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~ 99 ~
Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies 2019; 7(3): 99-106
ISSN (E): 2320-3862
ISSN (P): 2394-0530
NAAS Rating: 3.53
JMPS 2019; 7(3): 99-106
© 2019 JMPS
Received: 18-03-2019
Accepted: 20-04-2019
Andleeb Zehra
Plant Physiology Section,
Department of Botany, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Sadaf Choudhary
Plant Physiology Section,
Department of Botany, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh,
Uttar Pradesh, India
M Naeem
Plant Physiology Section,
Department of Botany, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh,
Uttar Pradesh, India
M Masroor
Plant Physiology Section,
Department of Botany, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh,
Uttar Pradesh, India
A Khan
Plant Physiology Section,
Department of Botany, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Tariq Aftab
Plant Physiology Section,
Department of Botany, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh,
Uttar Pradesh, India
Correspondence
Tariq Aftab
Plant Physiology Section,
Department of Botany, Aligarh
Muslim University, Aligarh,
Uttar Pradesh, India
A review of medicinal and aromatic plants and
their secondary metabolites status under abiotic
stress
Andleeb Zehra, Sadaf Choudhary, M Naeem, M Masroor A, Khan and
Tariq Aftab
Abstract
In developing countries, aromatic and medicinal plants are still used in traditional and alternative
medicines. In India, medicinal plants are used in traditional medicine to cure various ailments. In the past
decades, several studies highlighted the therapeutic properties and biological activities of medicinal and
aromatic plants (MAPs). These MAPs include Andrographis paniculata, Artemisia annua, Allium cepa,
Allium sativum, Cymbopogon flexuosus, Ferula asafoetida, Foeniculum vulgare, Mentha piperita,
Ocimum sanctum, Piper nigrum, Solanum nigrum, Tagetes minuta and Trigonella foenum-graecum. The
MAPs contain bioactive secondary metabolites like alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenes,
sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, phenolics and saponins. These secondary metabolites possess antimalarial,
anthelminthic, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antiartheritic, antioxidant, antidiabetic,
antihypertensive, anticancer, antifungal, antispasmodic, cardio protective, ant thyroids and antihistaminic
properties. These MAPs are also used in Indian traditional medicine for cure of several diseases like
diarrhoea, indigestion, pains, congestion, coughs, sinusitis, fever, flu, sore throats, chills, sickness,
rheumatism, sprains and muscular pains. Apart from the pharmaceutical industries, MAPs also have
significance in industries related to perfumery, cosmetic, liquor and nutrition. Secondary metabolites play
a major role in the adaptation of plants to the changing environment and stress condition. Secondary
metabolites in plants are affected by both biotic and abiotic stress. High levels of stress in medicinal and
aromatic plants can affect the secondary metabolite production. Abiotic (cold, heat, drought, salinity)
stress leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cellular compartments of plant cell.
Here we provide a review of the effect of abiotic stress on secondary metabolites of different medicinal
and aromatic plants.
