Internet of Things Architecture: Current Challenges and Future Direction of Research

Abstract

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that can enable collecting and exchanging data that have never been attainable before. It able to communicate and report user's information in a more secure way. The reports of Cisco analysts estimate that the IoT will have more than 50 billion of smart sensors and other smart devices or gadgets, all connecting and communicating real time data on the internet by 2020. This will provide deeper insights with data analytics using the IoT paradigm to establish new business, enhance productivity and efficiency, and develop innovative revenue streams. Furthermore, the IoT architecture may combine features and technologies suggested by various methodologies. Since, this architecture is designed where the digital and real worlds are integrating and interacting constantly, various technologies are merged together to form IoT, such as; sensing technologies, pervasive computing, ubiquitous computing, internet protocols, smart objects, embedded parts, etc. When a regular device utilizes intelligent agents, it becomes a smart object. In this way, it is not only used to gather the environment information or interact with the physical world, yet more than that, it must be interconnected with various network devices to exchange and communicate data over the internet. Therefore, the significant measure of available data which is produced by the immense number of interconnected devices will offer opportunities to generate information that will deliver significant benefits to the economy, environment, individuals, and society. In this paper, we present past, current, and future direction of IoT. This paper provides overview and clear examination of the IoT architecture paradigm with the description of its fundamental requirements along with the implementation challenges and future directions. Thus, it will open issues that will face the IoT by new world generation.

Full text

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 21 (2017) pp. 11055-11061
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
11055
Internet of Things Architecture: Current Challenges and Future Direction
of Research
M. A. Burhanuddin1, Ali Abdul-Jabbar Mohammed2, Ronizam Ismail3 and Halizah Basiron4
1,2,4 Faculty of Information and Communications Technology, UTeM, Melaka, Malaysia.
3Kolej Universiti Islam Melaka, Kuala Sg Baru, Melaka, Malaysia.
Email: 1burhanuddin@utem.edu.my, 2p031610009@student.utem.edu.my, 3ronizam@kuim.edu.my, 4halizah@utem.edu.my
ORCID ID: 10000-0001-8976-7416, 20000-0002-7040-7098, 30000-0002-7570-4470
Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) is a new paradigm that can enable
collecting and exchanging data that have never been attainable
before. It able to communicate and report user’s information in
a more secure way. The reports of Cisco analysts estimate that
the IoT will have more than 50 billion of smart sensors and
other smart devices or gadgets, all connecting and
communicating real time data on the internet by 2020. This will
provide deeper insights with data analytics using the IoT
paradigm to establish new business, enhance productivity and
efficiency, and develop innovative revenue streams.
Furthermore, the IoT architecture may combine features and
technologies suggested by various methodologies. Since, this
architecture is designed where the digital and real worlds are
integrating and interacting constantly, various technologies are
merged together to form IoT, such as; sensing technologies,
pervasive computing, ubiquitous computing, internet protocols,
smart objects, embedded parts, etc. When a regular device
utilizes intelligent agents, it becomes a smart object. In this
way, it is not only used to gather the environment information
or interact with the physical world, yet more than that, it must
be interconnected with various network devices to exchange
and communicate data over the internet. Therefore, the
significant measure of available data which is produced by the
immense number of interconnected devices will offer
opportunities to generate information that will deliver
significant benefits to the economy, environment, individuals,
and society. In this paper, we present past, current, and future
direction of IoT. This paper provides overview and clear
examination of the IoT architecture paradigm with the
description of its fundamental requirements along with the
implementation challenges and future directions. Thus, it will
open issues that will face the IoT by new world generation.
