95% CI 0,55 ‑1,43), ibu dengan IMT
abnormal (OR = 0,67. 95% CI 0,55‑0,81),
tinggi badan ibu <150 cm (OR = 0,79. 95%
CI 0,6‑1, 04) memiliki indeks kekayaan
termiskin (OR = 0,66. 95%CI 0,46‑0,96),
dan sumber air minum yang tidak layak
(OR = 1,37. 95% CI 1,09 ‑1,74) merupakan
faktor risiko status berat badan menurut
usia anak rendah. Analisis multivariat
faktor anak menunjukkan bahwa anak
berjenis kelamin laki‑laki (OR = 0,67. 95%
CI 0,57‑0,78) dan anak yang lahir lebih
kecil dari ukuran rata‑rata (OR = 1 ,66.
95% CI 1,15‑2,40), anak yang tinggal di
perkotaan daerah (OR = 1,12. 95% CI 0,92‑
1,37), fasilitas toilet yang tidak baik (OR =
0,91. 95% CI 0,75‑1,10), sumber minum
yang tidak baik (OR = 1,37. 95% CI 1,09‑
1,74) cenderung kurus.
Penelitian ini menyajikan faktor risiko
yang berhubungan dengan salah satu
indikator gizi buruk yaitu berat badan
Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Berat Badan Kurang...
Tabel 2. Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Berat Badan Kurang Pada Balita di Timor Leste :
Menggunakan X2 dan Multiple Logistic Regression (lanjutan...)
No. Variabel
X2MLR
p value OR (CI) p value
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
Jumlah Kunjungan ANC Saat Hamil
Tidak
Iya
Jumlah Kelahiran
1
2‑6
≥ 7
Jenis Kelamin Anak
Laki‑laki
Perempuan
Jenis Kelamin Kepala Keluarga
Laki‑laki
Perempuan
Tempat Tinggal
Kota
Desa
Keadaan Ekonomi
Sangat miskin
Miskin
Sedang
Kaya
Sangat kaya
Fasilitas Toilet
Higenis
Tidak Higenis
Sumber Air Minum
Higenis
Tidak Higenis
Provinsi
Aileu
Ainaro
Baucau
Bobonaro
Covalima
Dili
Ermera
Lautem
liqui
Manatuto
Manufahi
Oecussi
Viqueque
0,83
0,00
0,01
0,19
0,00
0,00
0,02
0,00
0,00
1,00
1,24 (0,95 ‑ 1,63)
1,00
1,11 (0,90 ‑ 1,36)
1,67 (1,15 ‑ 2,41)
1,00
0,79 (0,67 ‑ 0,94)
1,00
1,12 (0,87 ‑ 1,44)
1,00
1,12 (0,92 ‑ 1,37)
1,00
0,99 (0,76 ‑ 1,29)
0,80 (0,62 ‑ 1,05)
0,99 (0,72 ‑ 1,37)
0,66 (0,46 ‑ 0,96)
1,00
0,91 (0,75 ‑ 1,10)
1,37 (1,09 ‑ 1,74)
1,00
1,07 (0,74 ‑ 1 ,55)
0,91 (0,62 ‑ 1,31)
2,07 (1,44 ‑ 2,99)
1,37 (0,89 ‑ 2,10)
1,33 (0,90 ‑ 1,95)
0,88 (0,61 ‑ 1,28)
0,68 (0,46 ‑ 1,01)
1,21 (0,85 ‑ 1,73)
0,97 (0,63 ‑ 1,49)
0,97 (0,67 ‑ 1,41)
2,10 (1,40 ‑ 3,13)
0,98 (0,69 ‑ 1,39)
0,12
0,32
0,01
0,01
0,38
0,27
0,96
0,11
0,95
0,03
0,35
0,01
0,72
0,59
0,00
0,14
0,15
0,50
0,06
0,29
0,87
0,88
0,00
0,92
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144
kurang (underweight) pada balita di Timor
Leste menggunakan data DHS 2016. Studi
kami menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan
ibu, indeks kekayaan, indeks masa tubuh
ibu, ukuran anak saat lahir, jenis kelamin
anak, sumber air minum memiliki
hubungan yang signifikan dengan berat
badan kurang anak. Besarnya gizi buruk
yang didapatkan dari penelitian ini
memperkuat kebutuhan untuk
meningkatkan kualitas gizi balita di Timor
Leste. Dari populasi balita yang diteliti (n=
3.723) balita dengan berat badan kurang
(37,5%).