Keywords: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MAPs), abiotic stress, secondary metabolites,
Introduction
The natural products which contain a curative capacity use for the treatment of major and
minor human disease (Verma and Singh, 2008) [41]. According to World Health Organization
(WHO), the majority of the populations in the world chiefly depends on the traditional
medicines and herbal drugs for primary health care requirements. In India recently 20,000
medicinal plant spices have been recorded out of these 800 plant spices are phytochemically
used for curing disease (Kamboj, 2000) [38]. Development and synthesis of new drugs,
medicinal plants play an important role and approximately more than 100 plants based drugs
have been introducing in the market and it gives a remarkable contribution to current
therapeutics. In Ayurveda, Siddha and Unani medicinal plants are used for the treatment of
various ailments and curing for a different disease. In Indian subcontinent medicinal plant is a
vast repository and used as a traditional medicine for the treatment of various chronic diseases,
a huge amount of polyherbal formulation is used and in recent research suggested that
combination therapy give effective response for the treatment of complex disease (Chopra et
al., 1956, Pertrovska, 2012) [19, 62]. Regular scientific investigations have highlighted the
contribution and importance of the many plant families i.e. Asteraceae, Apocynaceae,
Liliaceae, Rutaceae, Caesalpinaceae, Solanaceae, Piperaceae, Ranunculaceae, Apiaceae,
Sapotaceae etc. are used as a medicinal plants and their bioactive compounds which is present
in the plants should undergo studies and development of new drugs. During 1950-1970
approximately 100 plants based new drugs were introduced in the market and in 1971 to1995,
new drugs such as paclitaxel, toptecan, irinotecan, teniposide, ectoposide, guggulsterone,
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
plaunotol, z-guggulsterone, gomishin, nabilone, lectinan,
artemisinin etc. have been developed in all over the world. In
plant-based drugs provide a remarkable contribution in
modern therapeutics; for example in Rauwolfia serpentine
plant serpentine compound is isolated from the root, possess a
hypertension and blood pressure lowering capacity and in
Catharanthus roseus plant Vinblastine is isolated and used for
the treatment of Hodgkins, choriocarcinoma and neck cancer
(Farnsworth et al., 1967) [26]. Many plant species have been
reported to carry many active compounds that have significant
role in management of various human chronic disease such as
cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disorders and so on. In
addition to this, many active compound of the herbal plant
combine with the other substance to give an effective
response in context to biological properties (Kennedy and
Wightman, 2011; Shariff, 2001) [39, 72]. Medicinal plant and
their product are used as medicinal supplements all around the
world because it contains antiseptic, insecticidal and
parasiticidal properties and less or no toxicity and cost
effective. Presence of polyphenol compound such as
flavonoids and phenol which contained free radical
scavenging molecule that are rich in antioxidant activities.
Antioxidant work as to neutralize the action or activity of the
free radical which cause the tissue injury or damage (Tayyab
et al., 2016) [79]. Even today, plants are not only indispensable
in health care but form the best hope of source for safe future
medicines and also the important source of income for poor
people, local communities as well as for the herbal dealer and
in India, almost 70% of modern medicines are derived from
natural products (Shinwari, 2010) [75]. A summary of various
MAPs are given in Table 1.
Table 1: Medicinal Plants, their uses and secondary metabolites
Plant
Family
Useful part
Uses
Secondary metabolites
References
Acanthospermum
hispidum
Asteraceae
Leaves
Used in cardiovascular disease,
cancer, inflammation, allergies.
Antimicrobial
Acanthospermol galactoside,
flavones, cafeic acid, cis-cis-
germacranolides, melampolides,
β-caryophyllene.
Edewor et al. (2011) [23]
Allium sativum
Linn.
Liliaceae
Bulbs
Antiarthritic, digestive,
expectorant, febrifuge, stimulant.
S-allyl cysteine sulphoxide
(ACSO)
Manoharachary et al.
(2016) [48]
Allium cepa Linn.
Liliaceae
Bulbs
Antimicrobial, analgesic,
antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
antidiabetic, anti-hypertensive
S-trans-prop-1-enyl cysteine
sulphoxide (PECSO)
Jones et al. (2004) [37] and
Teshika et al. (2018) [80]
Artemisia annua L.
Asteraceae
Leaves
Antimalarial, anti-inflammatory,
anti-cancer
Artemisinin, arteanuin,
artemether, arteether, artemetin,
casticin, chrysoplenetin,
cirsilineol
Weathers et al. (2012) [86].
Atropa belladonna
L.
