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Alemu Girma Tura, Dechasa Bersissa Seboka. Review on Honey Adulteration and Detection of Adulterants in Honey

January 2020
International Journal of Gastroenterology 4(1):1-6

January 2020
4(1):1-6

DOI:10.11648/j.ijg.20200401.11

License
CC BY 4.0

Authors:

Alemu Girma

Wolkite University

Dechasa Bersissa Seboka

Haramaya University

Honey is defined as the natural sweet substance produced by honeybees. Honey consist mainly sugars but also contains some amounts of acids, phenolic contents, HMF (Hydroxyl Methyl Furfural), minerals and water. Honey adulteration is a global concern and developing countries are at higher risk associated with it due to lack of detection methods, awareness of people and policies. Honey adulteration occurs by direct addition of sucrose syrups that are produced from sugar beet, high-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), maltose syrup or by adding industrial sugar (glucose and fructose). Adulterants can be classified as intentional, unintentional, metallic and microbial based on type of adulterants in honey. Nowadays honey is being adulterated in more sophisticated ways that more difficult to detection of adulterants in simple methods. This paper presents a detailed review of common honey adulterants in honey as well as different methods to detect the adulterants both qualitatively and quantitatively. It also gives knowledge on awareness on honey adulterants, how adulterants are identified in quick methods including advanced recent techniques. Types of adulterants, reason and impact of adulterants are also included in this review. Honey composition is based on floral source which bees are collect nectar from and this make more difficult to detect adulterate in different honey.

Some common foods items and extraneous substances added into them.

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Content may be subject to copyright.

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International Journal of

Gastroenterology





!

"##$!%"##$&'



Review Article

Review on Honey Adulteration and Detection of Adulterants

in Honey

Alemu Girma Tura

, Dechasa Bersissa Seboka

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()*+ %,-./012-./-,)

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()*+ #) %)132-4)))2)"*32-4)))2)012-4)))2)-,)

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56)3)-())7)#/)81425 )) (*5 )42 International Journal of

Gastroenterology9-$-- !

Received$1:-Accepted(;-Published<))2!-

Abstract:

42 * ))))  2242)2))

))*) --4=+42 >2=2+*)-)) )42) )

)))  1))/))  )/*  -))*

 )   42 ) )  2  )  *  2 ) )    * ) -

*  2 4+?#- ) 2  2 )   ) )  )  * 5 ) ) 

)* ))-)-)) )) 2*) )2$) )22

) ) ) )2) ** *) ) 3))

) 1*2) )2)) **  ) )@))12

) @))12")1/ ))2) )-) )) * @/ 

 ) 1) @32*) )-)) )*) )))  1

42) *)))*) )/ ** ) )

 **2

Keywords:

425 )-5 )-(3@-42

1. Introduction

42)))2) 1   2

25=*)*)**-*

 * 1 ) *  )-  > *

)/1)*))2

-)*) *)

*- - 2 )-) )12

) )A;B 42*)>

*)-2) *A;B") )

)2 : - 2 ) ) 12 )

) *  )-   )- 1)-

) )) 5-)

*2

5 ))*)2 )@)2

* *  ** * )  2 >  *

* )  2  1) *  1))

 AB42) )2 ) 

*  2 ) )    * ) -

*24+?#-)22) 

 ) )  )  * 5 ) ) 

)* ))-)-)) )

) 2*) )2

3 *2) ))) 

  *2>1) ))

 2-  *  2- 1 2- )

) 2 3   @))1 @ ) )

@/  -  ) 

;

?



?- )2

))2 3C?- ) ))2 6? )

 ))2) @ 8 ) 1) @

 ) ) *)  $"8 2  )   

 *22) )A;:B

Objective of the Review

) 3 1  2 ) ) )   *

 56)3)) ())7)#/)  81425 )) (*5 )42 



) )2

 31) )2

 3 1 ) * ) ) )   *2

 *2) )*

2. Literature Review

42-) )-)))

2 *  )     ) )    )  *

)*)  * - )2  ))    ) )

)--*)1-)))) 12

ADB")) 2) 2

))))) AB

5 + #)*2) #) ) 52*" )

+##5"-) *** ) ) E

) )*)2)** -

) ))) @)2** )

)** F5 + )+ -() ?5

++(?5-  )2*  )*2 ))   2

+ ) (5 )+(5- *  ) ) 

) ) *

) )))  )

