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THE GENETIC BEHAVIOR OF SOME YIELD AND
PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERS IN MUTATED
SESAME POPULATIONS UNDER DROUGHT
CONDITIONS
Amal M. Abd EL-Mageed1, Enas S. Ibrahim1 and Soad A. Mahmoud2
1. Botany Dept., Fac. of Agri., Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
2. Agronomy Dept., Fac. of Agri., Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt
ABSTRACT:
Three levels of field capacity 100% FC, 75% FC and 50% FC are used in this
study to examine mutated and unmutated population of sesame in the two mutational
generations M2 and M3. Two sesame cultivars namely Shandaweel10 and Sohag3 were
treated with three doses of gamma rays (150Gy, 300Gy and 450Gy). Results indicated
that there was a variation in growth behavior, yield, oil content and photosynthetic
pigments content under different treatments. Mutated plants of sesame in M 3 generation
appeared higher weight for both fresh and dry shoot weight than control plants under all
levels of field capacity. Using 150Gy and 300Gy doses had an increasing effect on seed
yield/plant and seed yield/m2 under all FC% levels. On the contrary, 450 Gy dose had a
negative effect on these traits. 1000 seeds weight (g) trait had positive responses to
gamma ray doses through mutational generations and it had slow responses to decrease
of FC% for both cultivars. Content of chlorophyll a and b in mutated plants increased
through mutational generations. Through anatomical structure of leaves under drought
levels, 150 Gy and 300 Gy plants of Sohag3 had the highest values of xylem characters.
While, 150 Gy or 300 Gy irradiated plants of Shandweel 10 had the highest values of
mesophyll thickness, midrib thickness and vascular bundle thickness. Although there
was a decrease in degree of heritability in narrow sense with reduction of FC% , gamma
rays had a positive effect on increasing of the values of heritability of 1000 seeds weight
, yield of seeds/plant , chlorophyll b and carotenoid traits. While yield of seeds/m 2, oil
content and chlorophyll a content showed a decrease in the values of heritability at
300Gy and 450Gy for Sohag3. Stability analysis of genotypes indicated that applying 300
Gy for shandaweel10 cv., 150 Gy and 300Gy for Sohag3 cultivar are useful treatments
for adaption of plants to drought conditions.
Key wards: Field capacity, Gamma rays, Photosynthetic pigment, Anatomical characters,
Heritability, Stability.
INTRODUCTION:
Sesame (sesamum indicum L.) is an important oil crop, rich in edible
oil (44-58%), protein (18-25%) and carbohydrate (13.5%-20%) (Borchani
et al 2010). These nutrient value seeds encourage many scientists and plant
breeders to work for achieving many goals, the most important of them
aimed to increase the production of yield, oil content and stress tolerance.
Shortage of water plays restricted role for planting sesame and many crops.
Water stress at different growth stages significantly affected growth and
reproduction organs, especially at flowering stage of sesame (Nilanthi et al
2015). Water stress inhibits photosynthesis and consequently led to the
reduction of carbohydrate reservoirs which caused the insufficient growth of
seeds and produced unfilled seeds in capsule (Westage and Boyer 1998 and
Mensah et al 2006). The increase of drought caused significant reduction in
193
essential oil content (Razmjoo and Sabzalian 2008). Low productivity has
been attributed to cultivating low yielding dehiscent varieties with low
harvest index values, significant yield loss during threshing, indeterminate
growth, uneven ripening of capsules and lack of improved varieties tolerant
to biotic and abiotic stresses like diseases, pests and drought ( Lakhanpaul
et al 2012 and Ozkan and Kulak 2013). Improvement of drought tolerant
genotypes of sesame is one of the major objectives of sesame breeding
programs in marginal and arid regions (Amani et al 2012). Understanding of
physiological tolerance mechanisms of drought is essential in selection of
tolerant genotypes (Zaharieva et al 2001). Different breeding approaches for
drought tolerance have emerged, with their merits and demerits. A
combination of different traits of direct relevance, rather than a single trait,
should be used as selection criteria. Traits correlated with drought tolerance
such as yield components and physiological traits are suitable indicators for
selection of drought tolerant genotypes in breeding programs (Almeida et al
2008). Induced mutagenesis and its breeding strategies are potential tools
for improving both quantitative and qualitative traits in crops within a much
shorter period of time than conventional breeding (Oladosu et al 2016).
Types of mutagens are physical or chemical where; Gamma rays one of
them and it has a shorter wave length and possess more energy than protons
and X-rays, which gives them ability to penetrate deeper into the tissue.
Gamma rays irradiation increases plant resistance to stress conditions such
as drought, water stresses, cold and in some condition insects or diseases
(Hussein et al 2012). The efficiency of mutation breeding programs depends
on the amount of genetic diversity of crops that holds an important role in
sustainable development and food security (Esquinas-Alcázar 2005).
Drought levels, doses of gamma rays, cultivars and mutant generations can
be accompanied as environmental conditions for testing stability. These
combinations produce several different responses of traits of each genotype
so, some parameters are needed to use in choice among genotypes and to
measure its degree of stability under different environments (Bayomi and
EL-Ashry 2003). Stability parameters provided further description of the
mean values of the characters when genotypes X environment interaction
was present (Tripathi et al 1987).
This study aimed to produce mutated plants of two sesame cultivars
that have the ability for drought tolerance through mutational generation of
gamma rays under three levels of field capacity (FC%). Mutated plants were
studied on number of levels; mean performance, heritability and stability
analysis for M2 and M3 generations.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experiments were conducted at the Experimental Farm, Faculty of
Agriculture, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, Egypt. Two sesame cultivars
namely Shandaweel10 and Sohag3 were obtained from Agricultural
194
Research Center, Giza, Egypt. During, 2013 and 2014 seasons, M2 and M3
generations seeds are obtained from treated seeds with three doses of
gamma rays (150 Gy-300 Gy and 450 Gy) at the National Center for
Research and Radiation Technology, Nassr city, Atomic Energy Agency,
Cairo. Egypt. Treated seeds were sown in 2012 to obtain M2 seeds of M1
plants. M2 seeds planted in summer 2013 to produce M2 plants which
examined under three water regimes (100 % -75% -50%) of field capacity
(FC). At harvest stage, seeds of these plants were taken and sown at next
year (summer 2014) to obtain plants of M3 generation which examined
under the same field capacity (FC) levels.
Irrigation treatments application were imposed using 100%,75%and
50% of the amount of daily irrigation were calculated by CROPWAT
software version 7.0 (Smith,1991) from agro-meterological data of the
studied area, Eto (the reference evapotranspiration( mm/day) ) and Kc (the
crop coefficient). From this method, the amount of water that equivalent
to100%, 75%and 50% are 3140, 2355 and 1570 m3, respectively.
