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Acta Scientific DENTAL SCIENCES (ISSN: 2581-4893)
Volume 4 Issue 10 October 2020

Rashmi J Kurup1*, Amandeep Sodhi2 and Sangeetha R3
1Post Graduate Student, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bangalore
Institute of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bangalore, India
2Reader, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bangalore Institute of Dental
Sciences and Hospital, Bangalore, India
3Senior Lecturer, Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology, Bangalore Institute of
Dental Sciences and Hospital, Bangalore, India
*Corresponding Author: Rashmi J Kurup, Post Graduate Student, Department of


Review Article
Received: July 27, 2020
Published: September 16, 2020
Rashmi J Kurup.,
et al.
Abstract

  


-



 -


Keywords: 
Abbreviations

   -
       -
  
     
       

 

       

Index
Introduction
-
  
       
-

Citation: Rashmi J Kurup., et al. 
        

  

of artifacts that show such behavior’ [1]
         
        
         




-
 
   

     -
    
    
          
    -

 -
    
       
command dental chair without any physical input from doctor in
the least [2]
History
One of the most important visionary and theoretician was Alan
       
           -
           
  -
 


[4]
Concept of AI
There are two sub concepts that divide the whole scope of mean-

          
      -
 


To understand the concepts in AI one should be familiar about
various terms 
Machine learning (ML)
         

Deep learning

Representation learning
     -
-

Artificial neural networks (ANNs)
       

  -


Clinical decision support system CDSS
 
  -
         
     

         -

Augmented reality
-
    

Virtual reality
-
  -
      -
27
Dentistry and Artificial Intelligence
Citation: Rashmi J Kurup., et al. 

Applications in dentistry
 
          
      -
 [7] 
         
       
      [8]  
-
dled with voice command that do not need any manual input from
clinician 
E-learning in dentistry
          
        -
       

   
  [8]  
the practical procedures in three dimensions and allows access to




Oral medicine and maxillofacial radiology
          
       -

 
-
           
[11], predict
 
aphthous ulcers        
     
  
       -
       , to
      
-
    -
    -
arthritis 
     -
-
[12]
        -

  
to its distinctive ability to learn and may be assimilated with
         
 
-

     
     , to detect
-

       
  
        -
          
    
 

       
  -

   -
tistics, data science and be aware of other sources of information

-

[6]
Pediatric dentistry
       
      -



28
Dentistry and Artificial Intelligence
Citation: Rashmi J Kurup., et al. 


           -


[18]
Oral and maxillofacial surgery
    -
         
  

       
       
    -
  
is simulated [20]
       et al 
    
       -
  [21]   
dentistry to rate facial attractiveness, by a face detector and a dedi-
       
     


Pathology

      
-
    
-
-
     
   

-

necessary [12]
Orthodontics
        
-
    
[22]        



the treatment [24], to predict orthodontic treatment plans, includ-
   
patterns 
-
traction of patients with malocclusion   
based orthodontics can improve case acceptance when combined

Periodontics
   -
-
[26]
density and detection of peri implantitis [27]  


-
[28]
Prosthodontics
to de-

     


 -
-
    
  

-
tional tool for the patient 
Conservative dentistry and endodontics
 -
   

can accurately locate tooth areas prone to caries and complex peri-

Dentistry and Artificial Intelligence
Citation: Rashmi J Kurup., et al. 


       
[16,17]
          
materials and to choose them wisely for suitable cases  and
 
[14]
Community health sector
           
   
  
  
     
  -

-
  -
 and also able
        


    
     -
    
-

-
        


-

Advantages of AI

         

   



            
-
diction of potential health problems a person can have in the future


-


    

Disadvantages of AI
-

     -
         
           -
-
  

        
 
         
-
 -
          

-
 

Conclusion
        
 


Dentistry and Artificial Intelligence
Citation: Rashmi J Kurup., et al. 

