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Comparison of Series and Shunt FACTS to Improve the Performance of Power System with Wind Penetration
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Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper optimal location of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration. Two case studies are carried out on modified IEEE 39-bus system one with wind reduction to 20% and the second with wind penetration increase by 50% in the two cases system suffer from outage of one generator with load at bus 39 decreases from 1104 MW to 900 MW. The system suffers from min voltage reduction, total loss increases and violated of power and power angle limits. This paper found that series FACTS devices in certain range are the best type to solve these problems associated with wind penetration in power systems.
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... The most currently popular sources of renewable energy are solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy, and tidal energy. But, renewable energy affected the power system performance, which is considered a challenge to the researchers [1]. Wind is a plentiful source of clean energy. ...
... Also, it is one of the rapidest-rising renewable energy technologies according to the Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC). The global wind power industry's record year was 2020 [1,2]. This year witnessed 93 GW wind power installations divided into 86.9 ...
Wind energy is considered as one of the rapidest rising renewable energy systems. Thus, in this paper the wind energy performance is enhanced through using a new adaptive fractional order PI (AFOPI) blade angle controller. The AFOPI controller is based on the fractional calculus that assigns both the integrator order and the fractional gain. The initialization of the controller parameters and the integrator order are optimized using the Harmony search algorithm (HSA) hybrid Equilibrium optimization algorithm (EO). Then, the controller gains (Kp,Ki) are auto-tuned. The validation of the new proposed controller is carried out through comparison with the traditional PID and the Adaptive PI controllers under normal and fault conditions. The fractional adaptive PI improved the wind turbine's electrical and mechanical behaviors. The adaptive fractional order PI controller has been subjected to other high variation wind speed profiles to prove its robustness. The controller showed robustness to the variations in wind speed profile and the nonlinearity of the system. Also, the proposed controller (AFOPI) assured continuous wind power generation under these sharp variations. Moreover, the active power statistical analysis of the AFOPI showed increase in energy captured of around 25 %, and reduction in the standard deviation and root mean square error of around 10% compared to the other controllers.
... For this propose, the FACTS devices are usually used to inject the reactive current for voltage support. STATCOM is the most commonly used as it is more efficient compared to other FACTS devices for reactive power compensation and incorporation of renewable energy [2] - [5]. STATCOM has become the most effective pieces of equipment for reactive power compensation due to the high dynamic performance [2] - [5]. ...
... STATCOM is the most commonly used as it is more efficient compared to other FACTS devices for reactive power compensation and incorporation of renewable energy [2] - [5]. STATCOM has become the most effective pieces of equipment for reactive power compensation due to the high dynamic performance [2] - [5]. ...
... Though some OPF studies have been carried out on a power network using FACTS components and conventional thermal energy generating units, there is undoubtedly room for improvement. To locate TCSCs in the standard IEEE 39-bus test scheme optimally for a limited distinct wind energy situation, the authors of [67] used a GA. For some specified production levels of wind energy plants, the Honey Bee Mating Algorithm (HBMA) was used [68] to reduce cost and increase the voltage contour and loading capabilities of a network supplemented with UPFC, SVC, and TCSC. ...
This paper delves into the increasingly complex domain of Optimal Power Flow (OPF) within modern power systems, enhanced by the integration of unpredictable renewable energy sources. The research originally integrates stochastic photovoltaic and wind energy sources, along with a suite of Flexible AC Transmission System (FACTS) components – including thyristor-controlled series compensators, static VAR compensators, and thyristor-controlled phase shifters. The primary objective is to solve the OPF problem by reducing generation costs while accommodating the variable nature of renewable energy sources and load demands. This study prioritizes the examination of both constant and fluctuating load requirements. The inherent variability of PV and wind energy, along with load demand, is captured through the modelling of probability density functions. This approach enables a more detailed optimization process, incorporating not just the cost of thermal energy generation but also the scheduling costs of renewable sources and associated penalty costs. Moreover, the study examines the strategic placement and sizing of FACTS components, an aspect essential in minimizing the overall cost of power production. Employing both single- and multi-objective optimization algorithms, the research addresses the OPF problem in a modified IEEE-30 bus system through various case studies. The application of the recently developed flow direction algorithm, including its multi-objective variant with an
-based constraint-handling mechanism to OPF problem is the primary contributions of this work. The results, benchmarked against several advanced metaheuristic algorithms, reveal the proposed algorithm's superior performance. This comprehensive study not only underscores the potential of integrating renewable energy sources into the grid but also highlights the efficacy of intelligent optimization strategies in managing the complexities of modern power systems.
... Pollution reduction has been one of the crucial global challenges especially after the occurrence of global warming. This has drawn increasing attention to the green energy sources [1,2]. There are many forms of green energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, hydro energy, and tidal energy. ...