Crop measurements
For agronomic traits analysis, twenty guarded plants were randomly
selected from each experimental unit. Two samples were taken through the
growing stage. First sample was taken at flowering stage to measure fresh
and dry shoot weight (g) and determine chlorophyll a ,b and carotenoids
according to Fadeel (1962). Second sample was taken at harvest stage to
determine: seed yield /plant (g), weight of 1000 seeds (g), weight of
seeds /m2 (g) and oil seed content (%) according to A.O.A.C. (1980).
Anatomical characters
The third leaf from the apex of M2 plants at flowering stage were
used in this technique. Some characters of transverse sections were
estimated such as, thickness of mysophyll (mµ), thickness of midrib (mµ),
thickness of vascular bundle (mµ), number of xylem arms/ bundle, number
of xylem vessels/ bundle and thickness of biggest xylem vessels (mµ).
Killing and fixation of leaf sample in 70% F. A. A. solution,
dehydration and clearing with ethyl-alcohol and xylene, infiltration and
embedding in pure parafine wax (M. P. 56-58 oC) were carried out as
described by Nassar and El- Sahhar (1998). Using a rotary microtome,
sections of leaf (15µ) were obtained and stained with safranin and light
green. Sections, in such cases were microscopically examined and analyzed
with the image processing program. Anatomical examination and
measurements were achieved using a Leica light Research Microscope
model PN: DM 500/13613210 supplied with a digital camera
Statistical analysis
In this experiment, A spilt – split plot design was used in three
replications, where three levels of water field capacity 100 %, 75% and 50%
were allocated to main plots, M2 and M3 populations in sub plots and
195
gamma rays dose treatments of the two cultivars were set in the sub-sub
plots. The analysis of variance and least significant difference (LSD) were
used separately for each cultivar to evaluate the response of each character
within treatments according to Steel et al. (1997).
Heritability in narrow sense (h2)
Narrow sense heritability(h2) was estimated from parent offspring
regression of selected families in the M2 and M3 generations according to
Anderson et al (1991) using the following model : Yi = a+ bxi +ei
Where, Yi = mean measurement of offspring (M2) from the ith family, xi=
mean measurement of offspring (M3) from the ith family, and ei= error.
The regression coefficient (b) is thus
b= ∑I (xi-x-)(yi-y-) = σxy
∑I (xi-x-)2 σ2 x
Where, σxy = covariance of parent – offspring and σ2 x = total variance
Stability statistics: 8 genotypes (two cultivars and their produced plants
from gamma ray doses treatments) X 2 mutational generations (M2 and M3)
X 3 levels of field capacity (100%, 75%and 50%) (8X2X3= 48).
Concerning genotypic stability, Genotype X environment interaction effect
was partitioned into two statistics; standard deviation from Regression (S2d)
and regression coefficient (bi) were computed according to Lin et al (1986)
which were estimated for each genotype separately.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
Yield and yield components
Fresh and dry shoot weights were presented in Table (1). Data
showed that the third mutant generation (M3) gave the highest values of
shoot fresh weight (269 g) as well as dry weight (76 g) compared with the
second mutant generation (M2) (185 and 56 g, respectively). It is clear that
decreasing soil field capacity from 100% to 75% or 50% decreased the fresh
and dry weight of shoot biomass of sesame plants. Treated seeds of
shandaweel10 by 150 Gy or 450Gy gave higher values of fresh and dry
shoot weight/plant compared with 300 Gy or control (un-irradiated plants).
This was true for M3 generation under the three field capacity percentages,
especially plants of 150Gy and 450Gy in M3 generation that had high
weight (190 and 169 g, respectively) under 50% FC comparing with other
doses. While, M2 plants under different FC levels (water stress) showed
fluctuated effect on these traits by gamma rays doses. On the other hand,
150 Gy dose or 300 Gy plants of Sohag3 cv., both of them, gave the highest
mean values of fresh and dry shoot weight/plant in M2 and M3 plants as well
as at the three field capacity percentages 100%, 75% and 50% appeared
significant increasing in mean value.
196
Table 1. Mean values of fresh and dry shoot weight / plant (g)for two mutated sesame
cultivars using 0,150,300 and 450Gy gamma ray doses under three field capacity
(100%,75% and 50%) in M2 and M3 generations.
Fresh shoot weight (g) Dry shoot weight (g)
cultivars
GEN. M2 M3 M2 M3
Shandaweel10
Gy FC%
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
Control
1
8
3
1
8
3
1
1
2
1
5
9
1
8
0
1
7
9
1
1
0
1
5
6
5
5.
3
4
9.
3
4
2.
3
4
9.
0
86.
0
4
3.
3
4
1.
8
5
7.
0
150Gy
1
9
0
1
8
4
1
8
0
1
8
5
2
5
7
1
9
7
1
9
0
2
1
5
5
9.
3
5
4.
7
5
2.
7
5
5.
6
87.
3
8
9.
0
8
2.
0
8
6.
1
300Gy
1
8
8
1
7
5
1
5
4
1
7
2
1
6
2
1
6
3
1
5
8
1
6
1
6
4.
0
5
1.
0
5
1.
7
5
5.
6
46.
1
7
2.
3
6
6.
2
6
1.
6
450Gy
1
9
8
1
7
4
1
4
4
1
7
2
2
6
8
2
0
3
1
6
9
2
1
3
6
2.
0
5
8.
0
4
4.
3
5
4.
8
86.
4
8
2.
2
7
1.
0
7
9.
9
Sohag3
control
2
1
9
1
9
6
1
6
0
1
9
1
2
1
6
1
9
8
1
6
3
1
9
2
5
9.
7
5
4.
0
4
9.
0
5
4.
2
91.
3
5
3.
3
4
8.
7
6
4.
4
150Gy
2
5
0
2
2
0
1
8
4
2
1
8
5
1
2
4
5
8
3
2
2
4
3
1
6
5.
3
5
6.
7
5
1.
3
5
7.
8
10
0.7
9
5.
0
8
2.
7
9
2.
8
300Gy
2
2
3
2
1
0
1
7
2
2
0
2
5
2
0
4
8
1
3
4
2
4
4
8
6
3.
0
5
5.
0
5
2.
0
5
6.
7
99.
8
9
7.
7
8
0.
0
9
2.
5
450Gy
2
0
6
1
8
8
1
5
9
1
8
4
4
1
6
3
8
2
2
1
8
3
3
9
5
7.
0
5
3.
3
4
9.
7
5
3.
3
94.
3
7
6.
7
6
0.
4
7
7
.
1
Mean
2
0
7
1
9
1
1
5
8
1
8
5
2
8
3
2
8
3
2
0
9
2
6
9
6
1
5
4
4
9
5
587 7
6
6
7
7
6
GEN. = generations, LSD of Fresh weight: LSD M= 4 LSD FC = 2 LSD MXFC
= 3 LSD G = 2 LSD GXM = 3 LSD GXFC = 4 LSD M XFC XG = 5
LSD of Dry weight: LSD M= 6.21 LSD FC = 2 LSD MXFC = 3 LSD G = 2.07
LSD GXM = 2.93 LSD GXFC =3.21 LSD M XFC XG = 4.5
All mutated plants of M3 appeared significant increase as a result of
induced effects of gamma ray doses (150,300 and 450Gy) on these traits.
