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Lasers in Dentistry: Guide for Clinical Practice
Abstract
Lasers have become an increasingly useful tool in conventional dental practice. Their precision and less invasive quality make them an attractive technology in esthetic and pediatric dentistry, oral medicine, and a range of other dental procedures. Lasers in Dentistry: Guide for Clinical Practice is a comprehensive, yet concise and easy-to-use guide to integrating lasers into conventional clinical practice.
The book begins by providing the reader a thorough understanding of how lasers work and their varied effects on oral tissues. Subsequent chapters are organized by procedure type, illustrating common clinical techniques with step-by-step illustrations and case examples. In addition, each chapter provides an overview of the latest research for use in clinical practice. More comprehensive than at atlas yet practical and clinically oriented in its approach, Lasers in Dentistry is an essential tool for practitioners and students looking to broader their skill set in laser dentistry.
Supplementary resource (1)
... However, these parameters are not available in clinical laser devices. 29 Although some studies have reported the positive efficacy of Er:YAG laser irradiation in the prevention of tooth decay, 30,31 information is limited on its efficacy in the prevention of erosive demineralization. Azevedo et al 32 reported that Er:YAG laser irradiation combined with the application of APF gel effectively decreased bovine enamel dissolution during erosive processes. ...
Introduction: Erosion is an important cause of tooth mineral loss. The combined use of lasers and fluoride has been introduced as a novel modality for the prevention of enamel demineralization. This study aimed to assess the effect of Er:YAG laser combined with fluoride application on primary and permanent enamel resistance to erosion.
Methods: Eighty enamel specimens of permanent (n=40) and primary (n=40) molars were prepared and randomly assigned to four groups: C —control (no pretreatment), F—acidulated phosphate fluoride (APF) gel, FL—APF gel application followed by Er:YAG laser irradiation, and LF—Er:YAG laser irradiation followed by the application of APF gel . The specimens were then submitted to pH cycling using Coca-Cola (pH=2.4). Enamel micro-hardness was measured using the Vickers micro-hardness tester before pretreatment and after the erosive process. The collected data were analyzed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, two-way ANOVA and repeated measures ANOVA.
Results: The micro-hardness of both permanent and primary enamel significantly decreased after the erosive process (P<0.05). In the permanent enamel specimens, the greatest reduction in micro-hardness was noted in groups C and F, while the least reduction was noted in group FL. However, these differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). In the primary enamel specimens, the greatest reduction in micro-hardness was noted in groups C and LF, while the least reduction was noted in group F. These differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05).
Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, Er:YAG laser irradiation combined with fluoride application could not prevent erosion in permanent and primary enamel during the erosive process.
... When the PS is activated, it produces ROS which is toxic to microorganisms. 15,16 The application of aPDT in chronic periodontitis is based on the proved sensitivity of some of the microbial pathogens to aPDT in in vitro and animal studies. Some of these microorganisms such as Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum have the fundamental etiopathogenic role in chronic periodontitis. ...
Background: In spite of some advances in periodontal generative methods, it is impossible to stop progressive Loss of supporting alveolar bone in some end-stage periodontitis. The aim of this study is to report a kind of treatment modality which was seemed to be successes full in maintaining teeth. In this case-report, a hopeless tooth was saved by combined non-surgical periodontal-endodontal treatment and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT).
Case Report: A 58-year-old male presented with a chief complaint of pain and mobility of tooth number 38. Clinical examinations revealed a periodontic-endodontic lesion with clinical attachment loss exceeding 10 mm and grade III mobility. To preserve the tooth, we operated non-surgical periodontal treatment including scaling and root planning (SRP) plus root canal therapy (RCT) combined with intra-root canal non-aPDT laser decontamination. Then we applied laser pocket therapy with and without aPDT. Following 6 months of the aPDT treatment, the mobility and pocket depth of the tooth improved from grade III to I and from 10 to 3 millimeters respectively.
Conclusion: aPDT is a novel adjunctive therapy that can be used for various conditions with microbial etiology. This case report demonstrated that aPDT might be effective in the treatment of periodontic-endodontic lesions in a hopeless tooth
... Furthermore, aPDT is able to eliminate opportunistic microorganisms without microbial resistance. 14,15 The main effects related to the use of PBMT and aPDT in the management of complications arising from cancer treatment, including bone necrosis, are the reduction of painful symptoms, the improvement of the wound healing process, and the elimination of opportunistic microorganisms. These outcomes justify the use of both therapies since besides being minimally invasive therapies without significant adverse effects, they preserve the patient's masticatory functions and promote life quality improvement, ensuring a good general health status 15,16 . ...