Solanaceae
Leaves, fruits
Antispasmodic, mydriatic
Atropine, hyoscyamine,
hyoscine
Okigbo et al. (2008) [58]
Bacopa monnieri
Scrophularia
ceae
Shoot
Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
antiarthritis, antistress and
antiulcergenic
Bacoside
Sharma et al. (2015) [73]
Cleome
rutidosperma
Cleomaceae
Leaves
Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory
Terpenes, alkaloids, flavonoids,
Abdullah et al. (2016) [1],
Edeoga et al (2005)
Cymbopogon
flexuosus
Poaceae
Leaves
Anti-inflammatory, analgesic, anti-
fungal
Citral, geranium, geranyl acetate,
neral, β-myrcene
Boukhatem et al. (2014)
[15]
Ferula asafoetida
Regel.
Apiaceae
Root gum
Used in cough, jaundice, gastritis
and rheumatism. Anthelminthic,
antispasmodic, antimicrobial,
antiseptic, laxative, diuretic
Ferulic acid esters, free ferulic
acid, coumarin derivatives
Moghaddam et al. (2015)
[54]
Foeniculum
vulgare Mill.
Apiaceae
Seed
Diaphoretic, diuretic, carminative,
expectorant, febrifuge, stomachic,
stimulant, appetizer, cardiac
stimulant, vermifuge
Furocoumarins imperatorin,
psoralen, bergapten,
xanthotoxin, isopimpinellin,
quercetin, kaempferol
Nassar et al. (2010) [56]
Matricaria
chamomilla
Asteraceae
Leaves
Spasmolytic, anti-inflammatory,
antibiotic.
Herniarin, umbelliferone
Eliasova et al, (2004) [24]
Mentha piperita
Linn.
Lamiaceae
Leaves
Carminative, spasmolytic, anti-
tumour, anti-diabetes, anti-
nociceptive, etc
Hesperidin, rosmarinic acid,
didymin, buddleoside, diosmin
Zhao et al, (2018) [88]
Ocimum sanctum
Lamiaceae
Leaves,
stem, seeds,
flower, root
Anticancer, antidiabetic,
antifungal, hepatoprotective,
cardioprotective, analgesic,
antispasmodic
Eugenol, rosmarinic acid,
carvacrol, oleanolic acid
Prakash et al. (2005) [64]
Papaver
somniferum L.
Papaveracea
e
Flower,
seeds
Analgestic, narcotic
Morphine, thebaine, papaverine,
narceine, codeine
Okigbo et al. (2008) [58]
Piper nigrum Linn.
Piperaceae
Dried fruits
Anti-inflammatory,
antihypertensive, anti-thyroids,
hepato-protective, anticonvulscent,
appetizer, antihistaminic,
counterirritant, antiflatulant
Piperine
Damanhouri et al. (2014)
[21]
Rosa laevigata
Rosaceae
Roots,
Leaves, fruits
Astringent, anticancer,
antibacterial, carminative,
stomachic
Daucosterol, Euscaphic acid,
betulinic acid, rosamutin,
tomentic acid, rubuside
Mehboob et al. (2017) [49]
Scrophularia
Scrophularia
Roots
Antifungal, antirheumatic,
Aucubin, catalpol, harpagide,
Wang et al. (2010) [65].
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
ningpoensis
ceae
antipyretic, diuretic, febrifuge,
antihypertensive, antiarthritic,
antimalarial
harpagoside, cinnamic acid
Solanum nigrum
Linn.
Solanaceae
Fruits,
leaves, roots
Used in chronic enlargement of
liver, cough, skin disease,
rheumatism and gout, eye diseases
Solasodine
Bhat et al. (2008) [14]
Tagetes minuta L.
Asteraceae
Leaves
Anti-leishmanial, antimalarial,
antispasmodic
Quercetin-3-methyl ether,
quercetin, axillarin-7-O-β-D-
glucopyranoside, quercetin-3,6-
dimethyl ether.
Musayeib et al. (2014) [55]
Trachyspermum
ammi
Apiaceae
Seeds
Anti-spasmodic, antioxidant,
antinociceptive, antihypertensive,
antilithiasis, diuretic, antitussive,
nematicidal
Thymol, para-cymene, α- and β-
pinene and γ-terpinene.
Bairwa et al. (2012) [11]
Trigonella foenum-
graecum Linn.