197
These results were in harmony with those obtained by Ikram et al (2010)
who noticed that treated seeds with gamma rays induced increase in plant
weight and height. Although drought conditions (75%-50% FC) caused
significant decreases of these traits under each dose of gamma rays
compared with normal condition, (100%FC), the percent of decreasing in
mutated plants is lower than unmuted plants. Gamma ray doses induced
increase weight of plants may due to increase in the number of branches and
other parts of plants by enhancement the metabolic process as a result of
mutagenic effect of it on DNA structure. These results were also recorded
by different researchers such as Chowdhury et al (2009), Abd El-mageed et
al (2016) and Yadav (2016).
Data in Table 2 presented mean values of seed yield/plant and seeds
yield/m2 traits. Results showed that M3 plants recorded higher mean value
for seed yield/plant (4.91g) than M2 generation (4.42 g) without significant
differences. 150 Gy irradiated plants of Shandaweel10 cultivated under field
capacity 100% showed significant increasing over control plants and it
produced the highest seed yield/plant (6.87 and 6.97g) for M2 and M3
generations, respectively.
Table 2. seed yield/plant (g) and seed yield (g)/m2 for two mutated
sesame cultivars using 0,150,300and 450Gy gamma ray doses
under three field capacity (100%,75% and 50%) in M2 and
generations.
cultivar
generation
Seed yield/plant (g) seed yield/m2(g
M2M3M2M3
Gy FC%
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
Shandaweel10
Control
5.
2
3
4.
6
3
3.
7
0
4.
5
2
5.
1
9
4.
6
0
3.
6
6
4.
4
8
1
2
2
1
0
9
8
1
1
0
4
1
2
3
1
1
0
8
2
1
0
5
150Gy
6.
8
7
5.
4
3
4.
6
3
5.
6
4
6.
9
7
5.
7
0
5.
2
0
5.
9
6
1
3
0
1
2
2
1
0
6
1
1
9
1
3
8
1
2
7
1
1
6
1
2
7
300Gy
5.
5
0
5.
0
3
4.
1
7
4.
9
0
5.
6
3
5.
1
3
4.
5
7
5.
11
1
2
7
1
2
0
9
6
1
1
4
1
3
0
1
2
3
1
0
6
1
2
0
450Gy
4.
3
3
3.
5
0
3.
0
8
3.
6
4
4.
6
0
4.
4
3
4.
0
7
4.
3
7
1
0
5
9
7
7
8
9
3
1
1
6
1
0
6
8
5
1
0
2
198
Sohag3
control
4.
6
0
3.
6
0
3.
4
1
3.
8
7
4.
5
7
3.
5
0
3.
4
3
3.
8
3
1
4
0
1
2
7
9
8
1
2
2
1
3
9
1
2
8
9
8
1
2
2
150Gy
5.
6
3
4.
3
0
4.
0
0
4.
6
4
6.
2
3
5.
8
0
5.
2
3
5.
7
6
1
6
7
1
5
1
1
3
3
1
5
0
2
1
2
1
7
4
1
5
5
1
8
0
300Gy
5.
1
0
4.
6
0
3.
6
7
4.
4
6
5.
6
0
5.
1
7
4.
7
3
5.
1
7
1
5
2
1
3
5
1
2
3
1
3
7
1
7
5
1
5
6
1
4
3
1
5
8
450Gy
4.
1
3
3.
8
0
3.
2
0
3.
7
1
5.
1
7
4.
5
3
4.
2
0
4.
6
3
1
2
7
1
2
1
9
5
1
1
4
1
5
8
1
3
8
1
1
5
1
3
7
Mean
5.
1
8
4.
3
6
3.
7
3
4.
4
2
5.
5
0
4.
8
6
4.
3
9
4.
9
1
1
3
4
1
2
3
1
0
1
1
1
9
1
4
9
1
3
3
1
1
2
1
3
1
Yield/plant: LSD M= 0.76 LSD FC = 0.11 LSD MXFC = 0.16 LSD G = 0.12
LSD GXM = 0.18 LSD GXFC = 0.19 LSD M XFC XG = 0.27
Yield/m2: LSD M= 4.28 LSD FC = 1.9 LSD MXFC = 2.69 LSD G = 1.48 LSD
GXM = 2.09 LSD GXFC =2.29 LSD M XFC XG= 3.24
The reduction of FC% from 100% to 75% caused decreasing in seed
yield/plant by 5.83% in M2 and 11.63% in M3 plants, respectively.
Consequently, when reduction of FC reached to 50% caused reduction
percent of the seed yield/plant by 27.99% and 20.18% for M2 and M3,
respectively. Results showed a significant effect of gamma rays doses on
traits under different studied levels of FC%. Moreover, 150Gy and 300Gy
irradiated plants of shandaweel10 cultivar have significant increasing effect
on this trait over control plants as shown in, M2 and M3 generations under
all studied level of field capacity. The highest mean value of seed yield /
plant (5.64 g and 5.96 g ) was recorded by 150 Gy plants of Shandaweel10
cv. in M2 and M3, respectively followed by 150 Gy irradiated plants of
Sohag3 (4.64 and 5.75g) for M2 and M3 generations , respectively under all
studied levels of FC%. Enhancement of yield after irradiation treatments
may be due to synthesis of new active protein and amino acids as reported
by Hussein et al (2012) who explained the effect of gamma rays, that gave
treated plants the ability to tolerance stress conditions as a result of
produced active proteins and amino acids in plant cells. While 450Gy plants
showed a significant decrease in this trait in both generations as compared
with control plants under100% and 75%FC. Also in Sohag3 cv., gamma ray
doses had significant increase in this trait over control plants in M2
generation under all studied levels of water field capacity, except 450Gy
plants. While irradiated M3 plants of gamma ray doses had significant
increase over control plants under all levels of FC%. Although there was a
decrease in this trait with decreasing FC% within each dose of gamma rays,
150Gy and 300Gy plants had the lowest reduction of yield with decreasing
FC%. These results agreed with Pavadai et al (2010) who reported a
199
positive increase in mean values of yield and yield component as a result of
gamma rays treatments.
Another sensitive yield trait was seed yield/m2 for drought conditions
presented in Table 3. M3 generation plants significantly surpassed M2 plant
generation in seed yield per meter (131 and 119 g, respectively). Data
showed that increased water stress in soil caused significantly decreased
seed yield/m2. 150Gy Plants of Sohag3cv cultivated under 100% FC gave
the highest seed yield /m2 (167 g and 212 g for M2 and M3, respectively).
Either more, it’s plants gave the highest mean values concerning this trait
(150g and 180 g for M2 and M3, respectively) under all studied levels of FC.
