Ammar S. Abbas

University of Baghdad · College of Engineering

A detailed experimental study was devoted to the anodic oxidation of oxalic acid using manganese dioxide rotating cylinder anode with the objective to evaluate in a systematic way the effect on the oxalic acid oxidation process of several relevant parameters, including the presence of sodium chloride, the current density (J), the rotation speed, th...

Biodiesel production by esterification reaction of oleic acid with H2SO4 homogeneous acid catalyst evaluated at different intervals of reaction parameters using Taguchi technique for experimental design. The parameters studied with an orthogonal array (OA) design are temperature from 50 to to oleic acid molar ratio from 1/1 to 6/1, H2SO4 as the cat...

Thermal and catalytic pyrolysis of waste plastics in an inert atmosphere has been regarded as a creative method, since pyrolysis can convert plastics waste into hydrocarbons that can be used either as fuels or as a source of chemicals. Natural Iraqi kaolin clay was used to synthesis the NaX nano- zeolite by hydrothermal conditions with average part...

In this research, the preparation of a chemically activated carbon from date stones by using electric and microwave assisted K2CO3 activation was studied. The effect of radiation power, radiation time, and impregnation ratio on the yield and Iodine number on the activated carbons was investigated. The activated carbon characterizations were examine...

The electro-Fenton oxidation process was used to treat organic pollutants in industrial wastewater as it is one efficient advanced oxidation process. The novel cell used in this process consists of a prepared PbO2 electrode by electrodeposition on graphite substrate and carbon fiber modified with graphene as a cathode. X-ray diffraction, fluorescen...

We investigate whether the social cure properties of groups vary across cultures, testing hypotheses that the associations between multiple group memberships (MGM) and depressive symptoms will (a) be mediated by social support and uncomfortable normative pressures, and (b) vary systematically with sample-level relational mobility. Analyses of data...

The study investigates photocatalytic advanced oxidation processes using iron-doped zeolite catalysts in heterogeneous Fenton reactions to degrade organic contents as chemical oxygen demand. The research revealed that the heterogenous photocatalytic Fenton process was the most successful treatment method under acidic circumstances and generated a g...

Solid‐waste management, particularly of aluminum (Al), is a challenge that is being confronted around the world. Therefore, it is valuable to explore methods that can minimize the exploitation of natural assets, such as recycling. In this study, using hazardous Al waste as the main electrodes in the electrocoagulation (EC) process for dye removal f...

Silica-based mesoporous materials are a class of porous materials with unique characteristics such as ordered pore structure, large surface area, and large pore volume. This review covers the different types of porous material (zeolite and mesoporous) and the physical properties of mesoporous materials that make them valuable in industry. Mesoporou...

The adsorption method may be one of the environmentally friendly, economical, and effective techniques to remove phenol from wastewater using low-cost adsorbent activated carbon (AC). The effects of the initial concentration of phenol, temperature, and time of the adsorption on the phenol removal percent were studied. The maximum removal percentage...

Some medications in aquatic media pose a serious environmental risk. Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is a member of the sulfonamide group. Photocatalysis offers a promising technique to degrade organic pollutants into environmentally friendly substances. This study examined the effect of operating conditions (pH, time, and temperature) of the ultraviolet (U...

The desalination of saltwater is a viable option to produce freshwater. All the desalination processes are energy-intensive and can be carried out on a large scale. Therefore, producing freshwater using renewable energy sources is the most desirable option considering the current energy crisis and the effect that fossil-fuel-based energy has on our...

The dimensions of bubbles were measured in a stirrer tank electrochemical reactor, where the analysis of the bubble size distribution has a substantial impact on the flow dynamics. The high-speed camera and image processing methods were used to obtain a reliable photo. The influence of varied air flow rates (0.3; 0.5; 1 l/min) on BSD was thoroughly...

This paper focuses on understanding the behavior of electrolyte's flow through an electrochemical mixed flow reactor by studying the residence time distribution. Tracer tests were utilized to examine the residence time distribution at several mixing speeds (300, 450, and 600 rpm), without and with an airflow by various compartment models. The resul...

The extent to which culture moderates the effects of need for approval from others on a person's handling of interpersonal conflict was investigated. Students from 24 nations rated how they handled a recent interpersonal conflict, using measures derived from face‐negotiation theory. Samples varied in the extent to which they were perceived as chara...