Keywords: Internet of Things, Information System, Machine
to Machine communications, Wireless Networking, Embedded
Systems
INTRODUCTION
Today, Internet of Things (IoT) is a rising network of
interrelated computing devices and sensors that contain
embedded technology which is enable these objects to collect
and exchange data with the Internet. The IoT incorporates
various smart objects, which are allocated exceptional
characters of its own [1]. It is a wide-ranging network of
physical smart objects, i.e. devices, sensors, transports, and
constructions, associated with programs, electronics, hardware
and network connectivity that empowers these things to
accumulate and exchange data. The unique identity
administration is very significant for ensuring the system
efficiency of IoT network [2]. Since IoT is a task-oriented
network, there is a necessity to provide coupling relation
among its unique identity’s. The IoT allows the connected
smart objects to remain distinguished and remotely controlled
by the existing system, lead up to achieve upgraded accuracy,
better efficiency, and monetary favourable position. All objects
are unique and identifiable with the embedded software [3].
Due to the tremendous headways in the remote communication
systems field, the deployments of mobile devices and global
services expand quickly in the previous decade. Nowadays, the
major role played by IoT is never again restricted to connect
user devices and appliances over the Internet. Yet, it has been
growing turning into a chance to interlink the physical world
with the Cybernet world [4], prompting the rise of Cyber-
Physical Systems. The idea of Cyber-Physical Systems
introduces the coming era of embedded systems in Information
and communication technology where computation and
network interacting are joint with physical procedures.
Accordingly, these systems control and deal with their dynamic
forces to be proficient, solid, adaptable, and more secure [5],
[6]. The information that represent the physical procedures are
exchanged, prepared, and utilized as a part of the digital world,
as example, information gathered by varies sensors. Yet, this
information may likewise affect and impact the physical
procedures by input feedback loops, such as, utilizing actuators
[4]. The idiosyncrasies of Cyber-Physical Systems are
including an integrated design of the Information and
communication technology systems combined with the
physical mechanisms to increase the general adequacy.
Therefore, these lines being interestingly with the traditional
systems for the reason of including electronics, processing,
communication and technology in one operating system. The
IoT is reached out with a huge number of sensors and actuators.
Some late examinations into the studies assess that the IoT will
comprise about 50 billion objects by 2020 [7].

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 21 (2017) pp. 11055-11061
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
11056
Figure 1: IoT Communication infrastructure [8]
THEORETICAL BACKGROUND
IoT is a complete system of interconnected smart devices
involved in electrical, mechanical, and digital machines
accompanied with the animals or people environments. These
smart devices are equipped by unique identifiers and it can
communicate through the network without needing of human
interactions. The (Figure 1) demonstrates the foundation of IoT
infrastructure and its connection associations.
As Luigi Atzori, et. al [9] talked about IoT as a system of
interrelated computing devices, computerized mechanical
machines, items, or individuals that are given typical identifiers
and have the capacity to exchange data through the network
without expecting human collaboration. In their study, IoT is
proclaimed to be a fundamental system of connected smart
devices or objects equipped with data gathering Technologies.
Thus, those devices or objects can connect and communicate
with each other autonomously. The machine-to-machine data
that is created has an extensive variety of uses, but it is usually
observed as a method to decide accountability of governing of
real significance in the IoT [9]. As business proceedings and
information interactions are brought out through that system, it
is vital for the included groups to know how the individual
activities will be examined. Besides, if commercial transactions
fall flat for the reason of shortcomings in the system,
organizations need to know whom to consider responsible. The
likelihood of holding governing bodies responsible for their
failures for the most part enhances their administrations
because of the risk of approvals. The IoT, which needs to adapt
to the particularities in the different portions of society, needs
to catch up on a multi-stake holder approach way to deal with
responsibility. Governance would get more grounded if norms
were orchestrated in a way that makes governing bodies
responsible, at any rate at the hierarchical organizational level
of IoT. Daniele Miorandi, et, al. [10] investigated large and
growing body of IoT, which envision digital and physical
linked and appropriate information and communication
technologies which businesses can rely on it. The information
ought to be more fitting information and the more promptly
accessible and recipients of accountability. Extraordinary
thought has to be by [9], [10], which are concentrated on
standards to be presented that considers representing bodies
responsible and this help the improvement of security in IoT.
Furthermore, Boundless organization of spatially distributed
devices with embedded identification, detecting or incitation
abilities are proposed.