On the other hand, control and 450Gy plants of Shandaweel10 cv. cultivated
under high water stress (50% field capacity) produced the lowest seed
yield /m2. More negative effects related with drought conditions were
reported Mensah et al (2006) who mentioned that drought caused a
decrease in seed yield of sesame through lowering the efficiency of
photosynthesis process.
200
Table 3. 1000 seeds weight (g) for two mutated sesame cultivars using
0,150,300 and 450Gy gamma ray doses under three field
capacity (100%, 75% and 50%) in M2 and M3 generations.
Cultivars
1000 seed weight (G)
Generation M2M3
Shandaweel10
Gy FC%
100% FC
75%FC
50% FC
Mean
100% FC
75%FC
50% FC
Mean
control 5.23 4.50 4.07 4.60 5.33 4.57 4.33 4.74
150Gy 5.67 5.43 4.37 5.16 6.18 6.13 5.43 5.91
300Gy 5.62 5.60 5.10 5.44 6.17 6.10 5.47 5.91
450Gy 5.86 5.44 4.77 5.36 6.18 6.12 5.37 5.89
Sohag3
control 5.31 4.35 4.13 4.60 5.35 4.33 4.19 4.62
150Gy 5.83 5.72 5.44 5.66 5.97 5.93 5.66 5.85
300Gy 5.66 5.25 5.09 5.33 6.22 6.09 5.32 5.88
450Gy 4.80 4.67 4.02 4.50 5.44 5.12 4.71 5.09
Mean 5.50 5.12 4.62 5.08 5.86 5.55 5.06 5.49
LSD M= 0.44 LSD FC = 0.20 LSD MXFC = 0.28 LSD G = 0.18 LSD GXM
= 0.25 LSD GXFC = 0.28 LSD M XFCXG = 0.39
The results presented in Table 3 indicated that M3 plants gave
heavier 1000 seed weight than M2 plants without significant differences
between the two generations. Moreover, decreasing of field capacity from
100% to 75% or to 50% significantly decreased 1000 seeds weight by
6.91% and 16% for M2 plants and by 5.29% and 13.65% for M3 generation,
respectively. Gamma ray doses 150, 300 and 450 Gy gave higher mean
values of 1000 seed weight over control treatment without significant
differences between the three gamma doses, except 450 Gy for Sohag3
cultivar and that result was true for M2 and M3 generations. M2 and M3
plants of all gamma rays doses showed increasing in 1000 seeds weight
over control plants under all studied conditions. Golestani and Pakniyat
(2015) reported that high yield of sesame plants under drought conditions
could be obtained by selecting breeding materials with lowest reduction in
yield traits like 1000 seed weight and some physiological traits.
201
Biochemical analysis:
Mean values of chlorophyll pigments a and b content are presented
in Table (4). Results indicated that gamma rays and FC% had a significant
effect on the content of chlorophyll pigments.
Table 4. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b contents (mg/g) for two mutated
sesame cultivars by using 0, 150 ,300 and 450 Gy gamma ray
doses under three field capacities(100%,75% and 50%) in M2 and
M3 generations.
Cultivars
Generations
Chlorophyll a content (mg/g) Chlorophyll b content (mg/g)
M2M3M2M3
Gy FC%
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
Shandaweel10
Cont
rol
4.
3
9
4.
1
7
3.
7
0
4.
0
9
4.
4
2
4.
16
3.
68
4.
09
6.
21
5.
17
4.
8
3
5.4
0
6.
22
5.
19
4.
85
5
.
4
2
150
Gy
4.
8
4
4.
1
2
4.
0
2
4.
3
3
5.
1
5
5.
02
4.
25
4.
81
6.
30
6.
20
4.
8
4
5.7
8
8.
04
7.
77
6.
37
7.
39
300
Gy
5.
0
0
4.
1
1
3.
3
4
4.
1
5
5.
1
2
5.
01
4.
07
4.
73
6.
44
6.
23
5.
7
8
6.1
5
8.
65
7.
74
6.
78
7.
73
450
Gy
4.
3
8
4.
2
7
3.
8
0
4.
1
5
5.
5
4
5.
40
4.
11
5.
02
6.
21
6.
12
5.
3
3
5.8
9
8.
36
7.
92
6.
12
7.
47
Sohag3
Cont
rol
5.
0
0
4.
0
5
3.
0
8
4.
0
4
5.
0
2
4.
03
3.
05
4.
03
6.
42
6.
37
5.
9
7
6.3
6
9.
30
8.
89
6.
85
8.
35
150
Gy
5.
3
1
5.
2
9
5.
2
1
5.
2
7
6.
8
3
5.
89
5.
47
6.
06
7.
21
7.
11
5.
2
1
6.5
1
11
.3
6
11
.1
9
8.
17
10
.2
4
300
Gy
5.
5
7
4.
6
7
3.
5
2
4.
5
9
6.
8
5
6.
70
5.
30
6.
28
7.
66
6.
09
5.
8
3
6.5
3
11
.4
9
11
.4
5
8.
00
10
.3
1
450
Gy
5.
4
0
4.
4
1
3.
3
5
4.
3
9
6.
9
7
5.
63
4.
75
5.
78
7.
31
6.
60
5.
5
3
6.4
8
11
.2
9
11
.1
8
8.
82
10
.4
3
Mean
4.
9
9
4.
3
9
3.
7
5
4.
3
8
5.
7
4
5.
23
4.
34
5.
10
6.
72
6.
24
5.
4
2
6.1
4
9.
34
8.
92
7.
00
8.
42
LSD of chlorophyll a: LSD M= 0.02 LSD FC = 0.04 LSD MXFC = 0.05 LSD
G = 0.02 LSD GXM = 0.03 LSD GXFC = 0.04 LSD M XFC XG = 0.05
LSD of chlorophyll b: LSD M= 0.12 LSD FC = 0.04 LSD MXFC = 0.06
LSD G = 0.03 LSD GXM = 0.04 LSD GXFC =0.04 LSD M XFC XG= 0.06
202
Chlorophyll a recorded 4.38 and 5.10 mg/g for M2 and M3
generations, respectively. Decreasing of FC from 100% to 75% or 50%
cause a significant decrease in chlorophyll a content by 12.02 % and
24.85% for M2 and by 8.88% and 24.49% for M3. 150 Gy irradiated plants
of Sohag3 in M2 generation or 300Gy plants in M3 generation recorded the
highest values of chlorophyll a content (5.27 and 6.28 mg/g respectively).
