CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS AND EXPOSURES ON RECREATIONAL BOATS UNDER VARIOUS OPERATING CONDITIONS

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CARBON MONOXIDE EMISSIONS AND EXPOSURES ON
RECREATIONAL BOATS UNDER VARIOUS OPERATING CONDITIONS
(Lake Norman, NC)
Alan Echt, M.P.H., C.I.H.
G. Scott Earnest, Ph.D., P.E., C.S.P.
Duane Hammond
Jane B. McCammon, M.S., C.I.H.
Leo M. Blade, M.S.E.E., C.I.H
Rebecca Valladares
REPORT DATE:
April 2003
REPORT NO.:
EPHB 171-31a
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
Division of Applied Research and Technology
4676 Columbia Parkway, MS - R5
Cincinnati, Ohio 45226

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Survey Sites: Lake Norman, North Carolina
SIC Code: N/A
Survey Dates: May 13-16, 2002
Employer Representatives Contacted: Mike Mills
Envirolift, Inc.
Dave James
Southeast Industrial Equipment, Inc.
Employee Representatives Contacted: None
Manuscript Edited by: Anne L. Votaw

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DISCLAIMER
Mention of any company or product does not constitute endorsement by the Centers for Disease
Control and Prevention (CDC), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

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Highlights of the NIOSH In-Depth Survey
Carbon Monoxide Emissions and Exposures on Recreational Boats Under Various
Operating Conditions (Lake Norman, NC)
At the request of the United States Coast Guard (USCG), National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
(NIOSH) researchers evaluated carbon monoxide (CO) exposures on 16 recreational boats on Lake Norman, North
Carolina. The boats were propelled by gasoline-powered engines; the cabin cruisers also used gasoline-powered
generators to provide electricity. This study was performed for the USCG to better understand how CO poisoning
can occur on recreational boats and to identify the most hazardous conditions. Exposures to high CO concentrations
on recreational boats are the result of many factors; including an individual's location; type and make of boat;
relative wind speed and direction; engine size and design; and the influence U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
regulations have had on engine design.
What NIOSH Did
- NIOSH researchers conducted air sampling
for CO and made wind and boat speed
measurements on 16 different recreational
boats.
- Data were collected to evaluate CO exposures
on and near the boats, under various operating
conditions.
- Wind velocity measurements were collected
using ultrasonic anemometers or hand-held
wind meters.
- CO concentrations were measured at various
locations on the boats (and on a pole held over
the water behind the boats) using ToxiUltra
atmospheric monitors with CO sensors.
- CO concentrations were also measured with
detector tubes, emissions analyzers, and
evacuated containers in the vicinity of the drive
engine and/or generator exhaust outlet.
What NIOSH Found
- CO concentrations, as measured by three
separate methods (i.e., real-time instruments,
evacuated containers, and detector tubes),
indicated concentrations approaching or
exceeding the NIOSH IDLH value of 1,200
ppm for many boats.
- CO concentrations were highest during cold
starts and during operation of gasoline-powered
engines when the boat is stationary.
- CO exposures tend to decrease as wind speeds
increase.
- For any given engine under stationary
conditions, measured CO concentrations were
directly related to the CO sensor's proximity to
the engine's exhaust. CO concentrations near
the boat's stern were typically the highest, while
the CO concentrations measured inside the boat
and on the pole behind the boat were
substantially lower.
- CO data for boats underway show that hazardous
exposures may occur under certain conditions. As
the speed of a boat increases, the CO exposure
typically decreases.
Conclusion
This study showed that stationary operations and operating at speeds less that 5 mph near the stern of the boat appear
to be most hazardous. The data collected show that nearly 90% of the evaluated boat engines produced hazardous
CO concentrations, and CO poisoning could occur. Manufacturers, owners, and users of recreational boats should be
aware of the potential for CO poisoning from gasoline-powered engines.