 )*@)2)  * 

 )2 1))   >)  * ) * 

)

 @)2** ) ) 

 )2)))  )/

* )/))1))

42 ) ) ))      )/  

:*2)  2

 2A;B

+   )2 ) )   )  @)2 ) 

)/*3* / *

 )   )*    *

)) +>)/

> )-    ) ) ) ) * )-

)/  ))) )**-) )2

 ) ) ) ) *** -))2)  )

 ))) )*)/-/  )

)) )* -) )) )

* AB

2.1. Constituents of Honey

42*)>*)-2) 

* A;B " )   ) )2 : -

2)) 12))*)-

  )- 1)-  )  ) )  5

-  )  *  2  

%) G 1 )      

@))2*)-)*)* 

)2)-) 1)223H)G

*2)2))=)

))---)-))-)-

 - )   - )- ) )  )

()/2)*12)-1))

)* **2)3)

)*))2)*)

'*2

)4=+2 >22**)-))/  

***  ))2) * 

2) ))2   ) * 2-) 

 @/2  2  )  3 ) * 4=+

2* )) )

*))))/)34=+1)-

@)2*  2#)4=+

 *   2   ) 

/)- )  2  ) 4=+ 1)  ) 

    )  41-  2 )1 )

))2  4=+ 1 4=+  ) 2 ))2

A!B

,I221)-> )-)2)-

  *    *  )   

*)  3 1 * I2   2 )

))2 )  )) 2@)232

)   12 ) @)-  )2  )1 )

) )   ) 3 I2)

1211))1;DJ?))

))7)2) 2 2)-)

I21)2))2)) -

)2 2*   @)2 ) ))2   I2

AB

5 *) 2-) )  )

)   )     2 **)

AB

 5)   3)   1)2 *2

 **)) -  ))

A;B" ) ) >1)))

 )) ) )D **

1)  *  **2*2

"  -))  1)2 **

2*2  ))AB42

*)1  ) ) @)2 *  ))  * 

 2 )  ) )   *  G

 %2 ) ) )  *

 )))) *)

*2D D/)2

*  **22AB

2.2. Types of Food Adulteration

5 )  *  )  )I   *

)

) ") ) )    * *

) )1  )   *   

2))  32) ** 3) )

 2) ) )#>)*

) ) )   )  * )  @ 

/-)22->)) -

1)*/ *))

 A:B

 0) ) )   * ) 

)  )- ) )/* 

*)) 2 ** 3)

*)@  2/)) ** 2 )) 

*-)** 2 -2*  )  -

 "))<)*6)2 ;



)*   * )/ ))-   

) ) e.g  * ) )- )

 ) )))2* />

1)* - -)   1)-

*) )* A:B

 =) ))   ) 

)* **2*)) )

   *  ' * )- ) - )- 2 ) 

) )    > )  )/  2

 "* 2 ))   2 2 ) ) )

))A;B

=))))**   

** **1)+ 

)2  ))  2 ) ) )2  *

1)   *   /  )1-

)-- -) -))A:B

2.3. Honey Adulterants

+  #)*2)  #) )  5 *" ) +##5 * 

E) )F ) )2 ))     2  *

)/ *  )*  ) )   )  

) >) ) 42) )  2

) *2))  *)

-* 2 4+?#- )22

)   ) )  )  *- 2

) *)2)-I2) )-2

* >122 

)) KA;B+) )

/2 )* @))1 ))2 * 25 *

))*12   ) * ) 

12 ))* 2A!B

4+?#   ) ) ) )  2 

))*2-)/ 

**AB 42 >22**)4=+-) *

) 1-) )) > 

*122A!B41-2>

)4=+1)))*)-1)

*-231) 2*4=+)) ) )  ) 

* @) AB ?) )  ) 2

 ) )2,)AB

" ) ))*  2)2

>1)2 * * 

))* -)*

) 2 AB

%)2- )  2)) * 1)

))-))))) )32*

) 2- )2) 2 2-  2) 

))2) *#)A;;B

3  * ) ) ) )  2 ) 

)  ) *2-))))*

 - ) 2   1*  

 ))      1

2*1">1) )2)

)2 *-‐/) )

 ) 2-  )  2 ?# )   ‐

*  2 4+?#-  2 6#- 

21 2"#)  *)

))A;-- ;!B 42) ) 2)

) )-*)-))) 

)))-)I2))12-)

 12- )   * *   4=+-

-*--)-)-)AB

2.4. Reasons of Adulteration

5 ) 2 **)- ) * ) )

* *    ) *  ) )  

)**" ** )* -)2

*- - - *- 1)- /- - - )-

**-2-)/2-)-*-

**  ) )3)))

)) ) )  *   )  2

)  1 ,1  )  *

)) ) ) 2* -

 )  )-  ) ) * ) ) 

2 )  )/ * ) ) @)2 ) 

  AB

Table 1. Some common foods items and extraneous substances added into them.

