Champignons comestibles du Haut-Katanga (R.D. Congo)
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... In many regions of the world, including tropical Africa, edible fungi often constitute a source of income and food, with a non-negligible nutritional value [1][2][3][4][5][6]. According to De Kesel et al. [4] and Degreef et al. [7], documenting the relative importance and potential of locally used EcM fungi remains vital for improving strategies for their conservation and promoting sustainable use. ...
... In many regions of the world, including tropical Africa, edible fungi often constitute a source of income and food, with a non-negligible nutritional value [1][2][3][4][5][6]. According to De Kesel et al. [4] and Degreef et al. [7], documenting the relative importance and potential of locally used EcM fungi remains vital for improving strategies for their conservation and promoting sustainable use. Edible EcM fungi provide high-quality and important amount of crude protein, minerals and carbohydrates, fats, etc. [2,3,5,6]. ...
... EcM fungi constitute one of the most important groups of edible fungi worldwide. In tropical Africa, EcM fungi are massively consumed in the Zambezian region [4,5,[8][9][10][11][12][13][14], and in the savanna woodlands and open forest areas of the Soudanian region [15][16][17]. Within the Zambezian geographical zone, local people collect, sell, and consume impressive quantities of EcM taxa. ...
Background:
Ectomycorrhizal (EcM) fungi constitute a source of income as well as proper food with considerable nutritional value. Although edible EcM fungi are highly diverse and expected to host considerable nutritional attributes, only few studies focus on their use and promotion in the province of Tshopo (DR Congo). This study provides original ethnomycological and diversity data on edible ectomycorrhizal rainforest fungi from the Man-and-Biosphere reserve of Yangambi and the reserve of Yoko.
Methods:
The list of edible fungi follows the current taxonomy. Taxa were collected in plots situated in different types of rainforests. Each taxon is supported by herbarium reference specimens. Ethnomycological data on locally consumed EcM fungi were collected from randomly selected people living near the Man-and-Biosphere reserve of Yangambi and the Yoko reserve. People were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. The interview campaign involved 160 informants, all randomly selected from 6 different ethnic communities.
Results:
The results reveal that rainforests from the Yangambi Biosphere reserve and Yoko forest reserve provide a relatively high number of edible fungi, more than local people actually use. Mixed forest stands hold the highest diversity in saprotrophic edible fungi (p value < 0.001) while no significant difference (p value > 0.05) was observed in the number of saprotrophic and EcM fungi within monodominant forests. In spite of being accessible, this renewable natural resource is underexploited. Although a wide array of EcM fungi is available in primary forests dominated by ectomycorrhizal trees, local people's major interest goes to the saprotrophic fungi from areas with degraded mixed forests.
Conclusion:
The lack of local interest for EcM fungi is probably related to the considerable distance people have to cover to collect them. As a result, the edible EcM fungi from the Tshopo area represent a potentially interesting but underutilized resource.
... En Afrique subsaharienne, des travaux sur les champignons sauvages ont été menés et ont permis de recenser environ 400 espèces à valeur d'usage 12, 13,14,15,16 23,24,25,26,27,28 . Les champignons fréquemment consommés sont, entre autres, Auricularia cornea, Psathyrella tuberculata, Termitomyces letestui, Termitomyces schimperi, Termitomyces medius et, Volvariellavolvacea 23,25,26,29 . ...
Contexte : Les champignons sont très appréciés par les populations et font partie des produits forestiers non ligneux. Ils représentent une source de revenus et contribuent au bien-être des populations. Cette étude vise à valoriser les champignons comestibles à travers des essais de culture des espèces appréciées en vue de les vulgariser et lutter contre la pauvreté. Matériel et méthodes : A partir d'une revue bibliographique, Auricularia cornea, Agrocybe elegantior, Coprinus sp., Ganoderma lucidum, Lentinus squarrosulus, Marasmiellus inoderma, Pleurotus flabellatus, Pleurotus ostreatus, Psathyrella tuberculata et, Volvariella volvacea ont été sélectionnées en vue d'être testées sur quatre substrats organiques locaux. Ces espèces ont été inoculées sur milieu gélosé et repiquées sur sorgho trempé pendant 24 h afin d'obtenir des semences. Les semences de A. elegantior, L. squarrosulus, M. inoderma et P. ostreatus ont été testées sur des substrats de paille de riz, feuilles de bananier, rafles de palmier et, sciure bois. Résultats : Le rendement moyen obtenu a été enregistré et comparé. Cette étude a permis de produire 447 bouteilles de semences dont 329 de P. ostreatus, 46 de V. volvacea, 27 de G. lucidum, 14 de L. squarrosulus, 12 de P. tuberculata, 8 de A. elegantior, 4 de L. cf. americanus, 4 de M. inoderma et 3 de Coprinus sp. Pleurotus ostreatus a enregistré le rendement le plus élevé sur la paille de riz, A. elegantior et M. inoderma offrent un meilleur rendement sur les rafles de palmier et L. squarrosulus s'est avérée productive sur la sciure de bois. Conclusion : Cette étude a permis de montrer que la culture des champignons sauvages comestibles est possible en Côte d'Ivoire. Les résultats obtenus doivent d'être vulgarisés auprès du public afin de participer au développement socio-économique des populations locales.