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Under an interagency agreement with the United States Coast Guard, National Institute for
Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) researchers evaluated carbon monoxide (CO)
exposures on 16 recreational boats on Lake Norman, NC, including ski boats, cabin cruisers,
bow riders, deck boats, and personal watercraft. Most of the evaluated boats were speed boats or
cabin cruisers, ranging in age from new to 13 years old. These boats were propelled by gasoline-
powered engines; the cabin cruisers also used gasoline-powered generators to provide electricity.
This investigation followed a series of recent studies to reduce CO exposures and poisonings on
houseboats. Epidemiologic investigations found that from 1990 to 2000, 111 CO poisonings
occurred on Lake Powell, located in the Glen Canyon National Recreation Area in Utah and
Arizona. Seventy-four of the poisonings occurred on houseboats and 37 poisonings occurred on
other types of recreational boats. NIOSH researchers are aware of 106 CO poisonings associated
with recreational boats (non-houseboats) nationwide.
This study was performed for the U.S. Coast Guard to better understand how CO poisonings can
occur on recreational boats and to identify the most hazardous conditions. Boats were evaluated
while stationary and at multiple speeds. CO concentrations were measured by multiple real-time
instruments, which were placed at different locations on the boats and at various distances
behind the boat while moving.
Study results indicated that stationary conditions were generally the most hazardous; however,
many boats had elevated CO concentrations near the rear deck while moving. Most of the
evaluated boats generated hazardous CO concentrations: peak CO concentrations often
exceeded 1,000 parts per million (ppm), while average CO concentrations were well over 100
ppm at the stern (rear).
Elimination of gasoline-powered marine engines without emissions controls could dramatically
reduce the likelihood of CO poisonings related to recreational boats. Development and use of
emission control technologies such as catalytic converters and emission control devices (ECDs),
and greater use of cleaner-burning drive engines and generators could minimize the future
number of CO poisonings in the marine environment.

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BACKGROUND
On May 13 through 16, 2002, researchers from the National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health (NIOSH) evaluated carbon monoxide (CO) emissions and exposures on a variety of
recreational boats on Lake Norman, North Carolina. This evaluation was conducted under an
interagency agreement between the U.S. Coast Guard Office of Boating Safety and NIOSH to
gather information about the extent of CO emissions and exposures that may occur on recreational
boats in use in the United States. A cross-section of recreational boats were evaluated including
bow riders, cabin cruisers, and personal watercraft. Each of the evaluated boats were propelled by
gasoline-powered engines. The cabin cruisers evaluated also had gasoline-powered generators to
provide electrical power for onboard appliances. This report provides background information and
describes the NIOSH study methods, results, conclusions, and recommendations. A similar NIOSH
study was conducted on Lake Mead and Lake Powell. The results of that study were presented in a
separate report [Earnest et al. 2003].
This investigation of CO exposures on recreational boats followed a series of studies related to
carbon monoxide exposures and poisonings on houseboats. Initial investigations of CO exposure
and poisonings on houseboats began at Lake Powell in September and October 2000. During these
investigations, hazardous CO concentrations were measured on numerous houseboats [Hall and
McCammon 2000; McCammon and Radtke 2000]. Epidemiologic investigations revealed that
from 1990 to 2000, 111 CO poisoning cases occurred on Lake Powell. Seventy-four of the
poisonings occurred on houseboats, and 37 poisonings occurred on other types of recreational boats
[McCammon et al. 2001]. A substantial amount of work has been done to evaluate engineering
controls for CO on houseboats, but less effort has been expended to understand the extent of the CO
hazard on other types of recreational boats.
The question remained, how and why did 37 CO poisonings occur on non-houseboats and how
typical is this of other U.S. bodies of water? Overall, 106 CO poisonings are known to have
occurred on or near recreational boats (non-houseboats). Forty-two of these poisonings occurred at
Lake Powell and 64 occurred on other waters.
The severity and extent of these poisonings (described below) led to a number of questions, such as:
- Where is it safe on the boat?
- Is it safe to pull my children (or grandchildren) behind the boat on a tube?
- How long should the rope be?
- Under what conditions is it safe to sit in the rear seat?
The current study was intended to provide a better understanding of the CO exposures that occur on
recreational boats and to identify the most hazardous conditions. Collection of environmental data
was vital to this effort, by testing the variability between different kinds of boats, engines, and
design features. These data will be used to develop mathematical models to more fully answer
some of the above questions.
CO Poisonings Outside the Cabin Area of Recreational Boats (Non-houseboats)