In [10], [11], the researchers emphasized that virtual things like
world-wide-web, internet or cloud will be presented more
physical and replace hardware technologies in a near future.
They proposed that which digital and physical can be connected
means fitting information and communication technologies
will improve virtualization for all areas in IoT. Daniele
Miorandi, et, al. [10] introduced a study of Technologies,
applications, and research challenges for IoT, while Verdouw
et al. [11] appears on how IoT idea can be utilized to upgrade
virtualisation of supply chains in the floricultural division.
Giuseppe Colistra, et al. [12] detailed IoT model in
communication between devices by placing knowledge into
smart objects to be interconnected with one another over the
internet to exchange their data and information. Thus, the full
transparency is obtainable with not so much inefficiencies but
rather additional quality. They design intelligence insight by
actualize key interoperability abilities into smart objects in a

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 21 (2017) pp. 11055-11061
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
11057
case study. This is by get resource allocation for the placement
of distributed applications in the IoT and open issues and
identified problems and difficulties in research to be confronted
with the IoT recognition in the real application. Giuseppe
Colistra, et al. [12] revealed on emerging all kinds of smart
object that implement systems of cooperative intelligent nodes
or objects. By using IoT, they proved promising paradigm that
provide a pervasive information access through cooperation
among nodes. Sahraoui Somia, et al. [13] enhanced the model
provided in [12] by showing different methods for both studies.
They proposed a compromise protocol for the participation
among network objects in accomplishing the target application.
Besides, they suggest an IPv6 over Low-power Wireless
Personal Area Networks compression for the header of Host
Identity Protocol packets, as well as, an adjusted sharing
structure of security computational load in HIPBaseEXchange.
The distinctive case studies examination for [12], [13] are
utilized resource allocation for the deployment of distributed
applications in the IoT. Correspondingly, the design and
functionalities of appropriate middleware that tends to a
conceivable reaction for this matter, material and technological
heterogeneity. Furthermore, the asymmetric behaviour of the
communications between the sensor nodes and the
conventional Internet hosts are making security a challenging
issue [14], [15].
In [13], [16], the researchers discussed the challenging problem
of security about the technological heterogeneity of IoT
technologies along with the asymmetric behaviour in
communications among the conventional Internet hosts and the
sensor nodes. They proposed a similar objective which is
incorporated in the management structure for IoT devices.
Perhaps, adequately energy proficient with a little settlement
delay of security, underpins effective assessment of security
strategies to empower the assurance and protection of client
data. Ricardo Neisse, et. al [16] examined security and data
quality risk of using IoT technologies. The researcher proposed
a different model “Based Security Toolkit Model”, which is
coordinated in a management framework for IoT devices.
Furthermore, in the distributed IoT architecture, a light weight
and cross-domain prototype is proposed. This prototype is
giving least data caching functionality likewise in-memory data
handling. Sabrina Sicari, et. al [17] presented algorithms that
can be used for the evaluation of data quality and security. The
algorithms incorporate determination and effective assessment
of security strategies to empower the assurance and safety of
IoT data. The research studies in [17], [18] have common goals
as the huge amount of heterogeneous interconnected devices
and the omnipresence of IoT devices increase the demand of
jointly security and privacy requirements. They examine the
light weight and cross-domain prototype that proposed for the
distributed architecture of IoT, giving least data caching
functionality as well as minimum in-memory data handling.
They also carried out detail performance evaluation for the
widely utilized cryptographic algorithms on constrained
objects or things which is accustomed in IoT networks.
CRITICAL LITERATURE AND ANALYSIS
The IoT have developed from the integration of internet
systems, wireless technologies, microservices, micro-
electromechanical, and electrical fields. The modern
technologies certainly create viability of the IoT concept. The
(Figure 2) summarized the adoption of different connectivity
technologies in IoT domain. However, These technologies are
not amalgamate with the scalability and efficiency that they
would demand [9]. With the due concern of the IoT
applications by various industries, Luigi Atzori, et al. [9]
believe that orating these topics in upcoming years will be a
dominant driving factor for networking and communication
researches in both industrial and academic fields.