The exploration of the western forests of Algeria led to the remarkable discovery of the first occurrence of Lepista sordida, an edible wild mushroom of significant culinary importance for the local community, traditionally consumed in its natural state. This discovery was made possible through the use of various methods, including macroscopic observations (revealing a violet color) as well as microscopic observations conducted using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing a cylindrical shape with distinct contours. Additionally, molecular analyses were conducted. Genomic DNA was extracted from the mycelium, followed by DNA amplification using specific primers targeting the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1 and ITS2). After PCR reactions and sequencing of the obtained amplicons, the nucleotide sequences of the mycelium were submitted to the GenBank database of NCBI with the assigned accession number: MZ928450.1. These sequences were subsequently used to construct the phylogenetic tree. Furthermore, an in-depth study of physicochemical parameters was undertaken to determine the optimal conditions for cultivating the mycelium of this edible wild mushroom, including pH, temperature, relative humidity, and light. Different temperatures were examined: 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, and 45 °C. The effect of pH on mycelium growth was studied using a PDA agar medium with buffered values of 4, 5, 5.6, 6, 7, and 8. Similarly, six levels of relative humidity were tested: 14, 50, 74, 80, 95, and 100%. A study on the impact of light on mycelium growth was conducted by exposing Petri dishes inoculated with PDA to a light intensity of 500 lux for 5, 10, 15, 20, and 24 h. The results clearly demonstrated that variations in these different physicochemical parameters significantly influenced mycelium growth. For the Lepista sordida strain, growth was favored at pH levels of 4, 5, 6, and 6, with no growth observed at pH 7 and 8. The optimal temperature range for mycelium growth of Lepista sordida was 20–25 °C, while no growth was observed at 30, 35, 40, and 45 °C. Relative humidity levels of 74, 80, and 95% showed no significant differences. Optimization of mycelium growth and primordia production in Lepista sordida were successfully achieved. Optimal conditions for the primordia phase were identified as 25 °C, with humidity ranging from 90 to 95%. A nutritional analysis of fresh sporophores was conducted using established analytical methods. Notably, the nutritional composition of Lepista sordida sporophores exhibited high significance for the following parameters: moisture content (67.23 ± 1.90%), ash content (9.35 ± 0.66%), fat content (3.25 ± 0.24%), protein content (17.22 ± 0.38%), and carbohydrate content (63.83 ± 1.23%).
This study focused on the cultivation of two local fungal species from spawn produced locally. The strains were isolated on PDA medium, then transplanted on sorghum-based seedling substrate. The production of fruit bodies was carried out on a substrate based on rice haulms mixed with sawdust of Gilbertiodedron dewevrei enriched with rice bran. In total, 4310g of Pleurotus tuber-regium fruit bodies and 894.22g of Lentinus squarrosulus were harvested after three successive emergences, the time between emergences being 3 to 4 days for Lentinus squarrosulus and 30 days for Pleurotus tuber-regium. This study makes it possible to produce spawn as well as mushrooms under local conditions, at a price that defies competition and is suitable for all budgets.
Of the eight Cantharellus species known from Benin, seven have been encountered under similar macroecological conditions. The present work attempts to generate a more complete distribution of these seven species. Forty-eight occurrences of the target species and four explanatory variables including three bioclimatic variables and a land cover variable were used to build an ensemble model from five modelling approaches under the Biomod2 package of R software. Results showed a distribution restricted to the Bassila and Atacora mountain range phytogeographic districts with excellent statistical performance (TSS = 0.98, AUC = 0.99). This distribution is governed mainly by high soil moisture and high potential evapotranspiration, thus defining only gallery forests as the most suitable habitat for chanterelles in Sudano-guinean and Soudanese ecozones of Benin. Based on IUCN criterion B1 and sub-criteria B1a and B1c(i), these seven species were categorized under the Endangered (EN) threat category according to our results.
Societal Impact Statement
Edible mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) have been consumed since ancestral times by humans either as food, medicine or for ceremonial use. Nowadays, they are a non‐timber forest product and a diverse genetic resource with great ecological, sociocultural, economic, medicinal and biotechnological relevance around the world. Therefore, they have a paramount role to play in meeting the United Nations global sustainable development goals 2030. EMF may promote forest sustainability, biodiversity conservation, mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions through the maintenance of forest masses, human nutrition and health, economic development, conservation of biocultural heritages, women empowerment and hunger mitigation. We provide a worldwide review of the knowledge, biodiversity, novel approaches, future challenges and perspectives in the post‐COVID era of this important genetic resource whose relevance has usually received marginal attention despite its strategic global significance.