Fabaceae
Seeds
Aphrodisiac, curminative,
astringent, demulscent,
suppurative, aperients, diuretic,
emollient, anti-inflammatory
Trigonellin, saponins, diosgenin
Mehrafarin et al. (2010)
[50]
Vitex negundo
Linn.
Verbenaceae
Leaves
Anti- arthritic, anodyne, appetizer,
cephalic, cardiac, astringent,
emmenagogue, demulscent,
febrifuge, expectorant
Viridiflorol, β-caryophyllene,
sabinene, 4-terpineol, globulol,
protocatechuic acid, oleanolic
acid, flavonoids
Vishwanathan et al, (2010)
[84]; Singh et al. (1999) [76];
Surveswaran et al. (2007)
[77]
Withania somnifera
Solanaceae
Roots
Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory,
antineoplastic, antiproliferative,
antifibrotic, cardiovascular,
amnesia, neurodegenerative
Withanine, withananine,
somniferine, somnine,
withanolides, withaferin A.
Brant et al. (2016) [16];
Bharti et al. (2016) [12];
Chauhan et al. (2015) [18]
Zingiber officinale
Rosc.
Zingiberacea
e
Rhizomes
Rheumatoid arthritis, dyspepsia,
anorexia, nausea, antispasmodic
Gingerols, zingiberene, geranial,
geranyl acetate.
Sasidharan et al. (2012)
[70]
Abiotic stress
Various kinds of abiotic stresses are prospective harmful to
the plants like temperature, salinity, drought, flood, radiation,
chemical as well as mechanical stresses which affect the
concentration of various secondary plant products and reduces
the yield of the crops. (Tuteja, 2007) [82]. One of the most
significant abiotic stress is drought which affect the growth
and development of the plant by reducing the available water
level in the soil. (Xu, et al., 2010) [44].
Fig 2: Several abiotic stress signalling affect plants (Akula, et al., 2011) [8].
Abiotic stress give a deleterious effect on plants by drastically
alter the metabolic activity of the cell by producing the excess
quantity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plant. In plant
Reactive oxygen species play a dual role such as toxic nature
as well as work as key regulators for many biological
processes like growth, programmed cell death, cell cycle,
hormone signaling and cell responses and development
(Miller, G., 2008) [51]. In most of the higher plants primary
metabolite is responsible for the synthesis of secondary
metabolites and the concentrations of various secondary plant
products are strongly dependent on the growing conditions.
The significant application of secondary metabolite in
nutritive, medicinal, food additive, flavor, pharmaceutical and
industrially important pharmaceutical. In most of the cases,
presence of abiotic stresses the production of secondary
metabolite is enhances in the aromatic and medicinally
important higher plants, which rise up the phytomedicine
production and also promote the essential oil production in
aromatic plant (Pradhan, et al., 2017) [63]. In this article first of
all we give the general information of medicinal important of
aromatic and higher plants and the effect of abiotic stress on
secondary metabolite of plants.
Cleome rutidosperma belongs to the family cleomaceae. It
contains many chemical classes like flavonoid, terpenes,
alkaloids etc. Cleome supplement with a diverse array of
secondary metabolites like essential oil, alkaloids, terpenoids,
flavonoids and phenolics which is used as culinary and
therapeutic purpose. Cleome droserifolia commonly known as
‘Samwa’ and traditionally used as hypoglycemic agent
(Aboushoer et al, 2010) [2]. The Alliums are a vast genus
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
having 700 species, inclusive medicinal value, ornamental
flowers and vegetables (Jones et al, 2004) [37]. From the last
decade, the medicinal values of Allium sativum L. (garlic) and
Allium cepa L. (onion) oils have been studied and review will
include the general properties like antifungal, antimicrobial,
insecticidal and antibacterial (Fenwick et al, 1985) [28]. A.