Food and drink items adulterants Reason of adulteration

=/ .)-// 3)1

42 ?))-) 3)1

?) . -)/ 3))

?**  8) )2  3) /) 

7 9)-))) 3)1) )/2

#) ?)/  3))

#AB

2.5. Impacts of Adulteration

3*) ))/*  

 )2 * )* )  2 *    

) AB " ) * ) - 2) )*

*  )   *    ) 

*) ) 2) )/

)- ))- ))-  " )- ) ) *

*   ) )12  )  *)-

  )*)-  ) 

1=2-) )*>)-

%G8*?)?/) ))

) / ) ) 

)  )     ) AB #  

 )1)* ) )*)  )

) 2) ))/*) )) *)/ 

)1)   )

 56)3)) ())7)#/)  81425 )) (*5 )42 



)*)) AB

2.6. Detection Methods

3) )))2*)) 2)

 * 2 ) 2     

) )32)2) 2) 

 ))2)   ) )12 ) 

@ ))*)))>

))2) @ AB 42 ) ) ) ) 

 1) @

# @ ) * * )) ) )-

)  ) *  ) )

)23 ? ))-2)

)

;

?



? **))-

*   ) )2) 

)**1?*-!:3))2)@

))2 ))2))23C?-

) ))2 6? )  *) @ 

))24%C?5 1) @-))

*)  $"82 ) 8)) 2- )

)1 )) ) 1))  2  @))1 ) 

@))1 ))2 * *    )   ) -

- 1) * 2

3  * ) )  ) )  ) 

) )>1 )

2-*212

0*)2  )))   2-

))2))* **1 

) )0/))12)2-)

) ) 2  / )  )   -) 

) )2)12))

) 1*) )2

 

2.6.1. Quick Test Methods

) Disperse:3 )2))

)*)))/) )*) *2

)) )/"*2

- 1-*    )-  

*)  )7  **

 *2) ))  2

 +3 2 2) 

  )/ "*  2  -   

5 ) 2 ))/  

*)A!B

2.6.2. Isotopic Ratio (

"  ) ) -  ? )) ) 

) *  * ) ) 2" 

) ))

;

?



? **)

)-*2))2

) 3

;

?



?  )  ** 

2 )))) ) 

2 )A:B 7)   

2))2-)) 1  ?

;

?)1

)  7 2- ?



 4)L#)/ 2 )  ?5=

?))) )  )3 M

;

? 1) * 

;

?



?)*)-) )))1) ) 

1)1)2*N;;N*?

;

)-NN*?





)-*N  ;D * ?5= ))  2 

1)2) ) AB#)))

))2 #?"85)  ) ) 2-

) )> )

;

?



?OM

;

?N3#?"85

 ** ?



)) 

) ?

;

  ) A:B ?



 ) 2  )  )

))M

;

?)* 2 )  - 

)2 )**M

;

?))  2

"  )    )) ))2   

   3 )1) ) * )) *  

2;-));

AB52)  ) ) 

)*  ) !/* ))     

 ) . et al., ! 3 *) * M

;

? 

1*@)) -A:B

;

?N=

 

 

×

;

-  8O

;

?



?     

(M

;

?1)* **2)

*)1)22)))**

*) ) 2*)1)23 ) )

))* @*2

>1)A;;B

2.6.3. Gas Chromatography

6)))2 6?  ) @ ))2I

)) - ))  )  ))   2

 ) )12 )  12- ) 

*) )-)24+?#AB 6?)

