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National Conference on Climate Change and Sustainable Water Resources Management: CSWM-2015
Review of Flood Management Techniques
Pawar Amol D a, Jyoti Sarup b, Sushil Kumar Mittal c
a Assistant Professor NICMAR PUNE ,apawar@nicmar.ac.in; b Associate Professor MANIT BHOPAL, Professor MANIT
BHOPAL c
Abstract
The present paper tries to investigate the potential flood mapping techniques. Conventionally use of traditional
methods is adapted for flood plain mapping. But this paper focuses on the use of GIS and RS techniques. DEM
is initially produced and then processing methods as per the data used is done. From the literature it is
observed that 1 D modelling using HEC-RAS is a dominant and most appropriate method for the analysis of the
flood maps. However it is noted that the use of these tools depends on the availability of data. Better resolutions
of the satellite image can be used, but the limitation is that cost will increase. Also, using GIS and RS
techniques will help in better updating of these maps. These maps can be sued to develop flood risk maps for the
different flood events.
Keywords: Floods, GIS, RS, HEC-RAS, River
1. Introduction
River flood hazard management is the process
under which different bodies try to reduce the
current and the future vulnerability. River flood
mapping is the process of determining
inundation extents and depth by comparing river
water levels with ground surface elevations. The
purpose of flood hazard such assessment is to
identify the areas within a development plan that
are at risk of flooding base on factors that are
relevant to flood risks. Policies are then outline
to be applied to such areas to minimize and
manage such risk. A flood hazard map based on
administrative units is a quick, accurate and cost
effective means for planners and administrators
to formulate remedial strategy. In addition it
makes the process of resource allocation simple
resulting in a smooth and effective
implementation adopted flood management
strategy [7].
Flood hazard mapping is very important for
catchments management (i.e. for sustainable
development of the water resources and for
protection from the flood hazard and drought).
Rainfall and runoff data are the essential
hydrological elements in the flood mapping of
basin systems [12]
Kabir Uddin et.al, in their research article,
analyzed Sindh province Pakistan. The study
area is the South Eastern province of Pakistan.
In their framework of investigations, they used
moderate resolution imaging spectrometer
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(MODIS) imagery to generate flood inundation
maps. A topographic map and Shuttle Radar
Tropical Misson (SRTM) Digital Elevation
Model (DEM) data from different sources were
used to analyze flood hazard area and flood
shelter areas. For image analysis E-cognition
software was used to perform Object Based
Image Analysis (OBIA). The objective to go for
OBIA analysis, over pixel based analysis was to
get accurate and better classification. The
outcomes of their work were flood hazard maps,
delineating Sindh Province in district level and
to identify the potential area of shelter zone
locations. The results revealed that OBIA
techniques and GIS systems allow different rules
for different classes that can be analyzed for
further flood mapping.
Gomaa M Dawood et.al, in their research
article, investigated spatial mapping techniques
for Makah City Saudi Arabia. In first stage of
the work, Flood estimating was done, DEM was
generated and soil, Land Cover, geological maps
were overlaid. With these initial parameters,
morphometric parameters were calculated using
GIS Software. Then Curve Number (CN) was
generated. Using these set of procedures,
computations were done using the depth of
precipitation for 200 mm for a return period of
50 years. Log Pearson III stastical analysis was
used with all available datasets. The research
findings showed that, Makah city flash floods
are due to following factors Basin stream length
Peak discharge. Also, it is observed that higher
CN values indicate higher runoff and flood
hazards.
Bashir Ahmad et.al, in their study for Nullah
Lai Basin, Rawalpindi Pakistan, used
hydrological modeling using HEC- RAS and
HEC-GeoRAS. Their objectives were to carry
our river flood modeling within GIS
environment to assess flood water depth and
vulnerable mapping. Also, they focused don risk
assessment and hazard mapping for different
scenarios. 19 flood events occurred between
1944 to 2002 were analyzed, with extreme flood
events in the year 1981, 1988, 1997 and 2001.
Year 2001 experienced highest floods. In their
methodology, DEM was prepared from elevation
data and was modified using interpolation
techniques. For flood modeling peak discharge
of 100 year return period was considered. They
concluded that the integrated modeling approach
used in the study , works well in order to locate
the area vulnerable to flood with a good
estimation of inundation depths at a specific
discharge value.
Adel Omran et .al in their research article used
GIS techniques to produce a potential flood
hazard map based on geomorphic parameter. In
their study area Wadi Dahab Egypt, they used
DEM for the morphometric analysis. Then
delineation of basin boundaries by identifying
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the ridge lines (water divide) between sub
basins. Snap pour point tool was used to ensure
that selection of the points of high accumulated
flow during delineation drainage basins using
watershed tool.
Michalis Diakakis investigated a method for
flood hazard mapping based on basin
morphometry. A good quality DEM was
developed, from it flow direction, flow
accumulation, were used in Arc Hydro Model.