Figure 2: the adoption of different connectivity technologies in IoT

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 21 (2017) pp. 11055-11061
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
11058
According to Weber [19], the utility of development in
technologies are to:
 improve participation procedures;
 offer information on significant concerns for the
community and civil society in good time.
 form the opportunities as the elementary contrivance to
interchange of perceptions.
 deliver adequate context and background information for
literature to assist the concerned market participants to
apprehend the subjects being the topics of accountability.
 explain authorizations regarding non-compliance with
accountability necessities.
Moreover, it leads to alleviate the security in the IoT. The
exploration in this segment indicates that impending challenges
are rather alarmed with functional and organizational matters
than just technology problems (like most IoT trials as
sermonized in literature) [11]. Verdouw [11] presented work on
the design and implementation of novel elucidations for the
discoursed challenges in the supply chain. The paper has
measured how the IoT can ameliorate virtualization in
floriculture. Daniele Miorandi, et al. [10] presented a synopsis
of the vital topics allied to the development of IoT technologies
and services. Numerous research challenges have been
empathized such as security, which are anticipated to turn into
major research trends in the future [10]. Additionally, Borgia
[20] discussed the major challenges that must be encountered
to sustain the IoT vision, which encompasses varies areas to
study, such as: data management, data processing, discovery,
architecture, communication, handling security and privacy,
etc. Various recommended solutions have been proposed,
which are intended for resolving those challenges.
Nevertheless, these proposed solutions are not comprehensive
and do not deal with all the different characteristics.
Consequently, many undeveloped matters reckons for suitable
solutions [20].
The outcomes of the assessment had an obvious reveal that the
solution is adequately efficient in energy saving within dual
category-messages communication and security establishment
[13]. A few instruments and studies treat the security and
protection of privacy in the IoT [18]. Furthermore, Ricardo
Neisse, et. al [16] revealed that the trust is an efficient factor
for using IoT. In the previous literature, numerous factors have
been well observed and studied, for example; security, trust,
privacy protection, etc. These factors and aspects are serving
the IoT but insufficient enough to address and handle it in
public and private sectors. Therefore, many studies need to be
done in this field by researchers in the future. Moreover, IoT
needs more attention from non- academic disciplines such as,
software and architecture engineers. The patterns of
convergence have supported the conjunction between the
information technology and operational technology. This is
permitting the unstructured data, which is generated by
operational machines to be investigated for knowledge insights
that will drive continual enhancements.
IoT IMPLEMENTATION REQUIREMENTS
The IoT implementation requirements are considered as critical
requirements for the upcoming IoT architectures, which are
described in the following subsections:
 Scalability:
With the huge number of objects that connected to the IoT
infrastructure, it is considered that every connected object has
its own virtual representation [21]. Therefore, scalability
requirement is desirable to extend the functionality of open
standards for future IoT applications. Moreover, while the
expansion of IoT is growing via the widespread adoption of
new applications, the future IoT architectures must be meet
scalability requirements.
 Interoperability:
The requirement of empowering the communications amongst
various objects by different service providers is highly
important in the future IoT architectures [22]. Therefore, the
IoT architectures requires interoperability standards to create
parallel or open platforms that support the comprehensive
potentials of seamless connection practice among all types of
IoT applications and devices. Moreover, to enable the
communication practices amongst all things in the future IoT
architectures regardless of its origin.
 Security:
Strengthening security is a significant aspect of IoT
applications, due to the challenging task of protecting the
sensitive information transmitted and processed in the hostile
environments around IoT [23]. Thus, it can be truly considered
as a future key requirement of IoT deployments to prevent these
large scales of IoT applications being controlled by
unauthorized parties. Moreover, the security mechanisms of
IoT design strategy should be a lightweight enough because of
resource constrained properties of IoT devices. Accordingly,
the lack of security policy the future IoT architectures can
threaten the users trust, so this will lead up to the failure of the
whole technology [24].