Berdasarkan data DHS 2016 dan
analisis kami, balita dari ibu dengan
pendidikan rendah lebih rentan
mengalami gizi buruk (berat badan
kurang) dibandingkan anak dari ibu yang
berpendidikan. Terdapat hubungan antara
pendidikan ibu dengan berat badan
kurang pada anak yang konsisten dengan
beberapa penelitian sebelumnya (Mishra
et al., 2014; Chowdhury et al., 2016). Ibu
dengan pendidikan yang tinggi akan
mendapat informasi yang lebih baik
tentang kebutuhan gizi dan kesehatan
anak‑anak mereka, oleh karena itu lebih
memilih untuk menggunakan fasilitas
kebersihan dan sanitasi yang lebih baik.
Selain itu, ibu dengan pendidikan yang
tinggi membuat perbandingan pilihan
perawatan kesehatan yang tersedia untuk
meningkatkan kesehatan anak‑anak
mereka (Tariq et al., 2018).
Status gizi Ibu kurus akan lebih
beresiko memiliki balita dengan berat
badan kurang. Status gizi ibu sebagai
salah satu penentu terhadap status gizi
balita (Bhutia, 2014). Banyak penelitian
telah membuktikan pentingnya status gizi
ibu, terutama selama periode perinatal,
terhadap status gizi bayi (1000 hari
pertama kehidupan) (Sunsaneevithayakul
et al., 2014; Aldana‑Parra, Vega and
Fewtrell, 2020). Hubungan ini telah
diselidiki dan dilaporkan dalam studi di
mana IMT Ibu sebelum kehamilan
memiliki korelasi positif dengan berat
lahir, panjang, dan lingkar kepala. Selain
itu, status gizi ibu dapat digunakan untuk
memprediksi malnutrisi pada balita
(Medhin et al., 2010).
Semakin banyak jumlah anak didalam
keluarga lebih beresiko menyebabkan
malnutrisi pada balita. Pada hasil studi
diketahui jumlah anak 7 beresiko 1,67
kali lipat menyebabkan berat badan
kurang pada balita di Timor Leste. Salah
satu prediktor yang konsisten
menyebabkan malnutrisi pada balita
adalah jumlah anak yang banyak pada
keluarga (Akombi et al., 2017). Dengan
semakin banyak anak, maka asupan gizi,
perhatian dan perawatan pada balita akan
semakin menurun. Jumlah anak pada
keluarga harus seimbang dengan
kemampuan finansial agar kualitas gizi
balita tidak terabaikan.
Hasil studi kami menunjukkan bahwa
anak laki‑laki lebih mungkin mengalami
berat badan kurang daripada anak
perempuan. Temuan ini sesuai dengan
penelitian sebelumnya yang melaporkan
bahwa anak laki‑laki lebih rentan
mengalami malnutrisi karena mereka
membutuhkan kalori yang relatif lebih
banyak untuk pertumbuhan dan
perkembangannya (Demissie dan Worku,
2013; Kavosi et al., 2014).
Tingginya prevalensi gangguan gizi
juga disebabkan oleh tingginya angka
kemiskinan. Keluarga dengan kondisi
ekonomi sulit lebih beresiko memiliki
balita malnutrisi yaitu dengan berat badan
kurang. Keluarga yang miskin
menyebabkan kemampuan daya beli
terhadap makanan yang bergizi akan
menurun. Angka kemiskinan di wilayah
Timor Leste menyebabkan anak‑anak
kekurangan gizi karena asupan makanan
yang tidak mencukupi, rentan terhadap
gangguan pertumbuhan fisik karena
kurang perawatan yang tepat
(Geberselassie et al., 2018).
Sumber air minum secara independen
berhubungan dengan kejadian diare pada
anak. Anak yang minum dari sumber air
Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Berat Badan Kurang...
hps://jurnal.ugm.ac.id/jkesvo Published online August 31, 2022 145
yang tidak layak 3,7 kali lebih besar
kemungkinannya untuk mengalami diare
dibandingkan dengan anak yang minum
dari sumber air bersih. Diare yang
persisten menyebabkan malnutrisi pada
anak (Geberselassie et al., 2018). Anak‑
anak yang menderita diare 30‑63% lebih
beresiko berat badan kurang
dibandingkan dengan mereka yang tidak
menderita diare (Kasaye et al., 2019).