Introduction: Osteoradionecrosis (ORN) is a secondary complication from radiotherapy, which is difficult to manage and significantly reduces the life quality of the affected patients.
Case Report: A 59-year-old female patient, diagnosed with infiltration by squamous cell carcinoma in the left cervical region, underwent adjuvant cervical-facial radiotherapy with a total dose of 66.6 Gy of radiation. Eight years after the diagnosis, the patient underwent multiple extractions and, subsequently, the installation of osseointegrated implants, evolving to extensive intraoral bone exposure associated with oral cutaneous fistula. The patient was initially exposed to photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT), with a low-power laser at wavelengths of 660 nm and 808 nm, and thereafter to antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). After an improvement in the clinical condition and resolution of the oral cutaneous fistula, a surgical procedure with the Er: YAG laser was performed to remove the remaining necrotic bone. Once the ORN condition was completely treated, the patient’s oral rehabilitation was implemented by the installation of an upper mucous-supported total prosthesis and a lower implant-supported prosthesis.
Conclusion: The patient is in a clinical follow-up and has no signs of bone necrosis recurrence, suggesting that low and high-power laser treatment can be an effective therapeutic alternative to resolve this condition
... 8 Nevertheless, the use of the local laser illumination method never became common due to its relatively low efficacy, although it is included in clinical recommendations in many countries worldwide. 9 A lack of understanding of the core of LLLT methodology prevents foreign colleagues from implementing its potential in full. In addition, the efficacy of therapy, after all, means prolonged results, lasting for several years without chronic disease recurrence, rather than temporary results (successful relief of symptoms). ...
Introduction: Herpesvirus infection has a variety of clinical forms and is extremely widespread in the world while existing treatment methods are not always quite effective. The search for new treatment modalities is a relevant problem and numerous studies show the therapeutic effect of low level laser therapy (LLLT) on different herpesvirus types.
Methods: The mechanisms of laser light action and the impact of LLLT on the pathological pathways of herpes infections are described. A narrative review of the relevant papers is conducted.
Results: The reviewed studies confirm that LLLT is a potential prospective treatment method for patients infected with the herpes virus. However, it is necessary to improve the methodology and optimize the combination of laser action with antiviral medications.
Conclusion: The review shows that it is most effective to combine laser impact on skin lesions with the application of topical antiviral gels or creams, additionally using a combined procedure of laser ultraviolet blood illumination (LUVBI, 365-405 nm) + intravenous laser blood irradiation (ILBI, 525nm).
... The use of chemicals or lasers can increase the efficiency of mechanical methods [13]. Photodynamic therapy is used to treat various diseases, including skin cancer, disinfection of serum collected from patients, as well as the elimination of microorganisms in oral diseases such as viral diseases and periodontitis [14,15]. ...
Periodontal disease is one of the most common chronic diseases in the oral cavity that causes tooth loss. Root scaling and leveling cannot eliminate all periodontal pathogens, and the use of antibacterial agents or lasers can increase the efficiency of mechanical methods. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antibacterial activity of cadmium telluride nanocrystals in combination with 940-nm laser diode. Cadmium telluride nanocrystals were prepared by a green route of synthesis in aqueous medium. The results of this study showed that cadmium telluride nanocrystals significantly inhibit the growth of P. gingivalis. The antibacterial property of this nanocrystal increases with increasing its concentration, laser diode 940-nm irradiation and with increasing the time. It was shown that the antibacterial activity of combination of 940-nm laser diode and cadmium telluride nanocrystals is greater than the effect of either alone and can have a similar effect with its long-term presence of microorganisms. This is very important because it is not possible to use these nanocrystals in the mouth and in the periodontal bag for a long time.
The article presents a systematic review of 35 Russian and foreign sources on laser therapy and describes the classification of lasers, the mechanisms of action of laser therapy on the human body and the main therapeutic effects, as well as the results of scientific research on the use of laser therapy in medicine and dentistry. Based on the analysis of the literature, it has been concluded that low-intensity laser therapy is a highly effective method of rehabilitation of patients in the treatment of various pathologies, including after surgical interventions, which has a number of advantages over symptomatic drug therapy, since it does not cause allergic reactions or side effects. It has a pronounced anti- inflammatory, antibacterial, analgesic, vaso-, psycho- and immunocorrective effects and promotes faster wound healing and improvement of bone tissue structure, which justifies its widespread use in dental surgery.