 Resource Control and Management:
The accessibility and configuration of the participating smart
objects among IoT applications should be performed remotely.
This will help controlling the resources efficiently if the
administrators are not available at their certain places. Besides,
redundant resource constraints may affect the IoT systems,
which need to balance the load for appropriate resource
utilization [25].

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 21 (2017) pp. 11055-11061
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
11059
 Energy Efficiency:
The life time is the most functioning sustainability
apprehension in the smart objects that participating among IoT
applications [17]. Therefore, the energy awareness is very
important to reduce the resource constraints by eliminating
redundant energy consumption. Accordingly, the design
strategy of IoT architecture should be minimize energy
consumption by the development of lightweight properties of
the communication techniques and methods.
 Quality of Service (QoS):
The ability of providing satisfactory service to users is a
significant requirement of IoT system architectures. QoS is a
non-functional facility factor, that can be obtained by
organizing the services provided and retrieval [15]. As
example, real time processing applications impose a high
precedence to perform typical performance. Correspondingly,
only the compulsory information should be retrieved in
response to the addressed request.
DISCUSSION ON CHALLENGES AND FUTURE
DIRECTION IN IoT ARCHITECTURES
Several requirements have to be accomplished to achieve a
functional implementation of IoT architecture. The section
discusses some of the issues and challenges that remaining for
implementing the future IoT system architectures. The purpose
is to provide a clear examination for the current challenges and
give some research directions in the IoT domain. Therefore, we
will focus in this paper on the issues and challenges regarding
scalability, interoperability, and security requirements in the
IoT architecture, as the following:
 Scalability:
With the huge number of interacting entities, the future IoT
systems are expected to deal with numerous challenges because
of the significant differences in the interaction patterns and
communication behaviours [26]. The challenge of providing
available service to the different types of IoT devices
concerning their demands is very critical for the reason of the
various and plentiful applications of IoT. Thus, it a requirement
to scale up the IoT architectures to handle huge number of
connected entities. The scalability development process of IoT
systems can be accelerated with the fast-growing number of
IoT devices [27]. Nevertheless, the existing scalability
management protocols do not deal well with the rapid
expansion of IoT devices due to their resource limitations and
constraints.
 Interoperability:
The interoperability challenges in the future IoT applications
can be divided to three main challenge types as follow:
The technical interoperability challenges: this type of
challenges has a concern with the capabilities, standards, and
protocols of the IoT connected devices, which are aiming to
support seamless connection practice within the same
computing paradigm among all types of IoT applications.
Therefore, the successful technical interoperability can be
achieved through the implementation of agent based mediation
among all IoT related standards, and protocols.
The semantic challenges: is the apprehension of the ability of
different components in IoT architecture to be trustworthy for
processing and handling the exchanged data.
The pragmatic challenges: is the apprehension of the ability of
the IoT system to observe the intentions of different
participating parties. Therefore, the requirement of pragmatic
interoperability can be realized by the design a predefined
specifications strategy for the components and behaviour of the
IoT system.
 Security:
The IoT architecture is complex in nature because of the vast
range and heterogeneity of IoT applications, which leads to
several security challenges [23]. This IoT architecture is
assumed to deal with billions of sensors and objects, which are
interacting with each other and with other entities, such as
human beings or virtual entities [28]. It is essential to secure
and protect all these interactions with preservation of the
highest system performance and limiting total incidents which
are affecting the entire IoT system. The implementation of
security standards can be delivered through the bottom-up
manner. The IoT architecture should follow the bottom-up
manner by delivering a secure system booting process, end user
authentication procedures, firewall regulations, and access
control rules. Furthermore, the IoT system must track and
follow the security updates and patches in non-disruptive
direction. Accordingly, it is essential to apply the appropriate
security mechanisms for all IoT system levels and stages with
the physical and non-physical system components.