The zeolite's textural properties have a significant effect on zeolite's effectiveness in the different industrial processes. This research aimed to study the textual properties of the NaX and FeX zeolites using the nitrogen adsorption-desorption technique at a constant low temperature. According to the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemi...

The production of ethyl oleate, by homogenous acid esterification of oleic acid with ethanol, have discussed experimentally and via computational simulation in a plug flow reactor. An innovative simulation model has developed to predict the esterification reaction performance in an ideal plug flow reactor. The amount of H 2 SO 4 acid catalyst, the...

Human development and the great growth in the industry led to the deterioration of water quality as a result of the introduction of many pollutants into the environment and the arrival of a large number of contaminants into the water. There are many techniques used to treat these pollutants, but in this research, electrochemical oxidation processes...

The esterification of glycerol with oleic acid for the production of glycerol oleates in the presence of methyl ester sulfonate acid as a homogeneous catalyst was studied. The study was carried out experimentally in a batch reactor with reaction time up to 360 minutes and temperature between 100 and 175 °C. The results showed that the yield of the...

This study aimed to investigate the kinetics of the anion exchange step of ferrous ions with Na-X zeolite in a temperature range of 20 and 80°C for a period of up to 8 hours. A ferrous sulfate heptahydrate solution was used as a ferrous ion source to exchange with the sodium of the Na-X zeolite. The results showed a change in the physical appearanc...

The study involved the removal of acidity from free fatty acid via the esterification reaction of oleic acid with ethanol. The reaction was done in a batch reactor using commercial 13X zeolite as a catalyst. The effects of temperatures (40 to 70 °C) and reaction time (up to 120 minutes) were studied using 6:1 mole ratio of pure ethanol to oleic aci...

This study investigated the degradation of organic pollutants using an advanced electrochemical oxidation technique in a batch reactor cell consisting of a graphite anode, modified by electrodeposition of PbO2, and a graphene-modified carbon fiber cathode. The experiment was designed by the Taguchi design approach with an orthogonal array of L18 to...

In this work, a high purity FAU-type zeolite catalyst was prepared from shale rock and modified as a heterogeneous efficient catalyst for biodiesel production from sunflower oil. The characterization prop- erties for both of the prepared catalysts were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ra...

In this work, a high purity FAU-type zeolite catalyst was prepared from shale rock and modified as a heterogeneous efficient catalyst for biodiesel production from sunflower oil. The characterization properties for both of the prepared catalysts were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-r...

The Electro-Fenton oxidation process is one of the essential advanced electrochemical oxidation processes used to treat Phenol and its derivatives in wastewater. The Electro-Fenton oxidation process was carried out at an ambient temperature at different current density (2, 4, 6, 8 mA/cm2) for up to 6 h. Sodium Sulfate at a concentration of 0.05M wa...

In recent years, it has been evident that searching for alternative methods with low-price and eco-friendly features that produce high-quality adsorbents is in high demand. In the present work, Rice husk from Iraqi rice named (Amber) had been used as the primary source to produce rice husk ash (RHA) for the removal of the antibiotic metronidazole (...

Natural kaolin clay was used to successfully prepare 13X zeolite catalysts, which were modified by dealumination with citric acid. Acid leaching eliminates impurities and aluminum, and improves the Si/Al ratio of the zeolite framework. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of both the original and modified 13X zeolites were the same, indicating that...

This research deals with the effect of the electrolyte flow behavior on electrochemical continuous stirred tank reactor performance. The reactor was simulated to remove organic pollutants from the wastewater and to determine the conditions for removal that will examine the effect of the electrolyte flow through the reactor. The flow behavior has be...

The research discussed the possibility of adsorption of Brilliant Blue Dye (BBD) from wastewater using 13X zeolite adsorbent, which is considered a byproduct of the production process of potassium carbonate from Iraqi potash raw materials. The 13X zeolite adsorbent was prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction that showed a clear match with t...

Synthesis of methyl palmitate (MP) has not been considered in the past using a reactive distillation process (continuous or batch) due to the challenge of keeping the reactants palmitic acid (PA) and methanol (MeOH) together in the reactive zone. MeOH, being the lightest in the reaction mixture, travels up the distillation column as distillation pr...