Summary
Ectomycorrhizal fungi play a key role in the structure and functioning of forest ecosystems. They have a paramount importance in nutrient cycling, plant protection against pathogens and abiotic stress, and establishment of underground networks that connect trees and other plants in nature, therefore being the wood wide web, the ‘internet’ of the forests. According to our literature review, globally 970 mycorrhizal fungal species (including both mushrooms and truffles) are edible, and they have enormous relevance either as a source of subsistence in low‐income human groups around the world or as an important economic component whose international commerce is worth billions of American dollars annually. Since edible mycorrhizal fungi (EMF) are a non‐timber forest product, their sustainable use and management is crucial in order to maintain forest stands and to provide well‐being to the human communities surrounding the forested areas where they grow. In different parts of the world, different cultures have developed a traditional knowledge of EMF over millennia. Their knowledge might play an important role in food supply and food security in the future, hence contributing towards the “zero hunger” global goal. The biotechnological development of EMF has also been crucial in the establishment of plantations, or successful reforestation and ecosystem restoration, which contribute to climate change mitigation by reducing greenhouse gas emissions. Here, a worldwide review of how EMF might contribute to forest sustainability, food supply, biocultural conservation, and hunger and climate change mitigation is addressed by analysing the similarities, contrasts and challenges in all five continents.
Wild mushrooms are a vital source of income and nutrition for many poor communities and of value to recreational foragers. Literature relating to the edibility of mushroom species continues to expand, driven by an increasing demand for wild mushrooms, a wider interest in foraging, and the study of traditional foods. Although numerous case reports have been published on edible mushrooms, doubt and confusion persist regarding which species are safe and suitable to consume. Case reports often differ, and the evidence supporting the stated properties of mushrooms can be incomplete or ambiguous. The need for greater clarity on edible species is further underlined by increases in mushroom‐related poisonings. We propose a system for categorizing mushroom species and assigning a final edibility status. Using this system, we reviewed 2,786 mushroom species from 99 countries, accessing 9,783 case reports, from over 1,100 sources. We identified 2,189 edible species, of which 2,006 can be consumed safely, and a further 183 species which required some form of pretreatment prior to safe consumption or were associated with allergic reactions by some. We identified 471 species of uncertain edibility because of missing or incomplete evidence of consumption, and 76 unconfirmed species because of unresolved, differing opinions on edibility and toxicity. This is the most comprehensive list of edible mushrooms available to date, demonstrating the huge number of mushrooms species consumed. Our review highlights the need for further information on uncertain and clash species, and the need to present evidence in a clear, unambiguous, and consistent manner.
Fungi are a large and hyper-diverse group with major taxa present in every ecosystem on earth. However, compared to other eukaryotic organisms, their diversity is largely understudied. Since the rise of molecular techniques, new lineages are being discovered at an increasing rate, but many are not accurately characterised. Access to comprehensive and reliable taxonomic information of organisms is fundamental for research in different disciplines exploring a variety of questions. A globally dominant ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungal family in terrestrial ecosystems is the Russulaceae (Russulales, Basidiomycota) family. Amongst the mainly agaricoid Russulaceae genera, the ectomycorrhizal genus Lactifluus was historically least studied due to its largely tropical distribution in many underexplored areas and the apparent occurrence of several species complexes. Due to increased studies in the tropics, with a focus on this genus, knowledge on Lactifluus grew. We demonstrate here that Lactifluus is now one of the best-known ECM genera. This paper aims to provide a thorough overview of the current knowledge of Lactifluus, with information on diversity, distribution, ecology, phylogeny, taxonomy, morphology, and ethnomycological uses of species in this genus. This is a result of our larger study, aimed at building a comprehensive and complete dataset or taxonomic framework for Lactifluus, based on molecular, morphological, biogeographical, and taxonomical data as a tool and reference for other researchers.