    2 ) )   4+?#- ) ) 

)3@)) )*) ))

  6? ) *  @   4+?#

) )-)* 123 *

4+?#)2) (+5- ))/)

2)@2)) ) 

)  )) - )  )   )  

) 1)  @ A;;B (+5 )   )) 

)  *   ) ) *  

))I) A;B 3 )   ) *

)-*  )-) ) ))

1)*)) 1*1)

NLDN-   (+5 3 (+5   *  

 * ) 3

*(+54+?#) 1)2)*  2

6?41- )1  *(+5

2 ))*2)A;;B

2.6.4. Thin-layer Chromatography (TLC)

3)2))2) 

*))- *2 )1>-) 

2*))3)2))2

* )*)-)-)*-

) ))2*) ))-)2)-

)> ))-3)2*) 

/)))2)AB

5*))) )-)1

 "))<)*6)2 D



1>/)) )

)1) ))2 )7) ** ))2 ) 

3C?)) **)- ))  )1 3

 ) ) **  *  ))2

) + >)-  ) - ) 12 ) )-

))))) 3

))2  ) >-)  *

/*)5*>-

 ) 1)I -  @)*2    )

)1 2 )    1  2

) ))1 2)3)

) ) *))2)

3)) ) )*)8*#) 

22 22)

8* 1) )1 ;D 3 ) )  )  )

) ) *   )/ADB 3)

* **)  *  )22) 2- )

4%3C?    ) )2)   

*+6)) A;B

2.6.5. NIR Measurement System

.2*2 )2

) )  ))1)**   )*

2)231- *2

) ) ))    2 ) *) 

$"8 @ $"82 ) *@

1)) ) ) * 2 ) )    )  ) 

 1  )2  ) ) ) 

@@)2*2$"82 

  *)     $"8 )   ) *

D3  I )

))- ) 

@)*2*) )2)A;:B

2.6.6. Calorimetric Method

5) * (#?    2 *  

) ) )    2

) 2) )*@*))I

) )1 * 2 )  *  ** *

) )2) )  )*

)AB

2.6.7. Microscopic Detection

=))2*) ) 2))

> )2)-1)  )

'1)   )   

 * * ) )* 2  )

) AB32) * 

 2 ))*22

)) 1) )*

))) ")2-

 ))2 *  )2    2  )2

) ) ))1)/ 

**2*

3. Conclusion

42) )** ) )

)/-** -)  ,)

3))2)22) ) *

#*  ))) * -

)1)   *  *)) )

)5 )2))

>  )**  )   / 

3    )1  2 2 * /

)) 7)) )  2) - -

))  21 "

,))) )2?

)) )2 *2)  )2)) 

 *) ) 1 / 

)) 3 ) )     *2

) )   ) 2 2  > 3

) )   ) ) )  2 

2)I  ))2 5    )  )) *

**)  *2) ))

* 2    *)  )  **  

 32) * )

-) 1) )*

)   ,> ) )   

))*22)*

 42 ) )    * ) ) *

2 )  ))  @)2 )  )*2 3) 

1 2 1 )   2  2

) ) 1) *   2 )  )

2  2) 22

@)2 2    )  )   2

 ) ) )

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E42 >22**) 2  )  )2)  

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)1) )* **2*2-FNutr.

Res.-

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))) ))*2-FFood Chem.-

1;-!

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/     )  )  7  - .))- #

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ADB $5)-#-<)-S-()-5-5)-8-#-6) S)-

E5)2**  @)2) * ) ) * **

))T)22@))1))2*

* )*2-FJ Env Sci Toxicol Food Technoly-1!-

-

AB ,52I)-5) 7-E+ 5 )"?)) 

")-FFood Sci. Qual. Manag.-DD-D

A:B #7))-#-#-5-=))-=-=))-5S) S)-

E+  ) ) #- ) /- )  

 -F Crit. Rev. food Sci. Nutr.- 1 D: -  

:!-:

 56)3)) ())7)#/)  81425 )) (*5 )42 



A!B " $ " 87)-= )  9)2)-E$"8 2 )

) ))2)-FTrAC Trends Anal. Chem.-1

-D-

AB C%7 )1- #-8**-S )  ' - E%2)

 *))) **)2-Fa Rev.

Apidologie-1;D#-##:-

AB U V)- # 7- ,/W- 5 )  ?W/- E?)  )

;??*2)  *4+?#) )-F

Food Chem.-1D:-;-

AB $? )-?-+)-<%-?)7)-() #)II-

E5) * (#? ) )  * 2 *) 

))I)) ) ) <)*)

))2) )2-F1:-:-;

AB 4,?II-(-?)-,) #2-ER)2

* 2  *)  2 ) 1-F Appl.