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At Lake Powell, since 1990, 3 deaths and 22 non-fatal poisonings have occurred outside of any
enclosure on (non-houseboat) recreational boats, such as ski boats and cabin cruisers. The first
person died while sitting in the driver’s side transom seat, near the exhaust ports, while the boat
pulled a personal watercraft at about 10 miles per hour (mph), for approximately 45 minutes.
The second fatal poisoning was an 18-year-old ski-boat passenger who died while “teak
surfing”— a common water activity where a passenger, grasping boat handles and resting their
upper torso on the boat’s teakwood platform, is pulled behind the speeding boat [McCammon et
al. 2001]. In this case, after only one to two minutes, one of three teak surfers lost
consciousness, sank beneath the surface, and died. An autopsy revealed a carboxyhemoglobin
(COHb) level of 57%, and NIOSH calculated that his exposure ranged from 9,000 to 27,000
parts per million (ppm). The third fatal poisoning was a 9-year-old girl playing in shallow water,
at the rear of a cabin cruiser, near the terminus of the exhaust of a gasoline-powered 5 kW
generator [McCammon et al. 2002].
Another fatal poisoning occurred in a recreational boat, which had a cockpit enclosed by a
canvas roof and side walls, but was open at the back. The victim was driving this boat and
towing a second. After an estimated 10-30 minutes, all four occupants lost consciousness. The
boat eventually beached itself and the engine stopped upon running out of gas, and twelve hours
later, the three passengers awoke to find the driver dead. Autopsy results indicated that the
COHb concentration for the victim was 53%.
Of the 21 non-fatal CO poisonings occurring outside the cabin area of recreational boats, 11
resulted in loss of consciousness. All but 1 of the 22 outdoor recreational boat poisonings were
associated with exposures to emissions from gasoline-powered propulsion engines: 10
passengers were riding in the back of a moving boat; 4 were in a boat being towed by another
boat; 3 were teak surfing (2 of these involved the teak surfing fatality described above); 1 lost
consciousness as he occupied the swim platform; 1 was on the swim platform playing with a
shower device that drew water from the operating propulsion engine; and 2 were in the water.
Exposure duration was documented for 14 of these cases: 3 were exposed to engine exhaust for
less than 10 minutes; 5 were exposed for 10 to 60 minutes; and 6 were exposed for greater than
60 minutes.
On other bodies of water, 38 boat-related CO poisonings (18 fatal and 20 non-fatal) have been
reported outside the cabin area of recreational boats (non-houseboat). Investigative and/or
medical records were obtained for 37 of these cases. Four of the outdoor poisonings occurred on
or near cabin-cruisers and 32 occurred on or near ski boats. Twenty-three of the 38 poisonings
occurred while the boat was underway (again, outside any enclosure), and 12 occurred while the
boat was stationary. Twenty-seven of these 38 poisonings were related to occupancy of the
swim platform or swim step at the rear of the boat. Five of these people were swimming behind
stationary recreational boats when poisoned, and six were seated on the transoms or in the rear
seats of the boats.
CO Poisonings Inside the Cabin Area of Recreational Boats (Non-houseboats)