Potato starch was modified chemically to prepare an adsorbent that is efficient for removing the ciprofloxacin antibiotic from its aqueous solution. The chemical modification process of potato starch involved cross-linking and esterification steps. The high-resolution X-ray diffraction characterization shows that the modification processes do not d...

This study compares the individual-level and sample-level predictive utility of a measure of the cultural logics of dignity, honor, and face. University students in 29 samples from 24 nations used a simple measure to rate their perceptions of the interpersonal cultural logic characterizing their local culture. The nomological net of these measures...

This study shows the results of the experimental investigation of refinery wastewater treatment by the electro-Fenton process. The experiments were designed using Taguchi design approach with an orthogonal array (OA) of L16 runs. Four process variables (current density (CD), temperature (T), Fe 2+ concentration (Fe 2+), and time (t)) at four differ...

Sex differences in aspects of independent versus interdependent self-construal and depressive symptoms were surveyed among 5,320 students from 24 nations. Men were found to perceive themselves as more self-contained whereas women perceived themselves as more connected to others. No significant sex differences were found on two further dimensions of...

Crosslinked starch ester is one of the important biomaterials, biodegradable, low cost and effective adsorbents for removing various types of organic contaminants. Crosslinked starch represents an important class of starch derivatives. The native starch has been modified to functionalize the structural properties of starch and make it able to act a...

In this study, the synthesis of 13X zeolite as a byproduct from Iraqi insoluble potash ores accompanied by potassium carbonate preparation was investigated. Citric acid efficiency, as dealuminated agent, was monitored for the prepared 13X zeolite by applying different experimental conditions, concentration (0.1 and 1 N), treatment temperature (25 a...

Abstract The prepared charcoal from Iraqi sugarcane was used to reduce the high organic content in dairy wastewater. The Iraqi sugarcane was washed and cut to the size of 1 to 1.5 cm length, then placed in a stainless-steel reactor in an electrical furnace. After 2 hours at 400°C the produced charcoal was collected and weight. The prepared charcoal...

MCM-48 zeolites have unique properties from the surfaces and structure point of view as it’s shown in the results ,and unique and very sensitive to be prepared, have been experimentally prepared and utilized as a second-generation/ acid - catalyst for esterification reactions of oleic acid as a model oil for a free fatty acid source with Ethanol. T...

Manganese dioxide rotating cylinder electrode prepared by anodic deposition on a graphite substrate using MnSO4 solution in the presence of 0.918 M of H2SO4. The influence of different operational parameters (MnSO4 concentration, current density, time, and rotation speed) on the structure, and morphology of MnO2 deposit film was examined widely. Th...

A manganese dioxide (MnO 2 ) electrode on graphite substrate was prepared, characterized, and used for the degradation of phenolic wastewater by an electrochemical advanced oxidation process. The prepared electrode was characterized by X-ray diffraction, X-ray fluorescence, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy, and atomic fo...

In the present research the process of indirect electro-oxidation for removal of phenol and any other produced organics (like chlorophenol, benzoquinone, hydroquinone, and oxalic acid) in wastewater was achieved by using manganese dioxide rotating cylinder electrochemical reactor as a novel batch electrochemical reactor. Anodic electrodeposition me...

A MnO2-graphite electrode was used in the treatment of aqueous solution from phenolic compounds by an electro-Fenton process. The effect of operating conditions, i.e. current density and externally added Fe²⁺, on the efficiency of the electro-Fenton Process performance was investigated. The performance of the electro-Fenton process was estimated by...

Electrochemical oxidation in the presence of sodium chloride used for removal of phenol and any other organic by products formed during the electrolysis by using MnO 2 /graphite electrode. The performance of the electrode was evaluated in terms fraction of phenol and the formed organic by products removed during the electrolysis process. The result...

The effect of electrolysis operating parameters on the removal efficiency of cadmium from a simulated wastewater was studied by adopting response surface methodology combined with Box–Behnken Design. As a new electrode design, spiral-wound woven wire mesh rotating cylinder electrode was used for cadmium removal. Current (240–400 mA), rotation speed...