Spectrosc. Rev.-1:-D;D;!-

A;B 8?)-,-.)/-%) ()2-E(2*) 

2"))78)5)-FCroft,

L. R.

AB C 8 ?*- E#)  ) 2  2

))2-FTrAC Trends Anal. Chem.-1!-

ADB 7  8 XYI- 6 '-  +- 7 #- +- 5 ) 

8 XYI-E?))I)*2  9I)-F

Food Chem.-1!-D-

AB < < )  % < (- C .- .- E6)@ 

))*2) )2*

-FJournal-Association Off. Anal. Chem.-1-

!!-:

A:B S %,*- C )  8)I/-E"1   *2

) )2) **- ) )

 ) *  )  )    )

) * ) ))2I ) )

2 )  @  ))2 ) )

-FApidologie,1;D--D:D!:-!

A!B +$-E$3-FAdulterated Honey times-!

AB S 6- E3 ) )  I2  *

" ) 2-FMadras Agric. Journal, 1 &&9"- -  

!:-;!

AB # 6-5-S)/-4-6)- 5 9- ' -4-

,/-() 72/-E(*) ) 2  

2 2 5 *) C  *  **

1*) ))?;) ?)2

2))))2-FFood Chem.-1DD-

DD-

AB # 4- + <- #/- ( 5 )  ?- E% *

")5)2-FCengage Learn.-1 --

:

AB 8<-E42) )), =%T

<8-FHoney Heal. I First DBRA Cardiff,;-

A;B 8S)/-=-#-5 5-=-5 S) =))1))-

E$3-FJ. Chem. %). Res. J. Chem-1 ; - 

;-

AB 4S/1-<(-#)-=-3) )-S) =)) )-

E=  * ) ) * 2  )

)) )) -FApidologie,1-

;;-D

ADB "S-E#1)2)) *

 *   )   ) )  2-F

Journal-Association Off. Anal. Chem.- 1  -  

:-:

AB = =2)- C )  ,)- E42 T2 ) )

)1"% "))?

,) + -FAthens, Greece, Elsevier Procedia-

19;-:;L-

A:B <#%) 1)-6<-(<-(-8 -C%) =)-

E(*) )*)2)2

;??  )-F Food Chem.- 1 ! -  

;;;-;

A!B < %)) /)- = = )  " )2))- E() ) 

)*)* ) )1 22+38))

2-FFood Chem.-1:-;;-

AB 5%I5@Z-?-?-%-5[-5-<)- 3) 

4)-ER)21))*#))28)

**)2-FFood Chem.-1D -:-



A;B $$%I)-9) 3)-E5 1)2) )

-FFood Saf. Mag-1D--

A;B ?%)-5-4-5) ?-E5)*)2

1  )  1) )  *) )2

))     2 ) )-F J.

Chromatogr. A-1:-;;D-;

A;B ,+'8-8('8-=\-,3- )#1)?)-

?-=-= C6-<]-??)  <-E(

*2) )**22C+ 

$)=)8)C+4$=8-F J. Food Eng.-

1;D-;;-

A;;B " 8I=)- 5 "- #)- 5 ?- #)I- = C ) 

=)^I?)- E?))I) * ) ) #)

 )2) )2 )6?L=#))2-FJ.

food Compos. Anal.-1;;-;;:-

A;B + #)- S )  3)- E(* )2   

)  )  2) *-F Biosci.

Biotechnol. Biochem.-1:-;;:-

A;DB 5#)>)-#-6))-#) #))-E%2)-)

)  )> )  *  " ) 2-F Food

Chem.-1!-;;:-

A;B 5 #))- 5- 7))- $- 6)- 5 )  #)>)- E+ 

5 )-F:

A;:B <#1)/)1)-# )  " )2))-E()*) 

)@> *) 2-FAppl. Eng.

Agric.-1D-D;-

A;!B =3-E(*) )2))  

1) ) 2  ;??  ) ))2

 -F Food Chem.- 1 ;! L;-   ;-

;

A;B . .- < .- =2- 8- %- < )  4- E#)

)))2-FJ. Apic. Res.-1D;-

!!D-!