Kondisi air, sanitasi, dan kebersihan atau
Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WaSH)
yang buruk dapat memainkan peran
mendasar sebagai penyebab dan
persistensi kekurangan gizi pada masa
anak‑anak (Prendergast and Kelly, 2012).
Persepsi ukuran anak saat lahir secara
signifikan menentukan status gizi anak,
karena berat badan lahir rendah dianggap
sebagai indikator pertumbuhan
intrauterin yang terbatas (Rahman et al.,
2016). Studi kami menemukan bahwa
anak‑anak yang lahir dengan berat badan
lebih rendah dari rata‑rata lebih
cenderung kekurangan berat badan,
sedangkan mereka yang memiliki berat
badan lebih besar dari rata‑rata lebih kecil
kemungkinannya untuk mengalami
stunting. Temuan ini konsisten dengan
penelitian sebelumnya yang menunjukkan
bahwa bayi dengan berat badan lahir
rendah memiliki kemungkinan yang jauh
lebih tinggi untuk menjadi kerdil dan
kurus di kemudian hari karena nutrisi
janin yang tidak memadai (Kanjilal et al.,
2010; Adhikari et al., 2017).
PENUTUP
Kesimpulan
Faktor yang mempengaruhi gizi
buruk pada anak di Timor Leste adalah
faktor ibu, faktor anak & faktor keluarga
meliputi: tingkat pendidikan Ibu, status
gizi Ibu, jumlah kelahiran anak, jenis
kelamin anak, kualitas air dan status
ekonomi. Ketiga faktor ini sebagian besar
dapat dicegah.
Saran
Strategi yang dapat digunakan untuk
mengurangi status gizi buruk di negara
ini adalah meningkatkan tingkat
pendidikan Ibu, perbaikan gizi Ibu,
pembatasan kelahiran, perbaikan kualitas
air dan fokus pada pengentasan
kemiskinan. Intervensi yang dapat
digunakan adalah edukasi berbasis
masyarakat dan intervensi gizi untuk
mengatasi gizi buruk pada balita.
KELAYAKAN ETIK
Studi ini menggunakan analisis data
sekunder yang tersedia untuk umum;
peneliti memperoleh data dari situs web
DHS (URL: hps://
www.dhsprogram.com/) dengan
mengikuti prosedur. Data DHS telah
memenuhi kelayakan etik melalui ICF
International.
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Ardhiles Wahyu Kurniawan, dkk
Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Berat Badan Kurang...
... There are 82,5%of toddlers who implemented by inappropriate feeding patterns (82.5%). According to Kurniawan et al., in 2022, boys will be underweight compared to girls. It because boys need more calories for growth and development. ...
... The physical growth of boys will be slower than girls. This difference will be seen when they enter adolescence, namely that boys will grow faster than girls (Kurniawan et al., 2022). ...
... According to research by Kurniawan et al., in 2022, male toddlers will be underweight compared to female toddlers. Toddler boys are more susceptible to being underweight because toddler boys need more calories for growth and development. ...