300 Gy plants of Sohag3 either in M2 or 450 Gy plants in M3 cultivated
under 100% FC gave the highest values of chlorophyll content (5.57 and
6.97mg/g, respectively). For chlorophyll b content, M3 generation gave the
same trend, whereas M3 were superior to M2 significantly. Also, chlorophyll
b content was decreased by 9.71% and 24.35% in M2 generation by
decreasing FC% from 100% to 75% and 50%, respectively. For M3 plants,
chlorophyll b content was decreased by 4.49% and 20.05% by decreasing
FC% from 100% to 75% and 50%, respectively. 300 Gy plants of Sohag3 in
M2 or M3 and cultivated under 100% FC recorded the highest values of
chlorophyll b content (7.66 and 11.49 mg/g, respectively). Luckey (1999)
reported that the activation role of radiation may be due to activation of
photosynthesis enzymes. While Strid et al (1990) found that high doses of
gamma rays inhibit photosynthetic pigments content. Yadav (2016) reported
that the increase or decrease in chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content does
not correlate with dose of gamma radiation. The content of chlorophyll a is
a sensitive trait to drought levels. Plants of each dose exhibited a significant
decrease with reducing of FC%. No constant relation between amount of
gamma ray doses and content of chlorophyll a. But it increased the content
of it in M3 plants although there are decreasing within plants of each dose.
These results are in harmony with these reported by Abdalla and EL-
Koshiban (2007) who stated that reduction of photosynthetic pigment
content under drought conditions was a result of reducing the absorption of
light. And these results agreed with Abdalla and Selem (2014) who reported
that using high fast neutrons irradiation dose until (107 n/cm2) enhanced
chlorophyll contents (Chlorophyll a, and Chlorophyll b contents) under
different soil water stress compared with normal irrigation.
Carotenoids were considered one of photosynthetic pigments and
one of antioxidants which absorb excess energy, reduce free radicals of and
protect Chlorophylls. Contents of Carotenoids pigments in plants are
presented in Table (5). The results indicated that M3 generation plants
significantly surpassed M2 plants for carotenoids contents (3.09 and 3.43
mg/g for M2 and M3, respectively). Decreasing available water content in
the soil significantly decreased carotenoid contents in sesame leaves and
that was true for M2 and M3 generations. 300Gy plants of Shandaweel10 cv.
as well as 450Gy plants of Sohag3 produced the highest values of
carotenoids content in M2 generation.
203
Table 5. Carotenoid content (mg/g) and oil content (%)for two mutated
sesame cultivars by using 0, 150 ,300 and 450 Gy gamma ray
doses under three field capacities(100%,75% and 50%) in M2 and
M3 generation.
cultivars
generation
Carotenoid content (mg/g) Oil content%
M2M3 M2M3
Gy FC%
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
100%FC
75%FC
50%FC
Mean
Shandaweel10
cont
rol
3.
0
0
3.
1
2
3.
1
4
3.
0
9
3.
2
1
3.
3
1
3.
3
5
3.
2
9
52
.7
0
50
.0
3
41
.2
3
47
.9
9
52
.8
8
50
.5
9
41
.6
5
48.
37
150
Gy
3.
2
8
3.
0
2
2.
8
3
3.
0
4
4.
1
4
3.
8
9
3.
2
5
3.
7
6
53
.4
0
45
.9
0
47
.3
5
48
.8
8
60
.7
9
57
.1
3
56
.4
0
58.
11
300
Gy
3.
5
1
3.
0
3
2.
9
2
3.
1
5
4.
1
5
3.
7
0
3.
5
1
3.
7
9
55
.2
0
54
.5
7
53
.3
0
54
.3
6
55
.3
5
54
.3
0
53
.6
8
54.
44
450
Gy
3.
0
4
3.
1
1
2.
7
8
2.
9
8
4.
2
0
4.
1
7
3.
1
4
3.
8
4
55
.6
7
51
.3
3
51
.0
0
52
.6
7
58
.6
4
54
.7
1
54
.4
4
55.
93
Sohag3
cont
rol
3.
1
2
2.
9
6
2.
8
1
2.
9
6
3.
1
1
2.
9
8
2.
8
0
2.
9
6
54
.1
6
52
.0
4
50
.0
2
52
.0
7
54
.7
4
54
.3
1
53
.2
0
54.
08
150
Gy
3.
1
5
2.
9
9
2.
9
3
3.
0
2
3.
4
4
3.
1
7
3.
0
8
3.
2
3
58
.3
0
54
.8
0
51
.4
6
54
.8
5
58
.4
3
55
.6
5
54
.6
0
56.
23
300
Gy
3.
3
1
3.
2
1
2.
7
1
3.
0
8
3.
6
8
2.
6
1
3.
2
0
3.
1
6
53
.6
5
52
.6
5
50
.5
0
52
.2
7
57
.11
54
.9
2
53
.3
0
55.
11
450
Gy
3.
2
6
3.
1
5
3.
0
9
3.
1
7
3.
5
3
3.
3
9
3.
2
5
3.
3
9
56
.5
7
55
.2
0
47
.8
3
53
.2
0
55
.5
6
54
.2
2
53
.8
4
54.
54
Mea
n
3.
2
1
3.
0
7
2.
9
0
3.
0
6
3.
6
8
3.
4
0
3.
2
0
3.
4
3
54
.9
6
52
.0
7
49
.0
9
52
.0
4
56
.6
9
54
.4
8
52
.6
4
54.
60
LSD carotenoid content: LSD M= 0.02 LSD FC = 0.04 LSD MXFC = 0.06
LSD G = 0.03 LSD GXM = 0.04 LSD GXFC = 0.04 LSD M XFCXG = 0.06
LSD oil percent: LSD M= 0.47 LSD FC = 1.04 LSD MXFC = 1.47 LSD G =
0.8 LSD GXM = 1.13 LSD GXFC =1.24 LSD MXFC XG= 1.76
There was positive effect of 150Gy and 300Gy doses on content of
carotenoids (3.28,3.51 and 4.14 ,4.15 mg/g in M2 and M3, respectively)
under normal condition 100%FC as compared with control ( unmuted
plants) (3.21 mg/g) for shandaweel10 cv. and for all mutated plants of
sohag3 cv.. These results in harmony by Kim et al (2000) who found that
low doses of gamma rays had induced effects on metabolic process caused
significant increase of the amount of plant pigments. While, 450 Gy plants
204
in M2 suffer from decreasing of carotenoids pigments. The cause of this
reduction was explained by Strid et al (1990) who reported that high doses
of gamma rays had destroyed effects on the plants pigments as carotenoids.
In M3 generation, 450Gy plants of Shandaweel10 cultivated under 100% FC
gave the highest carotenoids content (4.20 mg/g). Under drought conditions
50%FC, mutated plants of two cultivars had higher amount of carotenoids
content than content of control except 450Gy plants of shandaweel10 in
M3.These results in harmony with Tripathi and Kumar (2009) who reported
that a high dose of gamma rays produced negative effects on metabolism at
physiological levels like, water exchange, leaf gas exchange, enzymatic and
hormonal imbalance and change in protein synthesis.
Data of oil content under different studied treatments are presented
in Table (5). M2 generation gave seed oil content 52.41%, while M3 gave
54.73%. Also, seed oil content decreased by 5.21 and 10.26% in M2 and by
4.78 and 7.37% in M3 as FC% decreased from 100% to 75% and 50%,
respectively. 150Gy plants of Sohag3 cv. recorded high oil seed content in
M2 (54.85%). while 150Gy plants of Shandaweel10 gave high seed oil
content in M3 (58.11%), Moreover, it gave the highest seed oil content
(60.79%) under100% FC. There were significant increases in oil content of
all mutated plants (treated by gamma rays) under normal conditions (100%
FC) in M2 and M3 generations as compared with control plants (unmuted
plants). While all mutated plants of M3 generation appeared an increase of
oil content over control plants under all studied FC,s. The studied levels of
water stress had a negative effect on this trait.