AB 7 ( . ))- 4 . )  5)- E3 ,> *

5 )*# + )7)()-,)F

CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OF BEES IN QUR’AN

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Qur’an surah An-Nahl verses 68 and 69 provide information about the nature of bees and their benefits for human life. Allah inspires bees to build nests and find food in trees, mountains, and places made by humans. This study aims to examine scientific information on bees in Surah An-Nahl verses 68 and 69. The research method is library research. The results showed that bees in Surah An-Nahl verses 68 and 69 produce honey, have a good life, have great teamwork, and give benefits to human life. Bee gives people good role models for human society, teamwork, and lifestyle. In science, bees produce pheromone chemical compounds that play a role in communication between bees in the colony. The pheromones produced by the queen bee can regulate the male bees and worker bees to be loyal to the queen bee and carry out their duties well. Qur’an Surah An-Nahl verses 68 and 69 give us information about the bee and honey. Allah gives a message to people to live like a bee to have a good social, good lifestyle, don’t destroy the environment, and give benefits to people like honey. Rasullullah advised us to consume honey for treatment. Honey functions as an antioxidant, anticancer, and energy source, healthy heart, control sugar level, and maintain a healthy body. Bee food is nectar, good nectar will produce high-quality honey. Chemical compounds that are often found in honey like glucose, flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, and glycoside.

DNA Based Molecular Detection Methods of Biological Adulterations in Commercial Teas: Successes and Obstacles

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Extra to water, tea is the broadly consumable hot beverage in the biosphere. People drink more tea than coffee, cold drinks, dairy products, and alcohol combined. Availability does not effectively order the dried plant pieces, which are utilized to make tea. Numerous cases of food adulteration have been recorded in many countries, including India. This has taken to the creation of a new discipline of science, known as ‘green criminology’, to compensate violations of food law. Over the years, new techniques for identifying food adulteration have been developed Here we reviewed different standard DNA based molecular techniques to analyze their performance in identifying tea constituents. Originally, these were sensory techniques, which proved unreliable. Later, physical analysis of the product was done based on data on the label and microscopic evaluation. Later methods, based on the identification of lipids and proteins, were also not accurate due to biochemical changes during processing. These problems provoked scientists to get an interest in the potential of DNA testing. Due to the stability of DNA and the universal applicability of DNA-based methods for all cells, they are ideal for use in practice. Currently, the most reliable test for detecting food adulteration is Bar-HRM, as it is a highly sensitive and specific technique. Broad scale endorsement of the plant’s DNA barcoding may require systems that spot the journey brings about point of view of common plant species names and character for separate firmly close gatherings.

Physicochemical Properties and Detection of Glucose Syrup Adulterated Kelulut (Heterotrigona Itama) Honey Using Near‐Infrared Spectroscopy

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In this study, the physicochemical properties and the precision of adulterated honey detection by NIRS were assessed. A total of 11 adulteration ratio samples were produced with glucose syrup. The ash and moisture content of the honey samples were found to be in accordance with the Malaysian Standard, including all adulterated ones. The pH value and HMF content complied with the standard except for the pH of 100% adulterated honey and HMF content of 30 – 100% adulteration. NIR spectra were scanned at 900 – 1700 nm, 1,848 spectra were recorded, and the data was pre‐processed to reduce the unwanted spectral interference. Chemometric techniques and machine learning were used as prediction tools for adulteration levels. This includes principal component analysis (PCA), k‐nearest neighbours (kNN) and random forest. The accuracy of the prediction samples was above 90%. Hence, this was satisfactory for rapid detection of Kelulut honey adulteration.

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Jun 2015
CRIT REV FOOD SCI

Adulteration in food has been a concern since the beginning of civilization, as it not only decreases the quality of food products but also results in a number of ill effects on health. Authentic testing of food and adulterant detection of various food products is required for value assessment and to assure consumer protection against fraudulent activities. Through this review we intend to compile different types of adulterations made in different food items, the health risks imposed by these adulterants and detection methods available for them. Concerns about food safety and regulation have ensured the development of various techniques like physical, biochemical/ immunological and molecular techniques, for adulterant detection in food. Molecular methods are more preferable when it comes to detection of biological adulterants in food, although physical and biochemical techniques are preferable for detection of other adulterants in food.

The Extent of Adulteration of Selected Foods at Bahir Dar, Ethiopia

Research

Full-text available

Apr 2015

This paper discribes the extent of adulteration of different kinds of foods in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia.