    -
        -
-


-
         
   -

   
Bibliography
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Science, College of Science 
 et al.   -

   
European Journal of
Dentistry 
   -
      

 
Indian Journal of Basic and Ap-
plied Medical Research 
  et al.   
British Dental Journal 

 et al.-
  
British Dental Journal
  et al.
         
      -
search in Education
 et al. -
-
 Journal of oral and Maxillofacial
Surgery
 et al.-
Jour-
nal of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology: JOMFP  

 et al.-
     
Advances and Applications in Bioinformatics and Chemistry:
AABC
 et al.-
  International
Endodontic Journal
 et al.

Dental traumatology
 et al.
   Oral
Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology, and
Endodontology
   et al.    
  -
-

   
Journal of the Indian Society of Pedodontics and Pre-
ventive Dentistry
        
Biomedical Imaging and Intervention Journal

 et al.-
 
Clinical
Oral Implants Research

Dentistry and Artificial Intelligence
Citation: Rashmi J Kurup., et al. 
 et al.
  -
European Journal of Ortho-
dontics
  et al. -
 -
. The Angle Orthodontist
         -
Com-
pendium of Continuing Education in Dentistry  

 et al.
Dental
Update
 et al.-

  et al. “Virtual reality distraction for pain con-

The Journal of the American Dental Association

   et al.     -

Clinical Oral Implants Research
 et al.
    Jour-
nal of Periodontology
 et al.-
Neurocomputing

 et al.

 Journal of Prosthodontic Research

  et al.   -
tion system for porcelain fused to metal crown preparation at
Journal of Dental Educa-
tion
 et al.
Diabetes and Metabolic Syndrome: Clini-
cal Research and Reviews
 et al.
-
Imaging Science in Dentistry
 et al.
    QI. Quintessence Inter-
national 
 et al.  -
Stereotactic and
Functional Neurosurgery
 et al.  
Stereotactic
and Functional Neurosurgery
 et al.-
 -
The Angle Orthodontist
 et al.-
Vojnosanitetski Pregled