These results agree with Mensah et al (2006) and Razmjoo and
Sabzalian (2008) who reported that delaying of irrigation interval caused a
decrease in oil and protein contents of sesame. In contrast these results are
not in agreement with Ozkan and Kulak (2013) who reported that oil
content was not affected with different levels of FC All mutated plants in
M2 and M3 had high mean values for this trait as compared with control
plants under studied levels of water field capacity.
Gamma rays gave plants the ability to reduce the reduction of oil
content under drought conditions through change some metabolic pathways
in cells. These results confirmed by Chowdhury et al (2009) who reported
that seed yield and fatty oil contents were significantly higher in the mutants
than parental cultivar of sesame. Plant breeders prefer to select lines which
have high yield along with high oil content (Begum and Dasgupta 2011).
Anatomical traits
Mean values of anatomical characters as thickness of mesophyll, midrib
and vascular bundle of leaf are presented in Table 6 and Fig.1. Results
showed that, Shandweel10 cv. gave the highest values of midrib thickness
(323 µm) as well as vascular bundle thickness (112 µm) compared to
Sohag3cv. (312 and100 µm, respectively). It is clear that decreasing of soil
205
FC from 100 % to 75 % and 50% lowered the thickness of mesophyll,
midrib and vascular bundle of sesame plants. Irradiated plants of
Shandweel10 by 150 Gy or 300 Gy gave higher values of mesophyll
thickness, midrib thickness and vascular bundle thickness compared with
450 Gy or control. On the other hand, in Sohag 3cv. and its Irradiated plants
with 150 Gy and 450 Gy produced the highest values of mesophyll
thickness, midrib thickness and vascular bundle thickness compared with
300 Gy and control treatment.
206
Table 6. Mean values of some leaf anatomical traits for two Irradiated
sesame cultivars using 0, 150, 300 and 450 Gy gamma rays doses
under three field capacity (100%, 75% and 50%) in M2
generation.
Cultivars
FC%
Mesophyll
thickness (µm)
Midrib thickness
(µm)
Vascular bundle
thickness (µm)
100%
75%
50%
Mean
100%
75%
50%
Mean
100%
75%
50%
Mean
Shandaweel10
Contr
ol
21
0
165
13
7
18
7
32
0
31
4
28
5
34
2
11
8
11
4
108 120
150G
Y
21
8
210
17
3
18
5
42
5
39
2
33
6
34
3
13
7
11
9
121 122
300G
Y
21
1
204
14
6
18
6
34
6
31
4
32
6
33
2
12
3
11
6
118 116
450G
Y
18
1
160
12
9
15
7
29
0
28
2
25
7
27
6
94.
0
90.
0
85.
0
90.0
Mean
20
5
185
14
6
17
9
34
5
32
5
30
1
32
3
11
8
11
0
108 112
Sohag 3
Cont
rol
22
0
193
17
5
18
7
35
3
30
7
24
2
30
6
10
2
92.
0
90.
0
94.0
150G
Y
25
5
214
19
4
20
5
36
9
33
2
32
2
30
9
12
4
12
1
108 100
300G
Y
22
7
206
17
4
20
3
34
7
32
1
30
9
30
7
10
9
10
8
92.
0
101
450G
Y
20
0
187
16
6
20
9
31
1
29
6
24
2
32
8
99
81.
0
71.
0
107
Mean
22
5
200
17
7
20
1
34
5
31
4
27
9
31
2
10
8
10
0
90.
3
100
LSD of Mesophyll thickness: LSD M= 1.2 LSD FC = 0.8 LSD M X V = 1.6
LSD V = 0.12 LSD FC* M = 4. 3 LSD FC XV= 1.4 LSD M X FC XV = 7.2
LSD of Midrib thickness: LSD M= 1.5 LSD FC = 1.2 LSD MXV = 3.0
LSD V = 0.43 LSD FC X M = 4. 4 LSD FCXV= 1.8 LSD MX FCXV = 4.5
LSD of vascular bundle thickness: LSD M=0.88 LSD FC = 0.77 LSD M XV
= 1.9 LSD V = 0.24 LSD FC XM = 1.8 LSD FC XV= 0.37 LSD M X FC X
V = 3.5
These results are in agreement with Saker et al (2013) who found
that gamma rays application was increased the mean values of blade
thickness, thickness of mesophyll and diameter of vascular bundle (µm) of
the leaves. Bosabalidis and Kofidis (2002) reported that drought stress in
olive plants resulted in a decrease of the size of the epidermal and
mesophyll cells with a parallel increase of the cell density.
Zhang et al (2014) reported that drought stress reduced the thickness
of mesophyll cells and the cells in vascular structure in sugar cane plants.
Sankar et al., (2013) observed that drought stress caused high reduction in
the thickness of the leaf, upper and lower epidermis and the number of cells
per unit area in the palisade and spongy regions.
207
Table 7. Means of some leaf anatomical characters for two irradiated
sesame cultivars using ( 0, 150, 300 and 450 Gy gamma rays
doses) under three field capacity (100%, 75% and 50%) in
M2 generation.
Cultivars
FC%
Number of xylem
arms/ bundle
Number of xylem
vessels /bundle
Thickness of biggest
xylem vessel (µm)
100%
75%
50%
Mean
100%
75%
50%
Mean
100%
75%
50%
Mean
Shandaweel10
Contr
ol
0.0
0
8.3
3
10.
0
7.7
8
21.
7
24.
0
25.
0
23.
6
18.
0
17.
7
16.
5
17.
4
150G
Y
9.6
7
10.
3
10.
3
10.
1
30.
7
32.
7
40.
0
34.
5
22.
0
21.
0
19.
5
20.
8
300G
Y
9.0
0
10.
0
10.
7
9.9
0
22.
3
26.
0
35.
0
27.
8
21.
0
20.
0
18.
0
19.
7
450G
Y
8.0
0
9.0
0
9.6
7
8.9
0
19.
0
20.
0
24.
7
21.
2
19.
0
15.
3
14.
6
16.
3
Mean 7.9
2
9.4
1
10.
2
9.1
7
23.
4
25.
7
17.
8
26.
8
19.
5
18.
5
17.
6
18.
6
Sohag 3
Contr
ol
9.3
3
11.
0
12.
0
10.
8
29.
0
29.
3
29.
0
29.
1
21.
3
18.
0
15.
0
18.
1
150G
Y
13.
7
15.
7
16.
0
15.
1
39.
0
41.
7
45.
0
41.
9
21.
0
20.
0
16.
0
18.
8
300G
Y
12.
0
13.
5
15.