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Indoor CO poisonings have long been recognized as a problem on boats and in automobiles and
buildings. Since 1990, a total of 84 CO poisonings have been reported as occurring inside the
enclosed cabin area of recreational boats. Seventeen of these poisonings resulted in death (1 at Lake
Powell and 16 on other bodies of water). Nineteen non-fatal poisonings inside recreational boats at
Lake Powell and 48 on other bodies of water have been reported. The U.S. Coast Guard has records
of additional watercraft indoor poisonings in their database.
Carbon Monoxide Symptoms and Exposure Limits
CO is a lethal poison, produced when fuels such as gasoline or propane are burned. It is one of
many chemicals found in the exhaust from internal combustion engines, which results from
incomplete combustion. Because CO is a colorless, odorless, and tasteless gas, it may overcome the
exposed person without warning. The initial symptoms of CO poisoning may include headache,
dizziness, drowsiness, or nausea. Symptoms may advance to vomiting, loss of consciousness, and
collapse if prolonged or high exposures are encountered. If the exposure level is high, loss of
consciousness can occur without other symptoms. Coma or death may occur if high exposures
continue [NIOSH 1972; NIOSH 1977a; NIOSH 1977b]. The display of symptoms varies widely
from individual to individual, and may occur sooner in susceptible individuals such as young or aged
people, people with preexisting lung or heart disease, or those living at high altitudes [Hathaway et
al 1996; ACGIH 2001; NIOSH 2002].
Exposure to CO limits the ability of blood to carry oxygen to tissues because it binds with
hemoglobin to form COHb. Blood has an estimated 210-250 times greater affinity for CO than
oxygen; thus, the presence of CO in the blood can interfere with oxygen uptake and delivery to the
body [Forbes et al. 1945].
Although NIOSH typically focuses on occupational safety and health issues, the Institute is a public
health agency, and cannot ignore the overlapping exposure concerns between marine workers and
boat passengers in this type of setting. NIOSH researchers have done a considerable amount of
work related to controlling CO exposures in the past [NIOSH 1996; Earnest et al. 1997; Kovein et
al. 1998].
Exposure Criteria
Occupational criteria for CO exposure are applicable to U.S. National Park Service (USNPS) and
concessionaire employees who have been shown to be at risk of boat-related CO poisoning. The
occupational exposure limits noted below should not be used for interpreting general population
exposures (such as visitors engaged in boating activities) because occupational standards do not
provide the same degree of protection to the general public as they do for the healthy worker
population. The effects of CO are more pronounced in a shorter time if the exposed individual is
physically active, very young, very old, or has preexisting health conditions such as lung or heart
disease. Persons at extremes of age and those with underlying health conditions may have marked
symptoms and may suffer serious complications at lower levels of carboxyhemoglobin.
Standards relevant to the general population take these factors into consideration, and are listed
following the occupational exposure limits.

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The NIOSH Recommended Exposure Limit (REL) for occupational exposures to CO gas in air is
35 parts per million (ppm) for full shift time-weighted average (TWA) exposure, and a ceiling limit
of 200 ppm, which should never be exceeded [CDC 1988]. The NIOSH REL of 35 ppm is designed
to protect workers from health effects associated with COHb levels in excess of 5% [Kales 1993].
NIOSH has established the immediately dangerous to life and health (IDLH) value for CO as 1,200
ppm [NIOSH 2002]. The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH®)
recommends an 8-hour TWA threshold limit value (TLV®) for occupational exposures of 25 ppm
[ACGIH 2001] and discourages exposures above 125 ppm for more than 30 minutes during a
workday. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) permissible exposure limit
(PEL) for CO is 50 ppm for an 8-hour TWA exposure [ 29 CFR 1910.1000 (1997)].
Health Criteria Relevant to the General Public
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated a National Ambient Air Quality
Standard (NAAQS) for CO. This standard requires that ambient air contain no more than 9 ppm CO
for an 8-hour TWA, and 35 ppm for a 1-hour average [EPA 2003]. The NAAQS for CO was
established to protect “the most sensitive members of the general population” by maintaining
increases in carboyhemoglobin to less than 2.1%.
The World Health Organization (WHO) have recommended guideline values and periods of time-
weighted average exposures related to CO exposure in the general population [WHO 2000]. WHO
guidelines are intended to ensure that COHb levels do not exceed 2.5% when a normal subject
engages in light or moderate exercise. Those guidelines are:
- 100 mg/m3 (87 ppm) for 15 minutes
- 60 mg/m3 (52 ppm) for 30 minutes
- 30 mg/m3 (26 ppm) for 1 hour
- 10 mg/m3 (9 ppm) for 8 hours
METHODS
NIOSH investigators conducted air sampling for CO and made wind velocity measurements on 16
different recreational boats on May 13-16, 2002. The boats evaluated were built by several
manufacturers, including Malibu Boats, Crownline Boats, Thunderbird Products, Silverton Marine,
Bombardier Recreational Products, Carver Boat, and Sea Ray Boats. The boats ranged in age from
new to 13 years old. Drive engines and generators on the boats also had a wide range of ages. Drive
engines used on the evaluated boats were manufactured by Chevrolet, Mercury Marine, Volvo, and
others. The five evaluated cabin cruisers and one of the sport cruisers also had generator sets. The
generators were manufactured by Kohler and Quicksilver. Data were collected to evaluate the CO
emitted by the engines and to evaluate CO exposures on and near the boats, operating under various
conditions.
Brief descriptions of the boats and their drive engines and generators are provided below.
Description of the Recreational Boats Evaluated