cepa traditionally used for its remedial characteristics. It was
used as blood purifier in ancient Greece. It having
pharmacological characteristics including antioxidant,
analgesic, hypolipidemic, anti-diabetic, immunoprotective
and hypertensive effects (Teshika et al, 2018) [80]. A. sativum
has been used as a medicinal means from thousand of years. It
is a traditional medicinal plant and having beneficial effects
like antithrombotic, antiarthritic, hypoglycemic and antitumor
activity. A number of organosulpher compounds derived from
garlic are garlic oil, aged garlic and fresh garlic extract and it
is used to demonstrate the chemopreventive activity of garlic
by using these garlic preprations (Thomson et al, 2003) [81].
Artemisia annua L. is a native of China, and commonly
known as qinghao. Artemisinin, yields from A. annua which
is a derivative of this compound and potent to antimalarial
drug. Artemisinin effective against multidrug-resistant
malaria which act on P. falciparum, causes cerebral malaria
(Mahomoodally et al, 2013) [47]. The artemisinin-based
compound has enlarged to their anti-cancer properties in their
last decade. However, artemisinin is a bioactive compound
and traditionally used in the herbal tea, and shows different
biological activities which collaborate the effects of
artemisinin against malaria and cancer (Ferreira et al, 2010)
[29]. Bacopa monnieri L. commonly known as ‘Brahmi’, an
annual creeping herb, mainly used to increase the memory
and learning power. Medicinally, used in depression,
epilepsy, stress, insomnia, insanity, also used in the treatment
of tumors and leprosy (Pareek et al, 2014) [60]. B. monnieri
also having the property of anti-inflammatory, sedative,
antipyretic, analgesic, antistress (Kishore et al, 2005 and
Russo et al, 2005) [69].
Cymbopogon flexuosus is an aromatic and medicinal plant and
used as traditional medicine in developing countries, also
used for the treatment of bacterial and fungal infection in
Algeria. Essential oil of lemongrass is used as anti-rheumatic,
anti-tussive and also treat back ache, sprains in different
countries (Boukhatem et al, 2014) [15]. Citral is a main
component of lemongrass essential oil (LEO) which is used
for anti-inflammatory effect in both human and animals (Han
et al, 2017) [17]. Cytotoxic and antimicrobial effect of
lemongrass was tested on human dermal fibroblast with the
help of disk diffusion method (Adukwu et al, 2016) [3].
Mentha arvensis L. is an perennial herb, commonly known as
mint, found in China, Siberia, Koria (Lim et al, 2012) [46].
Commonly used as flavouring agents in chewing gums,
cosmetics, tobacco, candies, drinks (Khadraoui et al, 2014). It
was studied that Menthae Herba used as traditional medicine
like fever, cold, cough, indigestion, asthma and influenza,
also used in facial lotions and toothpaste (Mkaddem et al,
2009). Recently it was investigated that Menthae Herba
contains various medicinal uses like anti-tumour, anti-
inflammatory, anti-diabetes, anti-nociceptive activity etc.
(Qian and Wang 2010, Lim et al. 2012, Sharma et al. 2017,
Zhao et al. 2017) [49, 46, 17].
Scrophularia ningpoensis is a medicinal plant, commonly
known as Ningpo figwort and Chinese figwort. Oleic acid,
palmitic acid, caffeic acid, flavonoids, harpagoside,
phytosterol, rhamnose, cinnamic acid, catalpol, harpagide,
saponins, ursolic acid and volatile oil are found as effective
nutrients in S. Ningpoensis, in which aucubin, harpagoside,
cinnamic acid contains main medicinal value (Tasdemir et al.
2008, Jeong et al. 2008 and Li et al. 2000) [78]. Tagetes
minuta, belongs to the family Asteracea. Tagetes genus
consist of 30 species approximately, it is native to central and
southern part of America. It is used as condiments, beverages,
medicinal decoction and ornamentals. Its oil is used to flavour
the food products like pudding, candy, condiments, etc
(Musayeib et al, 2014) [55]. Main components present in the
essential oil of this plant is (Z)-β-ocimene and dihydrotageton
which is used as antibacterial activity against the test bacteria.