0
13.
5
30.
3
33.
3
46.
3
36.
6
19.
4
19.
7
14.
4
17.
8
450G
Y
11.
0
11.
0
11.
0
11.
0
24.
3
25.
3
27.
7
25.
8
18.
3
14.
4
12.
1
14.
9
Mean 11.
5
12.
8
13.
5
12.
6
30.
7
32.
4
37.
0
33.
4
20.
0
18.
0
14.
3
17.
4
LSD of Number of xylem arms/ bundle :LSD M= 0.17 LSD FC = 0.12 LSD
MXV = 0.36 LSD V = 0.10 LSD FCXM = 2.6 LSD FCXV= 0.18 LSD
MXFCXV = 2.5
LSD of Number of xylem vessels /bundle: LSD M = 0.31 LSD FC = 0.32
LSD MXV = 1.2 LSD V = 0.26 LSD FCXM = 3.5 LSD FCXV= 0.2
LSD MX FCXV = 2.4
LSD of Thickness of biggest xylem vessel: LSD M = 0.27 LSD FC = 0.27
LSD MXV = 0.6 LSD V = 0.1 LSD FCXM = 1.4 LSD FCXV= 0.32 LSD
MXFCXV = 2.7
The palisade and spongy layers of mesophylls were well-
differentiated, and the cells were wide and long on peanut plants.
Mean of Xylem traits as number of xylem arms/ bundle, number of
xylem vessels/ bundle and maximum thickness of xylem vessel in un-
irradiated and irradiated sesame cultivars are presented in Table 7 and Fig.
2. Results showed that gamma rays and FC% had significant effects on the
xylem traits where, gamma rays caused significant increase in the number
xylem arms/ bundle, number of xylem vessels / bundle and thickness of
biggest xylem vessels in mutated plants compared with un- irradiated plants.
208
Irradiated plants of Sohag 3 by 150 Gy and 300 Gy gave higher values of
xylem characters compared with 450 Gy or control.
Plate 1. Transverse sections showing the effect of gamma rays on some
anatomical characters of sesam leaf (Shandaweel 10) taken at
209
flowering stage of M2 generation. A (thickness of mesophyll), B
(thickness of midrib). 10X
Plate 2. Transverse sections showing the effect of gamma rays on some
anatomical characters of sesam leaf (Sohag 3) taken at
210
flowering stage of M2 generation. C (thickness of vascular
bundle) and D (thickness of biggest xylem vessel). 10X
Moreover, Sohag3 cv. gave the highest mean of number of xylem
arms/bundle (12.6), number of xylem vessels/bundle (33.4) and thickness of
biggest xylem vessel (17.4 µm) compared with Shandweel10 cv., which
recorded 9.17 for number of xylem arms/bundle, 26.8 for number of xylem
vessels/bundle and 18.6 µm for thickness of biggest xylem vessel. So,
Sohag3 cv. is considered more tolerant for drought than Shandweel10 cv.
Decreasing soil field capacity (FC%) from 100% to 75% or 50% increased
number of xylem arms/ bundle and number of xylem vessels/bundle while
and thickness of biggest xylem vessel. Gamma rays caused some
modification of tissues of different plants such as handuleum plants
(Graptophyllum pictum L. Griff) and mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.)
plants as reported by Rosmala et al (2016), Widiastuti et al (2010) and
Dickison (2000). Bahrami et al (2013) found that the leaf thickness and
xylem width could be considered key structural features of leaves that
manage the ability of a safflower genotype to tolerate water deficit stress.
Heritability
Results of heritability are presented in Tables 8 and 9 for
shandaweel10 cultivar, and sohag3 cultivars under two levels of FC% (100
and 50%). Doses of gamma rays have increased on degree of heritability in
narrow sense for fresh weight of shoot and root and carotenoids content
traits. Effect of gamma rays dose on degree of heritability of yield traits
differed from dose to dose and from cultivar to another, which have
decreasing of heritability degree with increasing of gamma ray doses except
at 150 Gy for shandaweel10 cultivar. While for sohage3 cultivar; 1000 seeds
weight and seed yield/plant traits showed increasing in degree of heritability
in narrow sense, moreover, yield of seeds/m2 showed decreasing at 300Gy
and 450Gy.
Table 8. Values of heritability in narrow sense for growth and yield traits of
Shandaweel10 cultivar treated with three doses of gamma rays
under two levels of field capacity.
Traits
100%FC 50%FC
Co
n.
150
Gy
300G
y450Gy Co
n. 150Gy 300G
y
450G
y
Fresh Weight of shoot 0.2
50.30 0.45 0.29 0.2
30.24 0.42 0.26
Dry Weight of shoot 0.2
40.19 0.17 0.25 0.1
90.15 0.14 0.18
1000 seeds weight 0.4
50.50 0.45 0.40 0.4
30.47 0.42 0.35
211
Yield of seed/plant 0.4
70.50 0.43 0.30 0.3
50.45 0.36 0.22
Yield of seed/m20.4
50.48 0.20 0.20 0.4
20.45 0.18 0.13
Oil content percent 0.4
00.48 0.45 0.45 0.3
30.45 0.40 0.38
Chl a content 0.5
00.48 0.45 0.35 0.3
70.43 0.39 0.20
Chl b content 0.3
00.36 0.35 0.44 0.2
40.25 0.29 0.33
Carotenoids content 0.4
00.42 0.40 0.45 0.3
50.30 0.29 0.32
Table 9. Values of heritability in narrow sense for growth and yield traits of
Sohag3 cultivar treated with three doses of gamma rays under two
levels of field capacity.
Traits
100%FC 50%FC
Co
n.
150
Gy
300G
y
450G
yCon. 150G
y
300G
y
450
Gy
Fresh shoot Weight 0.42 0.50 0.35 0.45 0.35 0.30 0.25 0.40
Dry shoot Weight 0.49 0.50 0.44 0.31 0.44 0.46 0.37 0.21
1000 seeds weight 0.45 0.48 0.50 0.50 0.23 0.26 0.35 0.30
Seed yield/plant 0.24 0.30 0.34 0.35 0.17 0.23 0.30 0.25
Seed yield/m20.50 0.52 0.46 0.42 0.44 0.45 0.36 0.38
Oil content percent 0.46 0.44 0.39 0.30 0.42 0.40 0.34 0.24
Chlorophyll a content 0.40 0.43 0.36 0.31 0.36 0.38 0.32 0.28
Chlorophyll b content 0.22 0.35 0.25 0.32 0.18 0.32 0.22 0.26
Carotenoids content 0.35 0.38 0.38 0.35 0.30 0.35 0.32 0.31
Results showed an increasing trend of heritability for chlorophyll b
and carotenoid by decreasing doses of gamma rays while for oil content
there is a decrease in heritability with gamma rays doses. Under drought
conditions there was general decrease in direction of values of heritability.