Citation: De Crop E, Delgat L, Nuytinck J, Halling RE, Verbeken A (2021). A short story of nearly everything in Lactifluus (Russulaceae). Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 133–164. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.07
Phylogenetic analyses based on partial sequences from nuclear 25S rDNA indicate a monophyletic Pleurotaceae, consisting of the monophyletic genera Pleurotus and Hohenbuehelia, within the polyphyletic pleurotoid-lentinoid fungi. The attack and consumption of nematodes (nematophagy) supports the monophyly of this family. Other pleurotoid-lentinoid fungi that have been studied are not nematophagous and, in phylogenetic analyses, occur within the euagaric, polyporoid and russuloid clades. The pleurotoid agarics Lampteromyces, Lentinula, Nothopanus, and Omphalotus form a clade together with Gymnopus dryophilus. A clade that corresponds to the Tricholomataceae includes the pleurotoid agarics Conchomyces, Hypsizygus, Phyllotopsis, and Resupinatus. Faerberia, Heliocybe, Lentinus, Neolentinus, and Panus are gilled polypores, and all deserve recognition at the generic level. The brown-rotters Heliocybe and Neolentinus form a distinct clade within the polypores together with the brown-rotting polypore, Gloeophyllum. The Pleurotaceae belong in the Agaricales, are not closely related to or synonymous with the Polyporaceae, and should be restricted to the genera Pleurotus and Hohenbuehelia. An isolate of Hohenbuehelia from Alberta, Canada produces adhesive knobs typical of Hohenbuehelia and its anamorph Nematoctonus, and also nonadhesive nematotoxic droplets characteristic of Pleurotus. This combination is unique within Hohenbuehelia and Pleurotus. Phylogenetic analyses place this species at the base of the genus Hohenbuehelia, indicating that nematotoxic droplets were probably present in the common ancestor of Pleurotus and Hohenbuehelia. In contrast, the gelatinized fruiting bodies of Hohenbuehelia and Resupinatus are independently derived. The tribe Resupinateae (Tricholomataceae) should be restricted to Resupinatus (including Asterotus) and cyphelloid allies such as Stigmatolemma.
Guide to the wild edible mushrooms from Benin (West-Africa).
The wild edible mushrooms from Benin occur in many ecosystems and they play an important role in degrading organic material and recycling nutrients. The majority of edible species in Benin are associated with trees or termites and are highly appreciated by local people as food. Many ecosystems suffer from the influence of human activities and sustaining the environment means that we must be able to recognize the place
of the fungi, their identity and function within the natural world.
This guide introduces the reader to the mycological world and focuses on the larger fungi commonly used for food in Benin.
The first part deals with all aspects concerning morphology, ecology and distribution of fungi in general, as well as aspects on poisoning, cultivation, recording local knowledge, ethnomycology and methods for assessing natural productions and valuation of wild edible fungi.
The second part presents over 70 color pictures and drawings, accompanied by morphological descriptions, local names and detailed information on distributions and edibility of more than fifty wild species from Benin. A glossary and an extensive
bibliography is given.
Everyone interested in collecting or studying West-African fungi will find this book a useful reference. Those dealing with the sustainable use and management of natural resources in tropical Africa, will find a multitude of techniques and tools for a better
management and conservation of natural ecosystems in a participative way, i.e. with the participation and for the benefit of local people.
Objectifs : Le présent travail a été initié dans le but d’évaluer la teneur en éléments traces métalliques
(ETM) dans les légumes feuilles vendus dans les différents marchés de Lubumbashi.
Méthodologie et résultats : Les légumes d’amarante et de poirée bette ont été achetés sur 11 marchés de
la ville de Lubumbashi et la quantité totale des légumes a été mélangée (par espèce) pour obtenir un
échantillon représentatif du marché. Les analyses ont porté sur les teneurs totales en Cuivre (Cu), Cobalt
(Co), Plomb (Pb), Cadmium (Cd) et Zinc (Zn). Le dosage des ETM a été réalisé en absorption atomique au
spectromètre (VARIAN 220). Les résultats obtenus ont montré que les teneurs totales en ETM sont
similaires entre les légumes d’amarante et de poirée vendus dans les différents marchés de Lubumbashi.
Par ailleurs, tous les marchés dépassent le seuil en cuivre fixé à 10 mg/kgMS, quelle que soit la méthode
de lavage et l’espèce potagère. Pour les autres ETM, plusieurs marchés sont en dessous des valeurs
seuils en fonction de la concentration maximale réglementaire (CMR) établie en France (Pb : 3 mg/kg MS
et Cd : 2 mg/kg MS).
Conclusion et application de la recherche : la détermination des teneurs en ETM dans les légumes vendus
dans les différents marchés de la ville de Lubumbashi permet d’évaluer les risques de contamination de la
chaine alimentaire d’une part et de l’autre la mise au point des techniques adéquates de biorémédiation.
Studies have been carried out on Pleurotus tuber-regium, a tropical sclerotial basidiomycete obtained in Nigeria. Both the Sclerotium and the fruit bodies are edible. The economic importance to the Nigerian people, particularly in traditional medicine, is discussed.
When kept in a warm, humid atmosphere, the Sclerotium readily produced fruit bodies which matured within seven da. Minimum temperature for mycelial growth was around 15, optimum 35, and maximum around 40 C. The fungus utilized as carbon sources a number of carbohydrates including fructose, mannose, xylose, glucose, cellobiose, maltose, dextrin, starch, cellulose, mannitol and sorbitol.