Essential oil also contains limonene and epoxyocimene,
having the properties of antimicrobial, antioxidant and
cytotoxic acivity. Among the bioactivities and therapeutic
properties it includes germicides, stomachic, antispasmodic,
diaphoretic, antiseptic, sedative, repellancy, antihelminthic,
bactericidal etc (Gakuubi et al, 2016) [30].
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. is an aromatic plant, genus
includes 260 species approximately under diffused
worldwide, belonging to the family fabaceae (Chaudhary et
al, 2018) [17]. It is a medicinal herb and also used as spices,
and cultivated throughout the world. It is rich in secondary
metabolites that’s why it is known traditionally for therapeutic
and medicinal value (Baatour et al, 2010) [17]. Sterols,
coumarins, essential oils, flavonoids (Ivanov et al. 1979,
Kwon et al. 2002, Ozbek et al. 2003, Parejo et al. 2004) [35,
59,61] chemicals are present in the Foeniculum species. Certain
medicinal activities have been ascribed to some species of
Foeniculum like antimicrobial and antioxidant activities from
the aerial parts (Ruberto et al, 2000) [68], analgesic and anti-
inflammatory activities from the fruits of the F. vulgare Mill.
(Eun and Jae, 2004) [25].
Vitex negundo L. is an aromatic shrub, hardy growing to small
tree. It is commercially grown as a crop plant in North
America, Asia, West Indies. All parts of the plant like leaves,
root, seeds, fruits possess phytochemicals or secondary
metabolites which helps in making synthetic drugs and
artificial medicines. This plant is also used as traditional
medicine. (Vishwanathan et al, 2010) [84]. Zingiber officinale
Roscoe used as medicinal purposes and has been used in
nausea and vomiting, and can be nutritionally used for
cooking (Hanway et al, 2018) [34]. It is an aromatic herb and
mostly distributed in tropical Australia and East Asia and a
traditional medicine in India used for arthritis, rheumatism,
congestion, coughs, diarrhoea, sinusitis, sore throats, sickness
(Badreldin et al, 2008, Sasidharan et al., 2012) [10, 70].
Status of MAPs under abiotic stress
Salinity stress known to cause oxidative stress and leads to
produce reactive oxygen species. Artemisia annua L. under
salinity stress causes negative effect on growth of the plants
(root, shoot length and dry weight). Total chlorophyll content
and photosynthetic parameters are reduced under salinity
stress. It significantly increases the electrolyte leakage and
proline content. Different treatments of sodium chloride
(NaCl) 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 mM to the soil and the
activities of antioxidant enzymes like catalase (CAT),
peroxidase (POX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were
significantly increases (Aftab et al, 2010) [4]. Antioxidant
enzyme activity and proline activity significantly increases
under different concentrations of salt stress and promoted the
inhibitory effect on growth and photosynthetic activity.
Uptake of different chemical elements like Na+, Mg2+ and K+
but inhibiting the absorption of Ca2+ (Li et al, 2014) [44].
Coban et al. 2016 studied that the salinity stress shows
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Journal of Medicinal Plants Studies
inhibition in growth, biochemical properties, development and
secondary metabolite deposition in peppermint (Mentha
piperita L.). Various concentration of NaCl (0, 100 and
150mM) causes decrease in fresh and dry weights of shoot
and dry leaf weight decreases with the elevating level of salt.
150mM NaCl shows negative effect on plant that they died on
this concentration. Antioxidant enzyme activity, lipid
peroxidation and proline content increases significantly and
essential oil content decreases as salinity increases.