 et al. “Prediction of dental caries in 12-year-
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Dentistry and Artificial Intelligence
Citation: Rashmi J Kurup., et al. 
... However, as burdens and complexities increase, human experts may experience fatigue, which could compromise the precision of their results [2]. Over a period of time, newer technologies have been developed, but the creation of a machine that can think and function like a human remains an unattainable fantasy, which is now referred to as "artificial intelligence" (AI) [3]. AI is a discipline of computer science and engineering that concentrates on the computational comprehension of what is commonly referred to as intelligent behavior and the development of intelligent artifacts. ...
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Since the beginning of recorded history, the human brain has been one of the most intriguing structures for scientists and engineers. Over the centuries, newer technologies have been developed based on principles that seek to mimic their functioning, but the creation of a machine that can think and behave like a human remains an unattainable fantasy. This idea is now known as "artificial intelligence". Dentistry has begun to experience the effects of artificial intelligence (AI). These include image enhancement for radiology, which improves the visibility of dental structures and facilitates disease diagnosis. AI has also been utilized for the identification of periapical lesions and root anatomy in endodontics, as well as for the diagnosis of periodontitis. This review is intended to provide a comprehensive overview of the use of AI in modern dentistry's numerous specialties. The relevant publications published between March 1987 and July 2023 were identified through an exhaustive search. Studies published in English were selected and included data regarding AI applications among various dental specialties. Dental practice involves more than just disease diagnosis, including correlation with clinical findings and administering treatment to patients. AI cannot replace dentists. However, a comprehensive understanding of AI concepts and techniques will be advantageous in the future. AI models for dental applications are currently being developed.
... Bu, diş hekiminin estetiği başarılı bir şekilde tasarlamasını sağlar ve ayrıca hasta için bir motivasyon aracı görevi görür. 19 Hareketli protez alanında, YZ sistemleri ile tam protez uygulamaları sonrasında hastalarda yüz yumuşak dokularında oluşacak değişiklikleri hızlı ve doğru bir şekilde tahmin etmek mümkündür. YZ sayesinde vakaya özel kısmi protez tasarımları yapılabilir. ...
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Artificial intelligence (AI) is a current and popular technology that is driven by data.AI is being developed in various fields, including space science and dentistry, and provides advantages such as in biomedicine, diagnosis, treatment planning, and patient documentation. Therefore, the dental sec- tor is improving the quality of life for both physicians and patients. Prosthetic dentistry is a branch of dentistry that focuses on the rehabilitation of missing teeth with biocompatible materials, such as fixed and removable prostheses or implants.AI is used effectively in prosthetic dentistry in areas such as di- agnosis, treatment planning, CAD/CAM applications, digital smile design, and the selection of colors for removable and fixed prostheses. Although the effectiveness of AI algorithms used in these areas has been proven to some extent, their effectiveness and reliability need to be further improved through the development of new applications and clinical studies. ÖZET: Yapay zekâ (YZ), modern zamanların veri odaklı güncel ve popüler teknolojisidir. YZ, uzay biliminden diş hekimliğine kadar her alanda gelişim göstermektedir ve biyomedikal, teşhis ve tedavi plan- laması, hasta dokümantasyonu gibi avantajlar sağlamaktadır. Bu nedenle, dental sektörde hem hekimlerin hem de hastaların yaşam kalitesini arttırdığı söylenebilir. Diş hekimliğinin dallarından olan protetik diş hekimliği, eksik dişlerin sabit ve hareketli protezler veya implant gibi doku dostu materyaller ile reha- bilitasyonu ile ilgilenir. YZ protetik diş hekimliğinde teşhis ve tedavi planlaması, CAD/CAM uygulamaları, dijital gülüş tasarımı, hareketli ve sabit protezler, renk seçimi gibi alanlarda etkin olarak kullanılmaktadır. Bu alanlarda kullanılan YZ algoritmalarının etkinliği belli oranda kanıtlanmış olsa da gelişmekte olan uygulamalar ve yeni klinik çalışmalar ile etkinliğinin ve güvenilirliğinin arttırılması gerekmektedir.
... Laboratories can also be benefited from this technology, as they can prepare the crowns or other appliances with computer-aided design and manufacturing, which would be a boon to pediatric restorations in terms of time and aesthetics with precision. 9 AI-supported radiography in dentistry helps in the pixel-by-pixel analysis of the radiographs that provides the probable range of diagnoses. These imaging advancements aid in the detection carious lesions, periapical pathologies, oral cancer, and other oral pathologies. ...
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Dentistry has evolved through a long journey. The incorporation of Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the present and future of dentistry. Artificial Intelligence is now gradually being used in various fields including medical healthcare and dentistry. Within the field of dentistry, Pediatric dentistry requires skills to perform procedures with proper patient behavior guidance skill. The present article aims to highlight the various AI innovations and its relation to pediatric dentistry with possible future supported with Robotics which might change the traditional way of clinical practice.