The raised pollution census and the electricity demand–supply gab are significantly increasing the investments in the wind energy (WE). Thus, the paper is dedicated to the wind farm blade angle controllers’ efficiency. This efficiency is increased by enhancing the blade angle control system performance through optimization algorithms. The paper presents a comprehensive comparison between six optimization algorithm combinations to initiate the adaptive PI controller (API). The Harmony Search Algorithm (HSA) hybrid Equilibrium Optimization (EO) assured its distinction over the other algorithms. Moreover, two new controllers are proposed: modified API and Fractional API. Normal and fault case studies are applied to validate the proposed controllers through comparison with classical controllers. The modified API controller assured its distinction in the normal case studies relying on its second order amplifier block. While the fractional API outperforms the other controllers in the fault case study relying on its integral term fractional order. Also, the paper proposed an experimental investigation of blade angle effects on power extraction.
... One of the biggest problems that occurs in the power systems is the instability, for this reason in several studies [7], [8], [9], [4], [10] and [11] it has been proposed to search for the most optimal bus for the location of reactive compensation device. In some cases, depending on the conditions with which the system is analyzed, the compensator is configured in such a way that it injects the necessary MVAr to stabilize the system. ...
... According to this model, a variable reactance is inserted in series with the line to be compensated, which is similar to the model used in [5] as shown in Figure 1. This model is used in this work as the TCSC range, and the reactance is assumed to vary in the range from -0.3XL to -0.7XL which is better range to deal with wind problems [8]. [5] Main research areas regarding FACTS solutions for wind problems in power systems are reviewed. ...
Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper, optimal location of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Cases studied are carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system with wind penetration around 7% of system generation with change in reactive power injection to wind bus from the network. In all cases the system suffers from outage of one generator with load in one of system buses decrease by 15%. The system suffers from minimum voltage reduction, total loss increases and violation of power angle limits. Results prove that series FACTS devices in certain range are able to solve these problems associated with wind penetration in power systems.
... According to this model, a variable reactance is inserted in series with the line to be compensated, which is similar to the model used in [5] as shown in Figure 1. This model is used in this work as the TCSC range, and the reactance is assumed to vary in the range from -0.3XL to -0.7XL which is better range to deal with wind problems [8]. [5] Main research areas regarding FACTS solutions for wind problems in power systems are reviewed. ...
Wind generation connection to power system affects steady state and transient stability. Furthermore, this effect increases with the increase of wind penetration in generation capacity. In this paper, optimal location of FACTS devices is carried out to solve the steady state problems of wind penetration using Genetic Algorithm (GA). Cases studied are carried out on modified IEEE39 bus system with wind penetration around 7% of system generation with change in reactive power injection to wind bus from the network. In all cases the system suffers from outage of one generator with load in one of system buses decrease by 15%. The system suffers from minimum voltage reduction, total loss increases and violation of power angle limits. Results prove that series FACTS devices in certain range are able to solve these problems associated with wind penetration in power systems.
This paper presents an approach to find the optimal location of thyristor-controlled series compensators (TCSC) in a power system to improve the loadability of its lines and minimize its total loss. Also the proposed approach aims to find the optimal number of devices and their optimal compensation levels by using genetic algorithm (GA) based approach with taking into consideration the thermal and voltage limits. Examination of the proposed approach is carried out on a modified IEEE 30-bus system.
Deregulated power systems suffer from congestion management problems. Also they cannot fully utilize transmission lines due to excessive power loss that it could cause. FACTS devices such as thyristor-controlled series compensators (TCSC) can, by controlling the power flow in the network, help reducing the flows in heavily loaded lines. Also they can minimize the power loss of the systems. However, because of the considerable cost of FACTS devices, it is important to minimize their number and obtain their optimal locations in the system. This book presents an approach to find the optimal location of thyristor-Controlled series compensators in a power system to improve the loadability of its lines and minimize its total loss. Also
the proposed approach aims to find the optimal number of devices and their optimal compensation levels by using a genetic algorithm taking into consideration the thermal and voltage limits. Examination of the proposed approach is carried out on a several IEEE systems.
This article presents an approach to find the optimal location of thyristor-controlled series compensators in a power system to improve the loadability of its lines and minimize its total loss. Also the proposed approach aims to find the optimal number of devices and their optimal compensation levels by using a genetic algorithm taking into consideration the thermal and voltage limits. Examination of the proposed approach is carried out on a modified IEEE 30-bus system.