Matricaria chamomilla were studied under abiotic stress, in
aqueous solution of CuCl2 secondary metabolites has been
evaluated and ene-yne-dicycloether concentration in leaves
decreased by 40% (Eliasova et al, 2004) [24]. M. chamomilla
cultivated in different concentrations of copper (3, 60 and
120µM) for 10 days. Dry mass production, chlorophyll, water
and nitrogen content significantly decreases at 120µM of Cu
in both the leaf rosettes
Ocimum tenuiflorum has been studied for its secondary
metabolites and genome information. Under abiotic stress like
cold, drought, flood and salinity stress, it shows different
modifications. O. tenuiflorum was more defenceless against
cold stress among cold, drought, flood and salinity stresses. It
directly affects the secondary metabolites of the plant under
severe treatments of all these abiotic stresses. It decreases the
eugenol content which is the main secondary metabolite of
the plant (Rastogi et al, 2019) [66]. In earthen pots, flood
treatment was given to plants by regularly maintaining the
water level 0.5 inches above the soil (Barnawal et al, 2012)
[12]. Scrophularia ningpoensis Hemsl under drought stress
different medicinal components were studied like harpagide,
aucubin, catalpol, harpagoside and cinnamic acid. Three
levels of osmotic stress for 10 days on S. ningpoensis at
seedling stage were investigated and the content of
components were detected by HPLC analysis. Therefore, the
four iridoids glycosides content in roots were higher under
osmotic stress than the no osmotic stress, although cinnamic
acid decreased (Wang et al, 2010) [65].
Solanum nigrum L. under salinity stress enhanced the
production of solasodine content which is a steroidal alkaloid.
Solasodine is alternative to diosgenin, used as progenitor for
the commercial production of steroidal drug. Various
treatments (0-150mM NaCl) was given on Solanum nigrum
on various in vitro grown tissues like regenerative callus, non-
regenerative callus and microshoot derived leaves. In different
concentrations of NaCl during in vitro production of
solasodine, the role of plant growth regulators was studied
and concluded that the in vitro yield was compared with the
field grown plants and the solasodine content was maximum
in regenerative callus on the 150mM NaCl grown medium
(Bhat et al, 2008) [14].
Trigonella foenum graecum L. under salinity stress with
different concentrations of NaCl (0, 50, 100, 150 and
200mM). Salinity causes disturbance in the mineral nutrition
and affect the growth, phenolic content, antioxidant properties
and physiological activities of the plants. (Baatour et al, 2010)
[9]. Foeniculum vulgare Mill. shows inhibitory responses in
the fresh and dry weights and reduces the chlorophyll a, b and
β-carotene content of the seedling, under the effect of salt
with different concentrations (25, 50 and 75mM NaCl),
Nitrogen deficiency (0N and 0.5N of Hoagland’s solution),
Iron deficiency (0Fe and 0.5Fe of Hoagland’s solution), 2℃
cold (2, 3 and 4 hrs) and drought (3, 5 and 7 days).
Antioxidant activities significantly increases under all the
stresses except 5 to 7 days of drought (Nourimand et al, 2012)
[57].
Zingiber officinale Roscoe such as ginger, under chilling
stress it may characteristically exhibits structural injuries and
suffer from metabolic decomposition when they are exposed
to chilling stress. Enzymatic activities and photochemical
activities were inhibited due to chilling stress and produces
reactive oxygen species like superoxide, hydroxyl radicals
and hydrogen peroxide leads to cause serious oxidative
damage (Li et al, 2014) [44].
Conclusion
There has been tremendous increase in the consumption and
demand for medicinal plants in last decade. Scientific
research on MAPs, is opening new horizons in the potential of
medicines and other natural products. Although, only 20% of
the plant flora has been studied and around 60% of synthetic
medicines are originated from plants. The essential oil,
flavours, fragrances of aromatic plants at industrial level
contribute to economy of developing countries by export
earnings and import substitution. Chemotherapeutic agents
play a significant role in general and management of human
clinical conditions. Many cancer, diabetic, tumour, thyroid,
malarial chemotherapeutic agents extracted from plant
sources and have been produced in large quantities by using
plant hormones which are grow in abiotic stress condition.
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