Article
Latar Belakang :Underweight merupakan indikator utama kekurangan gizi pada anak dan dapat menimbulkan dampak jangka panjang seperti gangguan kesehatan fisik dan mental, perilaku, dan kognitif .Prevalensi underweight pada anak balita Puskesmas Rowosari II sebesar 9,8 % mayoritas terjadi pada usia 24-60 bulan dengan persentase 0,53%. Permasalahan yang menyebabkan balita mengalami underweight yaitu kurangnya pengetahuan pada orangtua atau pengasuh, kurangnya asupan makanan, dan adanya penyakit infeksi. Penyakit infeksi yang diderita balita dapat mempengaruhi nafsu makan balita sehingga kebutuhan gizi dan makanan dalam tubuh balita tidak terpenuhi akibatnya balita dapat mengalami penurunan berat badan.Tujuan :Untuk mengetahui hubungan Pola pemberian makan dengan underweight pada Balita.Metode :Jenis penelitian ini dengan metode survey dan pendekatan cross sectional. Populasi dari penelitian ini adalah seluruh ibu Balita dengan status gizi underweight berjumlah 111, dengan teknik pengambilan sampel secara purposive sampling berjumlah 40 responden. Analisis data dengan uji Rank SpearmanHasil :Dari hasil penelitian didapatkan bahwa 77.5% Balita dengan status gizi underweight, dan sebanyak 22,5 dengan status gizi nornal . Pola pemberian makan tepat sebanyak 17.5, dan pola pemberian tidak tepat sebanyak 82,5%. Dari uji statistik didapatkan nilai p value = 0,050 dengan nilai koefisien korelasi yaitu r = 0,312 sehingga ada hubungan antara pola pemberian makan dengan status gizi balita underweight. Kesimpulan : ada hubungan pola pemberian makan terhadap status gizi underweight pada balita (p value = 0,050)Saran:Diharapkan ibu balita dapat meningkatkan pengetahuan dengan aktif mengikuti kelas Balita, dan rutin ikut serta dalam kegiatan posyandu sehingga dapat mengetahui informasi tentang pemberian makan yang bergizi bagi balita yang berkaitan dengan perbaikan pola asuh kepada anak balita. Kata Kunci : Balita Pola pemberian makan, Underweight ABSTRACT Background: Underweight is the main indicator of malnutrition in children. It causes several long-term impacts such as physical and mental health, behavioral and cognitive disorders. The prevalence of underweight in children under five at the Rowosari II Health Center is 9.8%, the majority occurs at the age of 24-60 months by 0.53%. Problems that cause it are: lack of knowledge among parents or caregivers, lack of food intake, and the presence of infectious diseases. Infectious diseases suffered by toddlers can affect the toddler's appetite so that the nutritional and food needs of the toddler's body are not met, as a result the toddler can experience weight loss.Objective: To determine the relationship between feeding patterns and underweight in toddlers.Method: This type of research uses survey methods and a cross sectional approach. The population of this study was all 111 mothers of toddlers with underweight nutritional status, with a purposive sampling technique of 40 respondents. Data analysis using the Spearman Rank test.Results: From the research results it was found that 77.5% of toddlers had underweight nutritional status, and as many as 22.5 had normal nutritional status. Appropriate feeding patterns were 17.5%, and inappropriate feeding patterns were 82.5%. From statistical tests, it was found that the p value = 0.050 with a correlation coefficient value of r = 0.312 so that there was a relationship between feeding patterns and the nutritional status of underweight toddlers.Conclusion: there is a relationship between feeding patterns and underweight nutritional status in toddlers (p value = 0.050)Suggestion: For mothers of toddler are expected to increase their knowledge by actively attending toddler classes, and regularly participating in posyandu activities so that you can find out information about providing nutritious food for toddlers which is related to improving parenting patterns for toddlers. Keywords: Feeding patterns, Underweight, Toddlers
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Background: Malnutrition in children under five years remains a significant problem in Bangladesh, despite substantial socio-economic progress and a decade of interventions aimed at improving it. Although several studies have been conducted to identify the important risk factors of malnutrition, none of them assess the role of low birth weight (LBW) despite its high prevalence (36%). This study examines the association between LBW and malnutrition using data from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS) 2011 and provides practical guidelines for improving nutritional status of children. Methods: Malnutrition in children is measured in terms of their height-for-age, weight-for-height, and weight-for-age. Children whose Z-scores for either of these indices are below two standard deviations (-2SD) from median of WHO's reference population are considered as stunted, wasted or underweight, respectively. The association between malnutrition and LBW was investigated by calculating adjusted risk-ratio (RR), which controls for potential confounders such as child's age and sex, mother's education and height, length of preceding-birth-interval, access to food, area of residence, household socio-economic status. Adjusted RR was calculated using both Cochran-Mantel-Haenszel approach and multivariable logistic regression models controlling for confounder. Results: The prevalence of malnutrition was markedly higher in children with LBW than those with normal birth-weights (stunting: 51% vs 39%; wasting: 25% vs 14% and underweight: 52% vs 33%). While controlling for the known risk factors, children with LBW had significantly increased risk of becoming malnourished compared to their counter part with RR 1.23 (95% CI:1.16-1.30), 1.71 (95% CI:1.53-1.92) and 1.47 (95% CI: 1.38-1.56) for stunting, wasting and underweight, respectively. The observed associations were not modified by factors known to reduce the prevalence of malnutrition, such as higher education of mother, better household socio-economic conditions and longer birth-interval. Conclusions: Higher education of mother, better household socio-economic conditions and prolonged birth intervals alone are not sufficient in bringing about substantial reductions in prevalence of child malnutrition in Bangladesh. Targeted interventions should be designed to reduce prevalence of LBW in addition to improving mother's education and other socio-demographic conditions.