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1. Boat: Malibu Escape, Malibu Boats, Merced, CA
23 LSV (luxury sport vee)
Engine: Chevrolet Monsoon 350 CID
Approximate dimensions: 22'6" long, 7'6" wide
2. Boat: Crownline Model 225 BR, Crownline Boats, Inc. West Frankfort, IL
22 ft bowrider
Engine: Mercruiser Model MCM 5.7L (350 CID) EFI V-8
Approximate dimensions: 22'5" long, 8'6" wide
3. Boat: Formula 41 PC, Thunderbird Products, Decatur, IN
41 ft cabin cruiser
Engine: Two Mercruiser 502 CID
Approximate dimensions: 43'1" long, 13'6" wide
Generator: 7.3 kW Kohler with ECD
4. Boat: Silverton 410 Sport, Silverton Marine, Millville, NJ
Sport Bridge Cabin Cruiser
Engine: Twin 8.1L MPI/425 HP Crusader
Approximate dimensions:46'3" long, 14'3" wide
Generator: 7.3 kW Kohler
5. Boat: Formula 370 SS, Thunderbird Products, Decatur, IN
37 ft Sports Cruiser
Engine: Twin 496 CID Mercruiser FI
Approximate dimensions: 37'1" long, 10'9" wide
Generator: 7.3 kW Kohler
6. Boat: Formula Fas3tech 312, Thunderbird Products, Decatur, IN
31 ft Sports Cruiser
Engine: Twin 350 CID Mercruiser MPI
Approximate dimensions: 31'2" long, 8'3" wide
7. Boat: Formula 260 SS, Thunderbird Products, Decatur, IN
26 ft sport cruiser
Engine: 6.2 L Mercruiser MPI
Approximate dimensions: 26' long, 8'6" wide
8. Boat: Crownline 270, Crownline Boats, Inc.,West Frankfort, IL
26 ft bowrider
Engine: 8.1 L GI Volvo Penta
Approximate dimensions: 26'1" long, 8'6" wide
9. Boat: Bombardier Seadoo, Bombardier Recreational Products
Personal water craft