CONCLUSION
The expansion of computational objects and things have been
equipped with communication and interactive capabilities of
embedded intelligence. This innovation motivates in the
direction of the rapid development of the IoT field. Toward the
emergent IoT paradigm, a global dynamic network will connect
everything and anything by forming virtual linkage of
integrated and addressable devices. Henceforward, the
consequence will boost users to expand novel solutions to be a
durable and powerful fundamental structure to the worldwide.
Consequently, the trends of IoT domain have been discussed in
this paper in the perspective of different research areas such as;
architecture, data management, data processing,
communication, security and privacy. Thus, this paper provides
overview and clear examination of the essential definition of
IoT architecture paradigm. Finally, we have discussed the main

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 21 (2017) pp. 11055-11061
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
11060
IoT fundamentals along with the implementation challenges
and future directions of its requirements.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The authors would like to thank UTeM Zamalah scheme,
Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka (UTeM) for providing
financial support and facilities in this study. Also, gratefully we
would like to acknowledge and thank Kolej Universiti Islam
Melaka (KUIM) to support this research.
REFERENCES
[1] S. Li, L. Da Xu, and S. Zhao, “The internet of things: a
survey,” Inf. Syst. Front., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 243–259,
2015.
[2] A. Whitmore, A. Agarwal, and L. Da Xu, “The Internet
of Things???A survey of topics and trends,” Inf. Syst.
Front., vol. 17, no. 2, pp. 261–274, 2015.
[3] R. Khan, S. U. Khan, R. Zaheer, and S. Khan, “Future
internet: The internet of things architecture, possible
applications and key challenges,” Proc. - 10th Int. Conf.
Front. Inf. Technol. FIT 2012, pp. 257–260, 2012.
[4] M. Conti, S. K. Das, C. Bisdikian, M. Kumar, L. M. Ni,
A. Passarella, G. Roussos, G. Tröster, G. Tsudik, and F.
Zambonelli, “Looking ahead in pervasive computing:
Challenges and opportunities in the era of cyberphysical
convergence,” Pervasive Mob. Comput., vol. 8, no. 1,
pp. 2–21, 2012.
[5] L. Insup, O. Sokolsky, I. Lee, O. Sokolsky, C. Electronic
Design Automation, A. C. M. S. I. G. on D. Automation,
C. Ieee, L. Insup, O. Sokolsky, I. Lee, O. Sokolsky, C.
Electronic Design Automation, A. C. M. S. I. G. on D.
Automation, C. Ieee, L. Insup, and O. Sokolsky,
“Medical Cyber Physical Systems,” Des. Autom. Conf.
(DAC), 2010 47th ACM/IEEE, pp. 743–748, 2010.
[6] S. Barro-Torres, T. M. Fernández-Caramés, H. J. Pérez-
Iglesias, and C. J. Escudero, “Real-time personal
protective equipment monitoring system,” Comput.
Commun., vol. 36, no. 1, pp. 42–50, 2012.
[7] S. Agrawal and D. Vieira, “A survey on Internet of
Things,” Abak{ó}s, Belo Horiz., vol. 1, no. 2, pp. 78–95,
2013.
[8] I. Yaqoob, E. Ahmed, I. A. T. Hashem, A. I. A. Ahmed,
A. Gani, M. Imran, and M. Guizani, “Internet of Things
Architecture: Recent Advances, Taxonomy,
Requirements, and Open Challenges,” IEEE Wirel.
Commun., vol. 24, no. 3, pp. 10–16, 2017.
[9] L. Atzori, A. Iera, and G. Morabito, “The Internet of
Thinags: A survey,” Comput. Networks, vol. 54, no. 15,
pp. 2787–2805, 2010.
[10] D. Miorandi, S. Sicari, F. De Pellegrini, and I. Chlamtac,
“Internet of things: Vision, applications and research
challenges,” Ad Hoc Networks, vol. 10, no. 7. pp. 1497–
1516, 2012.
[11] C. N. Verdouw, A. J. M. Beulens, and J. G. A. J. van der
Vorst, “Virtualisation of floricultural supply chains: A
review from an internet of things perspective,” Comput.
Electron. Agric., vol. 99, pp. 160–175, 2013.