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Objective To identify the prevalence and risk factors of child malnutrition in Bangladesh. Study design Data was extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic Health Survey (2011). The outcome measures were stunting, wasting, and underweight. χ2 analysis was performed to find the association of outcome variables with selected factors. Multilevel logistic regression models with a random intercept at each of the household and community levels were used to identify the risk factors of stunting, wasting, and underweight. Results From the 2011 survey, 7568 children less than 5 years of age were included in the current analysis. The overall prevalence of stunting, wasting, and underweight was 41.3% (95% CI 39.0-42.9). The χ2 test and multilevel logistic regression analysis showed that the variables age, sex, mother's body mass index, mother's educational status, father's educational status, place of residence, socioeconomic status, community status, religion, region of residence, and food security are significant factors of child malnutrition. Children with poor socioeconomic and community status were at higher risk of malnutrition. Children from food insecure families were more likely to be malnourished. Significant community- and household-level variations were found. Conclusions The prevalence of child malnutrition is still high in Bangladesh, and the risk was assessed at several multilevel factors. Therefore, prevention of malnutrition should be given top priority as a major public health intervention.
Article
Although uncommon in industrialized countries, malnutrition in children remains a scourge in many developing countries. It was estimated that, in 2012, 26% of the world's children were stunted and almost 3% were severely wasted. Forty-five percent of all deaths in children aged under 5 years were attributable to the simple fact that they were underweight. Malnutrition occurs most commonly in Southern Asia and sub Saharan Africa. The effective management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) is a huge challenge in low resource healthcare settings. More effective prevention and treatment of malnutrition is needed urgently.
Article
Background Trend data for causes of child death are crucial to inform priorities for improving child survival by and beyond 2015. We report child mortality by cause estimates in 2000–13, and cause-specific mortality scenarios to 2030 and 2035. Methods We estimated the distributions of causes of child mortality separately for neonates and children aged 1–59 months. To generate cause-specific mortality fractions, we included new vital registration and verbal autopsy data. We used vital registration data in countries with adequate registration systems. We applied vital registration-based multicause models for countries with low under-5 mortality but inadequate vital registration, and updated verbal autopsy-based multicause models for high mortality countries. We used updated numbers of child deaths to derive numbers of deaths by causes. We applied two scenarios to derive cause-specific mortality in 2030 and 2035. Findings Of the 6·3 million children who died before age 5 years in 2013, 51·8% (3·257 million) died of infectious causes and 44% (2·761 million) died in the neonatal period. The three leading causes are preterm birth complications (0·965 million [15·4%, uncertainty range (UR) 9·8−24·5]; UR 0·615–1·537 million), pneumonia (0·935 million [14·9%, 13·0–16·8]; 0·817–1·057 million), and intrapartum-related complications (0·662 million [10·5%, 6·7–16·8]; 0·421–1·054 million). Reductions in pneumonia, diarrhoea, and measles collectively were responsible for half of the 3·6 million fewer deaths recorded in 2013 versus 2000. Causes with the slowest progress were congenital, preterm, neonatal sepsis, injury, and other causes. If present trends continue, 4·4 million children younger than 5 years will still die in 2030. Furthermore, sub-Saharan Africa will have 33% of the births and 60% of the deaths in 2030, compared with 25% and 50% in 2013, respectively. Interpretation Our projection results provide concrete examples of how the distribution of child causes of deaths could look in 15–20 years to inform priority setting in the post-2015 era. More evidence is needed about shifts in timing, causes, and places of under-5 deaths to inform child survival agendas by and beyond 2015, to end preventable child deaths in a generation, and to count and account for every newborn and every child. Funding Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.