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Engine: unknown
10. Boat: Crownline 239 DB, Crownline Boats, Inc., West Frankfort, IL
23 ft deckboat
Engine: 5.0 L Mercruiser Fuel Injected
Approximate dimensions: 23'9" long, 8'6" wide
11. Boat: Malibu Sunsetter, Malibu Boats, Merced, CA
21 ft SV (sport vee)
Engine: Malibu Vortec 310 hp carbureted
Approximate dimensions: 21' long, 7'9" wide
12. Boat: Formula 280 BR, Thunderbird Products, Decatur, IN
28 ft bowrider
Engine: two 5.7 L Volvo Penta GSI
Approximate dimensions: 28' long, 9'2" wide
13. Boat: Malibu Wakesetter, Malibu Boats, Merced, CA
21 ft SV (sport vee)
Engine: Chevy Vortec Monsoon 350 CID
Approximate dimensions: 21' long, 7'9" wide
14. Boat: Carver 3395 Mariner, Carver Boat Corporation, LLC
Cabin Cruiser
Engine: twin 350 CID OMC engines
Generator: Kohler
15. Boat: 1990 SeaRay Sundancer 310, Sea Ray Boats, Inc., Knoxville, TN
33 ft Cabin Cruiser
Engine: Twin Mercury 350 cu in
Generator: Quicksilver 5 kW
16. Boat: Malibu Sunsetter, Malibu Boats, Merced, CA
with transom shower (same as 11)
Two primary differences between automobile engines and marine engines used in recreational boats
are related to the cooling and exhaust systems. The cooling system in an automobile engine is a
closed loop, with an air-to-water radiator. In contrast, marine engines are open-loop, drawing sea or
lake water into the engine’s water pump. The second major difference between automobile and
marine engines is that marine engines use water-cooled exhaust manifolds to mix water with exhaust
gases for cooling. The objective is to keep all surface temperatures within the boat below 200 "F.
In contrast, automobile engines do not add water to the engine exhaust.
For the boats that had generators, the hot exhaust gases from the generators were typically injected
with water near the end of the exhaust manifold in a process commonly called “water-jacketing.”

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Water-jacketing is used for exhaust cooling and noise reduction. Because the generator sits below
the waterline, the water-jacketed exhaust passed through a lift muffler that further reduced noise and
forced the exhaust gases and water up and out through a hole near the stern of the vessel.
Description of the Evaluation Equipment
Emissions from the generator and drive engines were characterized using a Ferret Instruments
(Cheboygan, MI) Gaslink LT Five Gas Emissions Analyzer and a KAL Equipment (Cleveland,
Ohio) Model 5000 Four Gas Emissions Analyzer. Both analyzers measure CO, carbon dioxide
(CO2), hydrocarbons, and oxygen. The five gas analyzer also measures nitrogen oxides (NOx). All
measurements are expressed as percentages except hydrocarbons and NOx which are presented in
parts per million (ppm). [One percent of contaminant is equivalent to 10,000 ppm.]
CO concentrations were measured at various locations on the boats using ToxiUltra Atmospheric
Monitors (Biosystems, Middletown, CT) with CO sensors. The ToxiUltra CO monitors were
calibrated before and after use according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. These monitors
are direct-reading instruments with data logging capabilities. The instruments were operated in the
passive diffusion mode, with a 15-30 second sampling interval. The instruments have a nominal
range from 0 ppm to 999 ppm.
CO concentrations were also measured with detector tubes (Draeger A.G.,Lubeck, Germany) in the
vicinity of the drive engine and/or generator exhaust outlet. The detector tubes are used by drawing
air through the tube with a bellows-type pump. The resulting length of the stain in the tube
(produced by a chemical reaction with a sorbent in the tube) is proportional to the concentration of
the contaminant in the air sample.
Grab samples were collected using Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA) 50-mL glass
evacuated containers. These samples were collected by snapping open the top of the glass container
and allowing the air to enter. The containers were then sealed with wax–impregnated MSHA caps.
The samples were then sent by overnight delivery to the MSHA laboratory in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania, where they were analyzed for CO using a HP6890 gas chromatograph equipped with
dual columns (molecular sieve and porapak) and thermal conductivity detectors.
Wind velocity measurements were collected when the boats were stationary using ultrasonic
anemometers: 3D Anemometer Model 1210R3 and 2D Anemometer Model 1390 (Gill Instruments
Ltd., Hampshire, U.K.). Measurements of air velocity with respect to the boat were made when the
boats were underway using the same instruments. These instruments use a basic time-of-flight
operating principle that depends upon the dimensions and geometry of an array of transducers.
Transducer pairs alternately transmit and receive pulses of high frequency ultrasound. The time-of-
flight of the ultrasonic waves are measured and recorded, and this time is used to calculate wind
velocities. Hand-held multi-directional impeller wind meters were also used during the survey.
(Skywatch Meteos, JDC Electronic SA, Yverdon-les-Bains, Switzerland).
Description of Procedures
Evaluations were conducted on various boats and involved teams of two or three people. Each team