... • Augmented reality is a defined as "a technology that superimposes a computer-generated image on a user's perspective of the real world, accordingly giving a composite view". • Virtual reality is a computer-generated reenactment of a three-dimensional image or environment that can be communicated with, in an apparently real or physical path by an individual utilizing unique electronic equipment [12]. ...
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BACKGROUND: Artificial intelligence is a relatively newer technology in the field of medical world. This science uses the machine – learning algorithm and computer software to aid in the diagnostics in medical and dental fields. It is a huge talking point in the field of technology which is spreading it’s wings in all possible sectors at a great speed. This field covers solutions from coaching solutions to diagnostics in medical field covering under the umbrella of all what can be achieved by machine and deep learning. CONTENT: In dentistry, artificial intelligence is creating a revolution in all sections from collection of data, creating algorithms for orthodontic procedures, diagnostic records in the aspect of radiographic data, three dimensional scans and cone beam computed tomography, CAD CAM systems for restorative and prosthetic purposes. Similarly continuous research is being done in the field of periodontics in terms of measuring bone loss, amount of plaque present and much more. CONCLUSION: The field of artificial technology with its varied applications will change the face of dentistry in the upcoming times. Artificial intelligence with its application of machine learning will change the face of dentistry in future.
Article
Objective The study intended to identify the significance of the online information retrieval system (IRS) in evidence-based dentistry (EBD). Thus, the researchers apply a set of pre-and post-tests to evaluate the current knowledge of clinicians and students on online IRS. Materials and Methods: The researchers followed repeated measure design in this study. They applied random sampling technique for conducting pre-and post-test assessment. Five scenarios based EBD were developed to evaluate the performance of the participants. The researchers employed two phases in order to achieve the study's objective. In the first phase, 98 clinicians and 70 students were invited to attend three out of five clinical scenarios using IRS. In the second phase, the participants were invited to participate in a 15-min lecture presented by the researchers on the searching strategies and guidelines to apply keywords for searching the evidence using IRS. A significant level of p < 0.05 was obtained from the statistical analysis using the SPSS program version 16. Results: Of the 98 clinicians, only 37 responded to the questionnaire, with a response rate of 37.8 %. On the other hand, out of 70 students, 23 responded to the questionnaire, with a response rate of 32.8 %. In the pre-test, clinicians and students correctly answered 58.3 % of scenario questions. However, the data analysis outcome revealed that only 40.5 % of participants provided a relevant evidence source after an internet search. The students spent an average of 9 min to complete the task, whereas clinicians spent 16 min. After the completion of the lecture, 23 students and clinicians responded to the pre-test, whereas 10 responded to the post-test. Most students believed that the lecture was helpful and recommended similar types of lectures to be presented in the curriculum. The study findings highlight that the percentage of evidence provided in the "pre-test" was 60 %, which was improved in the post-test to 73.3 %. Conclusion: The experimental outcome suggests that internet-based educational applications enhance students' learning strategies. Additionally, the IRS supports clinicians in retrieving effective materials for treating their patients. Furthemore, there is a demand for extracurricular activity to improve the search strategies of clinicians and students to strengthen EBD.
Chapter
Artificial intelligence (AI) systems are computer-aided technologies that can produce easier and faster solutions to problems by imitating human intelligence. Today, this technology, which has been used in every field of life and in almost every profession, has become one of the innovative and popular technologies in the field of dentistry. The current book chapter aimed to comprehensively discuss the possible advantages, disadvantages, and limitations of AI during its use in dental health applications.
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Human cognition has is an intriguing dimension for researchers and developers. To understand and map out this structure, a broader term has been coined. Artificial Intelligence is a branch term for all the developing systems, furnished with human intelligence. Even though Artificial Intelligence can be useful in field of dentistry and can be of help in dental office but is not used extensively. A gap exists in the knowledge regarding application of Artificial Intelligence in Dental offices. Therefore, the present study was carried to determine the factors associated with knowledge and perception regarding use of Artificial Intelligence in dentistry among the dental professionals.