[12] G. Colistra, V. Pilloni, and L. Atzori, “The problem of
task allocation in the Internet of Things and the
consensus-based approach,” Comput. Networks, vol. 73,
pp. 98–111, 2014.
[13] S. Sahraoui and A. Bilami, “Efficient HIP-based
approach to ensure lightweight end-to-end security in the
internet of things,” Comput. Networks, vol. 91, pp. 26–
45, 2015.
[14] M. Gerla, D. Maggiorini, C. E. Palazzi, and A. Bujari,
“A survey on interactive games over mobile networks,”
Wirel. Commun. Mob. Comput., vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 212–
229, 2013.
[15] W. Wang, S. De, R. Toenjes, E. Reetz, and K. Moessner,
“A comprehensive ontology for knowledge
representation in the internet of things,” in Proc. of the
11th IEEE Int. Conference on Trust, Security and
Privacy in Computing and Communications, TrustCom-
2012 - 11th IEEE Int. Conference on Ubiquitous
Computing and Communications, IUCC-2012, 2012, pp.
1793–1798.
[16] R. Neisse, G. Steri, I. N. Fovino, and G. Baldini,
“SecKit: A Model-based Security Toolkit for the
Internet of Things,” Comput. Secur., vol. 54, pp. 60–76,
2015.
[17] S. Sicari, A. Rizzardi, D. Miorandi, C. Cappiello, and A.
Coen-Porisini, “A secure and quality-aware prototypical
architecture for the Internet of Things,” Inf. Syst., vol.
58, pp. 43–55, 2016.
[18] L. Malina, J. Hajny, R. Fujdiak, and J. Hosek, “On
perspective of security and privacy-preserving solutions
in the internet of things,” Comput. Networks, vol. 102,
pp. 83–95, 2016.
[19] R. H. Weber, “Accountability in the Internet of Things,”
Comput. Law Secur. Rev., vol. 27, no. 2, pp. 133–138,
2011.
[20] E. Borgia, “The internet of things vision: Key features,
applications and open issues,” Computer
Communications, vol. 54. pp. 1–31, 2014.
[21] D. Uckelmann, M. Harrison, and F. Michahelles, “An
Architectural Approach Towards the Future Internet of
Things,” in Architecting the Internet of Things, 2011, pp.
97–129.

International Journal of Applied Engineering Research ISSN 0973-4562 Volume 12, Number 21 (2017) pp. 11055-11061
© Research India Publications. http://www.ripublication.com
11061
[22] A. Bröring, S. Schmid, C. K. Schindhelm, A. Khelil, S.
Käbisch, D. Kramer, D. Le Phuoc, J. Mitic, D. Anicic,
and E. Teniente, “Enabling IoT Ecosystems through
Platform Interoperability,” IEEE Softw., vol. 34, no. 1,
pp. 54–61, 2017.
[23] J. Carlson, B. Creighton, D. Meyer, J. Montgomery, and
A. Reiter, “The Internet of Things : Security Research
Study,” 2015.
[24] G. Matuszak, G. Bell, and D. Le, “Security and the IoT
ecosystem,” Kpmg, 2015.
[25] A. Sehgal, V. Perelman, S. Kuryla, J. Schonwalder, and
O. In, “Management of resource constrained devices in
the internet of things,” Commun. Mag. IEEE, vol. 50, no.
12, pp. 144–149, 2012.
[26] F. K. Shaikh, S. Zeadally, and E. Exposito, “Enabling
technologies for green internet of things,” IEEE Syst. J.,
vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 983–994, 2017.
[27] Y. Shen, T. Zhang, Y. Wang, H. Wang, and X. Jiang,
“MicroThings: A Generic IoT Architecture for Flexible
Data Aggregation and Scalable Service Cooperation,”
IEEE Commun. Mag., vol. 55, no. 9, pp. 86–93, 2017.
[28] R. Roman, J. Zhou, and J. Lopez, “On the features and
challenges of security and privacy in distributed internet
of things,” Comput. Networks, vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 2266–
2279, 2013.