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also included a person from the collaborating organization to steer the boats, start the engines, and
provide mechanical assistance when necessary. Evaluations were conducted over several days.
Following each day of data collection, NIOSH researchers downloaded data and recalibrated
instruments. Two to four boats were typically evaluated per day. For small ski boats, evaluations
were fairly quick and required only one or two hours. For larger cabin cruisers equipped with a
generator and drive engines, evaluations required more time. Most of the evaluations included both
stationary and underway conditions. During the evaluations of the larger boats the generator alone
was operated for approximately 30 minutes, followed by both drive engines and the generator in an
operating mode for another 15 minutes. Cold start emissions were also evaluated during the
stationary tests.
Boat emissions were evaluated while underway at three or four different speeds. These data are
particularly important for ski boats and other boats that pull people in the water. Boat speeds
typically included idle speed, one or two midrange speeds, and open throttle. Boat speed was
measured using a global positioning system (GPS) receiver (Meridian Marine, model 980598-04,
Magellan Consumer Products, Thales Navigation, Santa Clara, CA). When boats were underway,
the North heading on the wind monitors were pointed to the front of the boat. With this orientation
they measured wind speed over the bow when the boat moved forward and there was no cross-wind.
The ToxiUltra CO monitors were placed at various locations on the boats (typically three across the
stern or swim platform, placed starboard, port, and amidships; two in the cockpit, starboard and port,
and one near the driver’s seat). These positions were selected to collect representative samples at
locations where people might be seated while a boat is underway, and because emissions typically
originate in the stern. In addition, 3 or 4 monitors were attached to a telescoping rod at intervals of
approximately 2 feet and held over the water by a NIOSH investigator seated in the stern of the boat,
so that the outermost monitor was approximately 12 feet behind the boat. Monitors over the water
were partially wrapped in plastic to protect them from the water. The emissions analyzer was used
to measure high CO concentrations near the boats’ sterns.
RESULTS
Results of Air Sampling with ToxiUltra CO Monitors
Summary statistics for the data collected with the Toxiultra CO monitors is shown in Tables 1
through 23 of the Appendix. These tables are organized so that the sample location is designated
along the left-hand column and the operating conditions are listed across the top row. For each
sample location and condition a CO mean, standard deviation, sample number and peak
concentration is reported. The values in the tables are rounded to the nearest whole number. Carbon
monoxide concentrations exceeding 1,000 ppm in Tables 1 through 23 of the Appendix indicate that
the upper limit of the ToxiUltra monitor’s range was reached and the exact CO concentration and
duration of exposure at that level are uncertain.
ToxiUltra CO Samples while the Boats were Stationary
Carbon monoxide concentrations measured on stationary boats were generally high. Peak CO
concentrations commonly reached and exceeded the upper limit of the ToxiUltra CO monitor’s