The aim of the study was to determine the temperature parameters when exposed to the area of the attached keratinized gum by laser irradiation and to compile clinical recommendations based on the data obtained. The study was conducted on laboratory animals (mature male rats of the Wistar breed) in accordance with Russian and international rules for conducting preclinical studies. The temperature of the keratinized gum was determined by contact method using low level laser therapy (LLLT) at a laser irradiation wavelength of 445±40 nm, a power of 0.5 W with a distance from the tip of the light guide to the gum surface of 2.5—3 mm (group I) and 4.5—5 mm (group II). As a result of the study, it was found that when exposed to low level laser irradiation (LLLI) with a wavelength of 445±40 nm and a distance of 4.5—5 mm from the tip of the light guide to the gum surface, the temperature increase of the gum tissues on average is 8.37±0.296°C, which does not exceed the threshold temperature index. Low level laser therapy with these parameters can be recommended for use in dental practice after conducting appropriate clinical studies.
The success of endodontic treatment is dependent on the removal of bacteria. A modern strategy to reduce bacterial load is laser irradiation. During this procedure, there is a local increase in temperature with possible side effects. The aim of this study was to determine the thermal behavior of a maxillary first molar when performing the conventional irradiation technique using a diode laser. For this study, a 3D virtual model of a maxillary first molar was created. The preparation of the access cavity, the rotary instrumentation of the palatal root canal and the laser irradiation protocol were simulated. The model was exported in a finite element analysis program where the temperature and heat flux were studied. Temperature and heat flux maps were obtained, and the temperature increase on the internal wall of the root canal was analyzed. The maximum temperature value exceeded 400 °C and was maintained for less than 0.5 sec. The obtained temperature maps support the bactericidal effect of diode laser and the limitation of damage to surrounding tissues. On internal root walls, the temperature reached several hundred degrees Celsius, but for very short durations. Conventional laser irradiation is an adjuvant method of decontamination of the endodontic system.
Introduction:
An important and non-adapted delivered energy of Er:YAG laser can eliminate the total thickness of root cementum during root planing. Conversely, the preservation of a partial layer of cementum covering the roots is vital for any periodontal ligament regeneration. Thus, the assessment of the cementum ablation depth produced by each energy density of Er:YAG laser is essential before considering its use for the periodontal planing and treatment of the cementum and root surfaces.
Aim of the study:
Assessment of the cementum ablation depth at different energy densities of the Er:YAG laser is the aim of this study.
Materials and methods:
A total of 48 human caries free molars were collected and used in this study. Areas to be irradiated were delimited by two longitudinal grooves (0.5 mm depth). Roots were divided randomly into four groups (4 × n = 12). An Er:YAG laser (2.94 µm) was used with a side-firing tip (R600T) with a 600 µm diameter and a frequency of 20 Hz combined with a cooling system of air 6 mL/min and water 4 mL/min. We used a super short pulse mode (SSP: pulse duration: 50 μs). We used a single irradiation passage backward from apex to cervical parts at 1 mm/s with a slight contact and at an angle of 15° to 30° between the tip and the root surface. Different energies were selected: 30 mJ, 40 mJ, 50 mJ, and 60 mJ.
Results:
Microscopic observations showed that the average of the ablation depth increased with the increase of the delivered energy from 30 mJ to 60 mJ. Mean values of the ablation depths were respectively as follows: 43.75 ± 4.89 µm for the energy of 30 mJ, 50.05 ± 3.72 µm for 40 mJ, 65.56 ± 10.35 µm for 50 mJ, and 74.80 ± 15.23 µm for 60 mJ. A statistically significant difference existed between the ablation depth of all groups.
Conclusion:
Based on our results, the depth of cementum debridement is related to the level of the delivered energy. The lowest energy levels (30 mJ and 40 mJ) can ablate the root cementum surface for a variable depth from 43.75 ± 4.89 μm to 50.05 ± 3.72 μm.
Background: Separator placement is the first step in orthodontic treatment, which aims to create space between teeth before molar band placement. This procedure can cause pain for the patient. Pain management after separator placement can be done through pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches.
Method: The aim of this rapid review was to determine the efficacy of laser therapy and ibuprofen for pain management after elastomeric separator placement in orthodontic treatment.
Result: Ten articles were included in this review, four articles gave laser therapy interventions and six articles gave ibuprofen therapy interventions. The result of the quality assessment using Strength of Recommendation Taxonomy (SORT) was laser therapy intervention has one good quality articles and three limited-quality articles, while ibuprofen therapy has two good quality articles and four limited-quality articles.
Conclusion: The efficacy of laser therapy and the efficacy of ibuprofen on pain after separator placement is good, with the strength of the clinical recommendation of ibuprofen is better than laser therapy.
ResearchGate has not been able to resolve any references for this publication.