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Introduction: Artificial Intelligence is a branch term for all the developing systems, furnished with human intelligence. Even though Artificial Intelligence can be useful in field of dentistry and can be of help in dental office but is not used extensively. A gap exists in the knowledge regarding application of Artificial Intelligence in Dental offices. Therefore, the present study was carried to determine the factors associated with knowledge and perception regarding use of Artificial Intelligence in dentistry among the dental professionals. Methodology: A cross sectional study was carried on 362 dental professionals of North India. A non-probability Snowball sampling was used. A The face validity and content validity was done for forming the questionnaire of the present study. The final questionnaire consisted of 13 variable, structured, close-ended questionnaire in English of which 7 were knowledge-based, 4 were based on attitude and 2 based on practice. SPSS version20 was used for statistical Analysis. Frequency, percentage was calculated. Chi-Square test was applied to determine factors associated with knowledge attitude and practice of Artificial Intelligence. A spearman’s correlation and Multiple logistic regression was run to assess the corelation between knowledge and practice of AI by the dentist. Statistical significance was kept at p value<0.05.
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Intelligent systems (i.e., artificial intelligence), particularly deep learning, are machines able to mimic the cognitive functions of humans to perform tasks of problem-solving and learning. This field deals with computational models that can think and act intelligently, like the human brain, and construct algorithms that can learn from data to make predictions. Artificial intelligence is becoming important in radiology due to its ability to detect abnormalities in radiographic images that are unnoticed by the naked human eye. These systems have reduced radiologists' workload by rapidly recording and presenting data, and thereby monitoring the treatment response with a reduced risk of cognitive bias. Intelligent systems have an important role to play and could be used by dentists as an adjunct to other imaging modalities in making appropriate diagnoses and treatment plans. In the field of maxillofacial radiology, these systems have shown promise for the interpretation of complex images, accurate localization of landmarks, characterization of bone architecture, estimation of oral cancer risk, and the assessment of metastatic lymph nodes, periapical pathologies, and maxillary sinus pathologies. This review discusses the clinical applications and scope of intelligent systems such as machine learning, artificial intelligence, and deep learning programs in maxillofacial imaging.
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Over the decades, new equipment was emerged in medical field, and we have witnessed the importance of medical imaging such as computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, mammography and X-ray and their contribution in successful diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. Now, we are in era of artificial intelligence (AI), where machines were modeled after human brain's ability to take inputs and produce outputs from given data. AI has a wide range of uses and applications in health services industry. Factors such as increase in workload, complexity of work and potential fatigue of doctors may compromise diagnostic ability and outcome. AI components in imaging machines would reduce this workload and drive greater efficiency. They also have access to a greater wealth of data than human counterparts and can detect cancer with more accuracy than humans. This study presented an overview of AI, its recent advances in pathology and future prospects.
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Background and aims Healthcare delivery requires the support of new technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT), Big Data and Machine Learning to fight and look ahead against the new diseases. We aim to review the role of AI as a decisive technology to analyze, prepare us for prevention and fight with COVID-19 (Coronavirus) and other pandemics. Methods The rapid review of the literature is done on the database of Pubmed, Scopus and Google Scholar using the keyword of COVID-19 or Coronavirus and Artificial Intelligence or AI. Collected the latest information regarding AI for COVID-19, then analyzed the same to identify its possible application for this disease. Results We have identified seven significant applications of AI for COVID-19 pandemic. This technology plays an important role to detect the cluster of cases and to predict where this virus will affect in future by collecting and analyzing all previous data. Conclusions Healthcare organizations are in an urgent need for decision-making technologies to handle this virus and help them in getting proper suggestions in real-time to avoid its spread. AI works in a proficient way to mimic like human intelligence. It may also play a vital role in understanding and suggesting the development of a vaccine for COVID-19. This result-driven technology is used for proper screening, analyzing, prediction and tracking of current patients and likely future patients. The significant applications are applied to tracks data of confirmed, recovered and death cases.