This paper deals with the theory and kinetics of oxalic acid electrochemical oxidation, in an acidic solution containing sodium chloride, using a manganese dioxide rotating cylinder anode. Voltammetric and galvanostatic electrolysis techniques were used. The voltametric study shows a higher anodic wave corresponding to chlorine oxidation on the MnO...

Mass transfer has been studied at rotating cylinder electrodes fabricated with spiral-wound woven-wire meshes using reduction of copper as a test reaction. The experimental data were correlated by an empirical expression between the Sherwood number and the Reynolds number, both regarding the hydraulic diameter as a characteristic length. It was fou...

The presented data shows how cornstarch can be modified to a material that can effectively remove organics pollutants from a real wastewater. A low-cost adsorbent obtained from cornstarch by the crosslinking with epichlorohydrin. The prepared crossed linked starch (CLS) adsorbent characterized by X-ray diffraction, zeta potential, Fourier-transform...

Thermal pyrolysis kinetics of virgin high-density polyethylene (HDPE) was investigated. Thermal pyrolysis of HDPE was performed using a thermogravimetric analyzer in nitrogen atmosphere under non-isothermal conditions at different heating rates 4, 7, 10 °C/min. First-order decomposition reaction was assumed, and for the kinetic analysis Kissinger-A...

FAU-type zeolite was prepared using Irish shale rock and tested as a catalyst in the liquid-phase esterification of oleic acid (a model test reaction for biodiesel production). A systematic study was conducted (over the stated preparation ranges) by varying the water:shale ratio (4:1–15:1 by mass), and mixing (1–24 h), aging (6–48 h) and hydrotherm...

The electro-Fenton process for the removal of organic pollutants from wastewater has been achieved by using prepared MnO2-graphite rotating cylinder electrochemical reactor. Anodic electrodeposition method has been used for the preparation of MnO2 electrode, where graphite has been used as a substrate using MnSO4 solution in the presence of 163 g/l...

Aniline and its derivatives are common contaminants in various wastewaters and represent a serious worry for societies health and a challenge to ecologists due to their dangers effects on to the human health. ZSM-5 zeolite was prepared from locally available materials (kaolin and rice husk) for adsorption of aniline from synthetic wastewater. Chara...

Indirect electrochemical oxidation of phenol and its derivatives was investigated by using MnO2 rotating cylinder electrode. Taguchi experimental design method was employed to find the best conditions for the removal efficiency of phenol and its derivatives generated during the process. Two main parameters were investigated, current density (C.D.)...

Indirect electrochemical oxidation of phenol and its derivatives was investigated by using MnO 2 rotating cylinder electrode. Taguchi experimental design method was employed to find the best conditions for the removal efficiency of phenol and its derivatives generated during the process. Two main parameters were investigated, current density (C.D.)...

Taguchi experimental design approach utilized to find the best conditions for the removal of phenol and its derivatives using an electrochemical batch reactor. The used cylindrical stagnant electrode was made of MnO2 on a graphite substrate. The investigated process parameters were the current density (C.D.) and electrolysis time. The chemical oxyg...

The preparation of low cost activated carbon from date stones and microwave method by using K2CO3 as chemical activator were investigated. The prepared activated carbon was used to remove fluoroquinolones antibiotics from aqueous solution. The characterizations of the activated carbon is represented by surface area, pore volume, ash content, moist...

A mathematical model was proposed to study the microkinetics of esterification reaction of oleic acid with ethanol over prepared HY zeolite catalyst. The catalyst was prepared from Iraqi kaolin source and its properties were characterized by different techniques. The esterification was done under different temperature (40 to 70˚C) with 6:1 for mola...

Pyrolysis process becomes an interesting technique to shrink the increasing amounts of the plastic waste. Iraqi kaolin clay has used as a catalyst for the pyrolysis of polyethylene plastic in order to produce the hydrocarbon liquid fuel. The pyrolysis process carried out for low-density polyethylene plastics in semi-batch open system reactor in a t...

Zeolites occur in nature and have been known for almost 250 years as aluminosilicate minerals. Examples are faujasite, mordenite, offretite, and ferrierite, Today, these and other zeolite structures are of great interest in catalysis, yet their naturally occurring forms are of limited value, because (i) they almost always contain undesired impurity...