Some traits like fresh and dry shoot weight, 1000 seeds weight and seed
yield/m2 exhibited large decrease in heritability while the rest of traits
showed less decrease. While percent of heritability of mean productivity
increased from 0.33 and 0.30 in control to 0.47 and 0.38 at 150Gy for
Shandaweel10 and Sohag3 respectively after that any increase of doses to
300Gy and 450Gy caused a decrease in degree of heritability (0.35, 0.33
and 0.25, 0.31, respectively) by decreasing the FC% for both cultivars.
Almeida et al (2008) and Begum and Dasgupta (2011), who found that
values of heritability of traits is one of the main factors in selection of plant
breeding programs. Mensh and Obadoni (2007) reported that increasing of
percent of heritability of yield traits in M3 generation is the best scope for
selection and improvement in groundnut. Bayoumi and El-Ashry (2003)
reported that low heritability and large GE interactions indicated that grain
212
yield and yield component; spike length and 1000 kernel weight need to
evaluate materials under a wide range of environmental conditions. While
photosynthetic pigments traits have large heritability and lower EG
interaction under various environments may be considered as selection
criteria.
Stability parameters
Table 10 show three parameters of stability, namely, standard
deviation from regression (S2d) , value of regression coefficient (bi) and
grand mean value (X) for all traits of all irradiated and un-irradiated
populations.
Table 10. Stability parameters ( Mean (X)-standard deviation ( S2d )–
regression coefficient(bi) of two sesame cultivars (Shandaweel10
andSohag3) and their mutants plants under control and three
doses of gamma rays (150-300-450Gy) for all studied traits.
Shandaweel 10 Sohag3
Traits S.
P. con 150
Gy
300
Gy
450
Gy X con 150
Gy
300
Gy
450
Gy X.
Fresh shoot
weight
X-158 200 167 193 179 192 324 325 262 276
S2
d30 34 12 17 23 27 53 70 76 56
bi 0.62 0.2
2
-
1.75
-
0.18
-
0.27 0.27 0.74 -
0.04
-
2.78
-
0.01
Dry shoot
weight
X-53 70.
858.6 67.3 62.4
464.3 75.3 74.6 65.2 70
S2
d12.7 4.3 9.1 9 8.75 23.4 8.7 7 13.3 13
bi -0.03
-
0.2
5
0.68 1 0.35 -
0.02
-
0.52
-
0.63 0.39 -
0.39
Oil Content
Percent
X-48.18 53.
49 54.4 54.3 52.5
9
55.0
8
55.5
4
53.6
9
53.8
7
54.7
7
S2
d4.2 3.5
41.6 2.52 2.97 1.92 2.1 1.95 3.06 1.99
bi -0.32
-
0.6
8
1.03 -
0.48
-
0.11 0.22 0.21 -
0.84 1.08 -
0.14
Seed yield/plant
X 4.5 5.8 5.01 4 4.83 3.85 5.2 4.81 4.17 4.51
S2
d0.82 1.1
10.69 0.54 0.79 0.7 0.75 0.64 0.63 0.68
bi -0.24 0.0
9
-
0.29 1 0.14 0.04 -
0.99 0.21 0.71 -
0.01
Seed yield/m2
X 105 123 117 98 110.
67 122 165 147 126 139.
97
S2
d22.84 12.
78
15.4
3
15.8
9
16.7
3
22.8
5
25.1
4
17.0
1
20.5
6
21.3
9
bi -0.22
-
0.5
8
0.13 -
0.91 -0.4 0.36 -
0.89 0.19 1 0.16
1000 seed
weight
X 4.67 5.5
4
5.68 5.62 5.38 4.61 5.76 5.61 4.79 5.19
213
S2
d0.53 0.5
30.78 0.62 0.61 0.38 0.58 0.28 0.36 0.4
Bi 0.09 1.2
1
-
0.11 1.19 0.6 -
0.06
-
4.63
-
0.36 0.07 -
1.24
chlorophyll a
Content
X 4.09 4.5
74.44 4.58 4.42 4.04 5.67 5.44 5.09 5.06
S2
d0.29 0.7
40.64 0.75 0.6 1.57 0.95 1.49 1.44 1.36
bi 0.06 0.6
80.1 0.94 0.45 0.53 0.14 0.11 0.29 0.27
chlorophyll b
Content
X 5.41 6.5
96.94 6.68 6.4 8.35 8.37 8.42 8.46 8.4
S2
d0.27 1.3
70.97 1.4 1 3.03 2.2 2.47 3.08 2.7
bi 0.04 0.1
80.43 0.02 0.17 0.02 0.09 -
0.01
-
0.98
-
0.22
Carotenoids
Content
X 3.29 3.4 3.47 3.41 3.39 2.96 3.13 3.12 3.28 3.12
S2
d0.12 0.3
70.34 0.36 0.3 0.19 0.17 0.27 0.27 0.22
bi 0.17 3.1
20.21 0.26 0.94 0.11 0.02 0.16 0.56 0.21
These parameters provided a better genetic understanding of the
studied material and its effectiveness in the selection process of varieties
(Tripathi et al 1987 and Misra et al 1991). Results of fresh, dry shoot
weights and seed yield/plant for150 Gy, 450 Gy plants of shandaweel10 cv.
and 300Gy,450Gy plants of sohag3 cv. showed high mean value over grand
mean under all studied environments, low values of (S2d) and (bi) values
less than one. Control and150 Gy plants of Sohag 3 cv. showed small values
of S2d and values of (bi) less than one for oil content traits. These results
indicated that genotypes can grow better under stress conditions. While
there are some genotypes showed high mean values, low values of S2d and
values of (bi) is more than one for oil content, 1000 seed weight,
chlorophyll a,b and carotenoids content traits. These genotypes need to
cultivate under favorite condition or normal condition to give the best
production. Another class of genotypes showed high value of S2d of traits
need more selection to increase homogeneity of it. This classification of
genotypes according to Bayoumi and El-Ashry (2003) who classified
genotypes for their response to regression coefficient (bi) to three classes;
first class: promising in better environment if they have bi>1, higher mean
and small S2d. Second class; genotypes responsiveness to grow in stress
conditions if they have regression slope less than unity (bi<1), and small
S2d. Third class; promising genotypes for adaptation in further breeding
program if they have bi=1 and S2d =0 approximately. And Singh and Singh
(1991) illustrated that selection for yield depended on the correlation of
contributing characters with yield and their heritability and the selected
genotype should be stable for yield to give predictable returns under
variable environments.
214
CONCLUSION
Selection of benefit changes or benefit mutations through mutational
generations led to progress in yield traits as a result to homogeneity of loci
that made changes in DNA or on chromosome level. There are obvious
effects of gamma rays doses on degree of heritability on both cultivars.
Stability parameters for studied traits may be considered as indicator to
know the drought tolerant and best adapted genotype to the target area.
Generally, Some studied genotypes become stable and some other
genotypes will promising to water stress as a result of different doses of
gamma rays in terms of morpho-physiological mechanisms and anatomical
structure especially at 150 and 300 Gy for both cultivars.
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