Results were produced in form of maps
categorizing the catchments in five classes
according to their peak flows. The method
proposed uses of simple morphometric variables
like catchment area, basin slope, and point
elevation that can be deduced from the
topographic maps.
Ahmed M, et al, studied the utilization of
remote sensing data such as Landsat Thematic
Mapper (ETM) plus, Shuttle radar Topography
Mission (SRTM), coupled with geological,
Geomorphological, and field data in the GIS
environment for the estimation of the flash
floods risk along the Katherine Road Southern
Sinai Egypt. In this study, different types of data
like ETM and SRTM was used to identify the
outline surface features of the study area. Arc
Hydro toll of Arc GIS 9.2 was used for better
understanding of the drainage and watershed
system. Morphometric analysis was done in each
sub watershed to analyze the potential degree of
risk. Risk analysis was done and results
computed were used to assist flood mitigation
and land use planning.
Eric Forkuo, in his research article tried to
address the need of efficient and cost effective
methodology to prepare the floods maps. A
composite flood hazard index map was
developed incorporating variables near to the
river flow. The level-1B of ASTER (Advanced
Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflectance
Radiometer) image data was used to produce a
high-resolution land use map for the study area.
This data is geometrically and radiometrically
calibrated Classification of remotely sensed data
is used to assign corresponding levels with
respect to groups with homogeneous
characteristics, with the aim of discriminating
multiple objects from each other within the
image. The study has described the integration
of GIS and ASTER imagery in combination of
DEMs in delineating flood hazard extent of each
revenue district of the study area. An additive
model was utilized to create a composite flood
hazard index based on administrative units.
Fowze JSM etal, in their research article
worked on the flood hazard mapping for Lower
reach of Kelani River, Sri Lanka. The one
dimensional steady flow component of HEC-
RAS Software was utilized for the study. The
requisite geo-spatial modeling of the flood plain
was carried out by implementing HECGeoRAS
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utility in ArcView environment and using a TIN
model. The land-use map of the study area was
updated using the data remotely sensed by
ALOS for attributing the study area with
necessary hydraulic parameters. Peak flows
associated with considerate return periods were
obtained from a frequency analysis and the
calibration run was executed simulating the 50
year return period flood event. Model results and
field records corresponding to the above event of
1989 was compared and it was found that results
are very satisfactory. Accordingly, the first ever
set of flood hazard maps associated with 10
year, 20 year, and 50 year return period events to
be adopted by the government of Sri Lanka were
prepared successfully.
Md Isma and Saanyol, in their research paper
worked on the flood vulnerability mapping for
River Kaduna in Nigeria. This study
demonstrated using topographic data, remotely
sensed imagery, digital elevation modeling and
a smaller study area, the integrated approach
of remote sensing and GIS techniques in
flood management. In the first phase, the
study area was delineated in Google earth, the
longitude and latitude coordinates of the
extreme corners were tabulated in a
Microsoft excel spread sheet and combined
with an exported image of the study area also
from Google earth application, and used to
create a geo-referenced map in the WGS 1984
Geographic coordinate system. Next, several
points within the study area were marked
within Google earth and their coordinates
and elevations were recorded in an excel
spreadsheet. This data was then imported into
ARCGIS as X, Y and Z data. Interpolation
process was carried out, using the spatial analyst
tool to create a digital terrain model. A flow
accumulation model was created using the DEM
and the DEM was reclassified into high risk,
moderate risk and low risk using equal interval
of separation based on elevation. This was
overlaid on the map of the area to produce a
vulnerability map of the area.
Aditi Bhadra et. al, analysis for computing the
inundation area for different water levels (gauge
heights) in the Dikrong River corresponding to
different return periods was carried out in ESRI
ArcGIS 9.3 Arc Info using Spatial Analyst
Extension. First the digital elevation model
(DEM) of the entire Dikrong basin and the water
source grid were loaded into ArcGIS 9.3. As
return period increases, flood inundation area
gets increased.
Sina Alaghmand et.al, in their research article
tried to map the floods of Kayu Ara River basin
in Malaysia. Hydrological and hydraulic model
like HEC-GeoHMS and HEC-GeoRAS were
used to extract the geospatial data. Combination
of the hydraulic series data within a spatial
interface, such as GIS and RS can be sued as key
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elements for the graphical visualations of the
flood plains.
CONCLUDING REMARKS
In this paper, several potential ways for flood
hazard mapping were discussed. It is observed
that GIS and RS coupled with HEC-RAS is the
dominant choice for researchers and engineers.
Historical data mapping from previous flood
events are very useful to calibrate the model
parameters.
References
1. Adel Omran., Dietrich Schroder., Ahmed El
Rayes., and Mohammad Geriesh. 2011,
Flood hazard assessment in Wadi Dahab,
Egypt based on Basin Morphometry using
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2. Aditi Bhadra.,Sutapa Choudhary., and Daita
Kar. 2011 Flood hazard Mapping in
Dikrong Basin if Arunachal Pradesh India.
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3. Ahmed M Youssef., Biswajeet Pradha.,
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10. Michalis Diakakis., 2011, A method for
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