Analysis of Food quality and Food Adulterants from Different Departmental & Local Grocery Stores by Qualitative Analysis for Food Safety

Article

Full-text available

Jan 2014

Abstract: Food is one of the basic needs for every living being and very important aspect for life. But now day’s foods are affected by different adulterants. Adulteration is a substance which reduces the vital importance of food. Some of the common adulterants are mineral oils, argemone oils, castor oils in edible oils; vanaspathi, mashed potato in ghee; invert sugar or jiggery in honey, kesari dal, lead chromate in pulses etc. which can leads to Epidemic dropsy, Glaucoma, Cardiac arrest, Lathyrism (crippling spastic paraplegia), Anemia, abortion, paralysis, brain damage, cancer etc. The aim is to evaluate the presence of adulterant from daily uses food materials like Milk , Butter, Edible oil, Honey, Pulses, Wheat Flour, Black Pepper, Chilli powder, Coffee powder which we collected from different departmental and local grocery stores and checked the presence of individual adulterants by biochemical qualitative analysis. The colour change of the sample indicate the according to the reagents is indicates the presence of different adulterants. This information can help to grow the food safety and also people can be aware about the food brands for a healthy life. Keywords: Food, adulterants, Milk , Butter, Edible oil, Honey, Pulses, Wheat Flour, Black Pepper, Chilli powder, Coffee powder.

Principles of instrumental analysis

Article

Jan 2007

Sugars Containing Galactose Occur in Honey

Article

Jan 1986

Analysis of 87 honey samples for terminal galactose residues in the oligosaccharide fraction (‘bound galactose’) by a specific enzymic procedure showed that all samples contained this entity. The average value for 81 honeys was 3·1 mg (as galactose) per 100 g honey. Beet sugar products averaged ten-fold higher. Raffinose is the only commonly-occurring sugar responding to the conditions of the analysis. Whether the raffinose is a nectar constituent or arises from traces of honeydew is not clear; it is possible that both contribute.

Determination of sugars in aqueous mixtures using mid-infrared Spectroscopy

Article

Sep 2000

The combination of mid-infrared (MIR) spectroscopy and multivariate statistics for determination of glucose, fructose, and sucrose in aqueous mixtures was investigated. Spectra of different samples were recorded in the MIR range between 400 and 4000 nm. Aqueous mixtures of 10, 20, and 40% total sugars with different combinations of glucose, fructose and sucrose were used for calibration and validation studies. Spectral wavenumber region from 700 to 1530 cm-1 was selected for Principal Component Regression (PCR) and Partial Least Square regression (PLS) to develop calibration models for sugar content determination (%, w/v) in liquid foods. Results from the PLS-1 (first derivative) models were slightly better than those obtained with other used calibration models. Merging of the 10, 20, and 40% calibration data into single calibration set enabled the prediction (average standard error of calibration, SEC = 0.34) of individual sugars in the entire range accurately. The squared correlation (R2) values for the calibrated models for glucose, fructose and sucrose were 0.997, 0.998, and 0.997, respectively, between the predicted values and actual values. The calibrations were successfully applied to predict sugar contents in complex mixtures and commercial beverages. Results indicated that fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy can be used for rapid detection of sugars in complex mixtures.

Detection of honey adulteration of High Fructose Corn Syrup by Low field Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (LF 1H NMR)

Article

Aug 2014
J FOOD ENG

Carbon isotope ratio (13C/12C) of pine honey and detection of HFCS adulteration

Article

Aug 2014
FOOD CHEM

Carbon isotope ratio (13C/12C = δ13C) of 100 pine honey samples collected from 9 different localities by Mugla region (Turkey) in years 2006, 2007 and 2008 were investigated. The δ13Cprotein value of honey samples ranged between −23.7 and −26.6‰, while the δ13Choney value varied between −22.7 and −27‰. For 90% of the samples, the difference in the C isotope ratio of protein and honey fraction (δ13Cpro–δ13Chon) was −1.0‰ and/or higher. Therefore, it can be said that the generally anticipated minimum value of C isotope difference (−1.0‰) for honey is also valid for pine honey. On the other hand, C4 sugar value (%), which was calculated from the δ13Cpro–δ13Chon difference, was found to be linearly correlated with the amount of adulterant (HFCS) in pine honey. These results indicate that C4 sugar value is a powerful criteria for detecting HFCS adulteration in pine honey. The δ13Choney and δ13Cprotein–δ13Choney values of the samples did not show any significant differences in terms of both year and locality (P > 0.05), while the δ13Cprotein values showed significant differences due to year (P < 0.05) but not due to locality (P > 0.05).

Detection of adulterated honey produced by honeybee (Apis mellifera L.) colonies fed with different levels of commercial industrial sugar (C3 and C4 plants) syrups by the carbon isotope ratio analysis

Article