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Keywords: Artificial Intelligence; Dental Radiology; Maxillofacial Radiology; Digital Dentistry Advanced breakthroughs in image recognition techniques using artificial intelligence (AI) and media researcher statements has led to the impression of AI being equated with the demise of radiologists. However, the work performed by radiologists includes many other tasks apart from image recognition that require common sense and general intelligence for solving tasks that cannot be achieved through AI. A thorough knowledge regarding the adaptation of technology will not only help in better and precise patient care but also reducing the work burden of the radiologist. This review focuses on artificial intelligence and its application in dento-maxillofacial radiology perspective.
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Objectives: To evaluate facial attractiveness of treated cleft patients and controls by artificial intelligence (AI) and to compare these results with panel ratings performed by laypeople, orthodontists, and oral surgeons. Materials and methods: Frontal and profile images of 20 treated left-sided cleft patients (10 males, mean age: 20.5 years) and 10 controls (5 males, mean age: 22.1 years) were evaluated for facial attractiveness with dedicated convolutional neural networks trained on >17 million ratings for attractiveness and compared to the assessments of 15 laypeople, 14 orthodontists, and 10 oral surgeons performed on a visual analogue scale (n = 2323 scorings). Results: AI evaluation of cleft patients (mean score: 4.75 ± 1.27) was comparable to human ratings (laypeople: 4.24 ± 0.81, orthodontists: 4.82 ± 0.94, oral surgeons: 4.74 ± 0.83) and was not statistically different (all Ps ≥ 0.19). Facial attractiveness of controls was rated significantly higher by humans than AI (all Ps ≤ 0.02), which yielded lower scores than in cleft subjects. Variance was considerably large in all human rating groups when considering cases separately, and especially accentuated in the assessment of cleft patients (coefficient of variance-laypeople: 38.73 ± 9.64, orthodontists: 32.56 ± 8.21, oral surgeons: 42.19 ± 9.80). Conclusions: AI-based results were comparable with the average scores of cleft patients seen in all three rating groups (with especially strong agreement to both professional panels) but overall lower for control cases. The variance observed in panel ratings revealed a large imprecision based on a problematic absence of unity. Implication: Current panel-based evaluations of facial attractiveness suffer from dispersion-related issues and remain practically unavailable for patients. AI could become a helpful tool to describe facial attractiveness, but the present results indicate that important adjustments are needed on AI models, to improve the interpretation of the impact of cleft features on facial attractiveness.
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In this study, multilayer perceptron artificial neural networks are used to predict orthodontic treatment plans, including the determination of extraction-nonextraction, extraction patterns, and anchorage patterns. The neural network can output the feasibilities of several applicable treatment plans, offering orthodontists flexibility in making decisions. The neural network models show an accuracy of 94.0% for extraction-nonextraction prediction, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.982, a sensitivity of 94.6%, and a specificity of 93.8%. The accuracies of the extraction patterns and anchorage patterns are 84.2% and 92.8%, respectively. The most important features for prediction of the neural networks are “crowding, upper arch” “ANB” and “curve of Spee”. For handling discrete input features with missing data, the average value method has a better complement performance than the k-nearest neighbors (k-NN) method; for handling continuous features with missing data, k-NN performs better than the other methods most of the time. These results indicate that the proposed method based on artificial neural networks can provide good guidance for orthodontic treatment planning for less-experienced orthodontists.
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Artificial intelligence (AI) encompasses a broad spectrum of emerging technologies that continue to influence daily life. The evolution of AI makes the analysis of big data possible, which provides reliable information and improves the decision-making process. This article introduces the principles of AI and reviews the development of AI and how it is currently being used. AI technology has influenced the health care field because of the need for accurate diagnosis and superior patient care. In order to understand the trend of AI in dentistry, electronic searching was carried out, combined with approaching individual companies to obtain the details of AI-based services. The current applications of AI in clinical dentistry were introduced and summarized. In the future, the AI-based comprehensive care system is expected to establish high-quality patient care and innovative research and development, facilitating advanced decision support tools. The authors believe that an innovative inter-professional coordination among clinicians, researchers, and engineers will be the key to AI development in the field of dentistry. Despite the potential misinterpretations and the concern of patient privacy, AI will continue to connect with dentistry from a comprehensive perspective due to the need for precise treatment procedures and instant information exchange. Moreover, such developments will enable professionals to share health-related big data and deliver insights that improve patient care through hospitals, providers, researchers, and patients.