A basic conceptual study of TCSC device on Simulink is a teaching aid and helps in understanding the rudiments of the topic. This paper thus stems out from basics of TCSC device and analyzes the impedance characteristics and associated single & multi resonance conditions. The Impedance characteristics curve is drawn for different values of inductance in MATLAB using M-files. The study is also helpful in estimating the appropriate inductance and capacitance values which have influence on multi resonance point in TCSC device. The capacitor voltage, line current, thyristor current and capacitor current waveforms are discussed briefly as simulation results. Simulink model of TCSC device is given and corresponding waveforms are analyzed. The subsidiary topics e.g. power oscillation damping, SSR mitigation and transient stability is also brought out.
This monograph presents advanced modelling, analysis and control techniques of FACTS. These topics reflect the recent research and development of FACTS controllers, and anticipate the future applications of FACTS in power systems. The book covers comprehensively a range of power-system control problems: from steady-state voltage and power flow control, to voltage and reactive power control, to voltage stability control, to small signal stability control using FACTS controllers.
The book presents the modelling of the latest FACTS controllers for power flow control, compensation and power quality (IPFC, GUPF, VSC HVDC and M-VSCHVDC, etc.) in power system analysis. The selection is evaluated by the actual and likely future practical relevance of each. The material is derived mainly from the research and industrial development in which the authors have been heavily involved. The book is timely and of great value to power engineering engineers and students of modelling, simulations and control design of FACTS for a broad practical range of power system operation, planning and control problems.
The main issues on the compliance of large offshore wind farms employing DFIGs with the GB Grid Code reactive power requirement are examined with the help of simulations in the commercial software package PSCAD/EMTDC. The behaviour of a 'typical' 500MW wind farm is examined for short (20km) and long (100km) connection distances respectively. The benefits of using a STATCOM in offshore wind farms with DFIGs are examined. Most importantly it is established that for long connection distances to the grid, additional reactive compensation equipment at the Point of Connection (PoC) is required in some circumstances. Secondly for faults at the PoC, the studies show that reduced machine rotor fault overcurrents were experienced when control between the DFIGs and STATCOM was properly coordinated. With a coordinated control strategy between the DFIGs and STATCOM, the size of a STATCOM required to comply with the grid connection requirements can also be minimised. Lastly it is shown that while a control strategy where the PoC voltage is regulated only by a STATCOM leads to increased capital expenditure, on the other hand, such a scheme provides reduced control and telecommunication requirements and great simplicity. These advantages lead to significant benefits in installation, commissioning and proving procedures.
Since the deregulation of power systems was started in 1989 in the UK,
many countries have been motivated to undergo deregulation. The United
State started deregulation in the energy sector in California back in
1996. Since that time many other states have also started the
deregulation procedures in different utilities. Most of the deregulation
market in the United States now is in the wholesale market area,
however, the retail market is still undergoing changes. Deregulation has
many impacts on power system network operation and control. The number
of power transactions among the utilities has increased and many
Independent Power Producers (IPPs) now have a rich market for
competition especially in the green power market. The Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission (FERC) called upon utilities to develop the
Regional Transmission Organization (RTO). The RTO is a step toward the
national transmission grid. RTO is an independent entity that will
operate the transmission system in a large region. The main goal of
forming RTOs is to increase the operation efficiency of the power
network under the impact of the deregulated market. The objective of
this work is to study Internet based Wide Area Information Sharing
(WAIS) applications in the deregulated power system. The study is the
first step toward building a national transmission grid picture using
information sharing among utilities. Two main topics are covered as
applications for the WAIS in the deregulated power system, state
estimation and Total Transfer Capability (TTC) calculations. As a first
step for building this national transmission grid picture, WAIS and the
level of information sharing of the state estimation calculations have
been discussed. WAIS impacts to the TTC calculations are also covered. A
new technique to update the TTC using on line measurements based on WAIS
created by sharing state estimation is presented.
Environmental concerns over the use of fossil fuels as en-ergy sources for electric power generation have resulted in the rapid increase in the amount of wind-generated power connected to electrical power networks worldwide. As such, the inclusion of accurate wind turbine generator models in power system simulation software has become increasingly important. Steady-state and dynamic models of wind turbine generators are required for different types of simulation studies. Steady-state fixed-speed and variable-speed models are examined in this paper in terms of their effect on the power flow convergence, voltage stability limits, and their ability to be used to provide good initial values in dynamic models.
Voltage stability is a key issue to achieve the uninterrupted operation of wind farms equipped with doubly fed induction generators (DFIGs) during grid faults. A static synchronous compensator (STATCOM) is applied to a power network which includes a DFIG driven by a wind turbine, for steady state voltage regulation and transient voltage stability support. The control schemes of the DFIG rotor-side converter, grid-side converter and the STATCOM are suitably designed and coordinated. The system is implemented in real-time on a Real-Time Digital Simulator (RTDSreg). Results show that the STATCOM improves the transient voltage stability and therefore helps the wind turbine generator system to remain in service during grid faults