Iraqi kaolin was used for the preparation and characterization of NaY zeolite for biodiesel production via esterification reaction. Oleic acid was used usually as a typical simulated feedstock of high acid number for the esterification reaction. The chemical composition for the prepared Nay zeolite is as following: (Ca2.6Na1.K0.1)(Al6.3Si17.7)O48....

Depolymerization reaction is considered one of the most significant ways of converting waste polyethylene terephthalate in to terephthalic acid. The water polyethylene terephthalate bottle waste was collected from different places in Baghdad. The collection step shows that there is plenty amount of polyethylene terephthalate suitable to be an impor...

Pyrolysis of virgin polyethylene plastics was studied in order to produce hydrocarbon liquid fuel. The pyrolysis process carried out for low and high-density polyethylene plastics in open system batch reactor in temperature range of 370 to 450°C. Thermo-gravimetric analysis of the virgin plastics showed that the degradation ranges were between 326...

Depolymerization reaction is considered one of the most significant ways of converting waste polyethylene terephthalate in to terephthalic acid. The water polyethylene terephthalate bottle waste was collected from different places in Baghdad. The collection step shows that there is plenty amount of polyethylene terephthalate suitable to be an impor...

Esterification considers the most important reaction in biodiesel production. In this study, oleic acid was used as a suggested feedstock in order to study and simulate production of biodiesel. The batch esterification reaction of oleic acid was carried out at various operating conditions; temperature from 40 to 70 °C, ethanol to oleic acid molar r...

Esterification reaction is most important reaction in biodiesel production. In this study, oleic acid was used as a suggested feedstock to study and simulate production of biodiesel. Batch esterification of oleic acid was carried out at operating conditions; temperature from 40 to 70 °C, ethanol to oleic acid molar ratio from 1/1 to 6/1, H2SO4 as t...

Animal fats are a good, promising and ethical alternative source for biodiesel production, but they need more complex treatments than vegetable oils. Iraqi butchery plants waste fats (sheep fat) which are suggested as feedstock to produce biodiesel. This type of fat contains a large quantity of free fatty acids (FFAs) (acid number 49.13 mg KOH/g of...

Animal fats are a good, promising and ethical alternative source for biodiesel production, but they need more complex treatments than vegetable oils. Iraqi butchery plants waste fats (sheep fat) which are suggested as feedstock to produce biodiesel. This type of fat contains a large quantity of free fatty acids (FFAs) (acid number 49.13 mg KOH/g of...

Equilibrium and rate of mixing of free flowing solid materials are found using gas fluidized bed. The solid materials were sand (size 0.7 mm), sugar (size0.7 mm) and 15% cast iron used as a tracer. The fluidizing gas was air with velocity ranged from 0.45-0.65 m/s while the mixing time was up to 10 minutes. The mixing index for each experiment was...

Kinetic model of direct oxidation of H 2 S over alumina catalyst was studied. The kinetic analysis discussed the results of reaction rate order, values of rate coefficients at different reaction temperatures, the activation energy and the values of activation change in enthalpy and entropy of this heterogeneous reaction using selected data obtained...

Kirkuk reduced crude oil was hydro-demetallized over two particle size (0.2 - 0.3 and 0.2 - 0.5 cm) Ni-Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst beds. The catalyst bed length varied from 12.7 to 31.8 cm and the liquid hourly space velocity varied from 0.5 to 4.2 h-1. Reaction temperature was kept constant at 360oC. Also, hydrogen pressure and hydrogen to reduced crude o...

Pyrolysis of high density polyethylene (HDPE) was carried out in a 750 cm3 stainless steel autoclave reactor, with temperature ranging from 470 to 495° C and reaction times up to 90 minute. The influence of the operating conditions on the component yields was studied. It was found that the optimum cracking condition for HDPE that maximized the oil...

Iraqi paraffin wax (1.0 wt% aromatic content and 4.4 wt% oil content, Basrah origin) was hydrotreated over commercial Pt-Re/y-Al2O3 catalyst in order to study aromatic removal reaction (de-aromatization) kinetics. Reaction temperature varied from 453 to 533 K over a liquid hourly space velocity from 0.5 to 4.2 h-1. Hydrogen pressure was kept consta...