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range of 1,000 ppm. The mean CO concentrations measured near the stern of many boats ranged
from 500 to 1,000 ppm.
Carbon monoxide concentrations measured inside stationary boats were much lower than those
measured near the stern. One of the most dramatic differences was found on the Formula 370 SS
(Appendix, Table 2). Although mean CO concentrations measured on the lower rear deck of the
Formula 370 SS ranged from approximately 90 to 140 ppm at 1800 rpm, the mean CO
concentrations measured in the interior of the boat were 15 ppm or less. Several of the boats had
mean CO concentrations measured at interior locations of less than 20 ppm. There were a few boats
that had higher interior concentrations. For example, the Crownline 225 BR (Appendix, Table 7)
had mean CO concentrations of 104-179 ppm at the driver’s seat with the engine running.
ToxiUltra CO Samples while the Boat was Underway
Air sampling data were collected while the boats were underway, resulting in generally lower
concentrations than those measured while the boats were stationary. CO concentrations measured
on the boats tended to fall as the boats began to move and the speed increased. CO concentrations
were measured in three areas:
- On or near the rear deck of the boat
- Inside the boat
- On a pole at various distances 8 to 12 feet behind the boat
CO concentrations measured on or near the sterns and rear decks of the boats were considerably
higher than those measured either on the pole behind the boat or inside of the boat. For example, the
Carver 3395 Mariner Cabin Cruiser with twin 350 CID OMC engines (Appendix, Table 13) had
mean CO concentrations near the rear deck of at least 1,100 ppm at a speed of approximately 20
miles per hour. These values compare to CO concentrations ranging from 184 to 211 ppm 8 to 12
feet behind the boat and 2 to 27 ppm at the interior of the boat. Under most conditions, it appears
that the concentrations measured eight to twelve feet behind the boat were slightly higher than the
CO concentrations measured inside the boat.
As boat speeds increased, CO concentrations at all locations tended to fall. However, this observed
trend did not occur all of the time, as can be seen by closely examining the Tables in the Appendix.
A summary of average CO concentrations for four different boats is provided in Figures 1 through 4.
These figures present average carbon monoxide concentrations at various loactions and speeds for
the Formula 370 SS, Crownline 270, Formula 260 SS, and Malibu Escape, respectively. Review of
these tables and figures reveal several trends.
- Mean CO concentrations are typically highest across a boat’s stern.
- Mean CO concentrations measured behind the boat and inside the boat are much less than those
at the stern.
- Mean CO concentrations measured at all locations fall as the velocity of the boat increases.
Gas Emissions Analyzer, Detector Tubes, and Evacuated Container Results
Gas emissions analyzers, detector tubes, and glass evacuated containers were primarily used to

10
characterize CO concentrations in and near the exhaust. These instruments were used because they
are capable of reading higher CO concentrations than the ToxiUltra CO monitors, which have an
upper limit of approximately 1,000 ppm. Because of the exhaust configurations on the evaluated
boats (below or near the waterline in constricted areas), measurements were not made directly in the
engine exhaust. Instead, samples with these instruments were collected as close to the engine
exhaust as practical. The inlet to the emissions analyzer was typically secured to the outboard edge
at the center of the rear deck or swim platform. Detector tube and evacuated container samples were
collected at the same point. Differences between detector tube results and evacuated container
results in Table 1 may be due to spatial or temporal differences when the samples were collected,
differences in the accuracy of the methods, or the fact that the evacuated container is an
instantaneous sample, while the detector tubes require about one minute per pump stroke to collect a
sample.
Summaries of the detector tube and evacuated container air sampling results are shown in Table 1.
Table 1 shows that CO varied greatly depending upon location and operating condition. Several
measurements made while the boats were stationary were in excess of the IDLH limit of 1,200 ppm.
For example, a concentration of 2300 ppm was measured behind the Formula Fas3tech 312, equipped
with twin 350 CID Mercruiser MPI engines, while it moved at 12 mph.
Data collected with the emissions analyzers indicated that in general, CO concentrations were
fairly high during cold starts, and began to fall after a few minutes of engine operation.
Underway measurements varied widely.
Wind Velocity Measurements
Difficulties with the ultrasonic anemometers preclude reporting all of their results. Data were
also gathered with the hand-held wind meters while the boats were stationary and underway.
The boats were oriented in a variety of directions depending upon the day and time.
DISCUSSION
The current study has shown that hazardous CO concentrations occur on and near many U.S.
recreational boat models and makes. This problem results from both old and new boats and
engines. CO concentrations, as measured by three separate methods (i.e., real-time instruments,
evacuated containers, and detector tubes), indicated concentrations approaching or exceeding the
NIOSH IDLH value of 1,200 ppm for many boats. These high CO exposures are affecting the
boating public, too, rather than being limited to just healthy adult marina workers. The general
public, including young children and the elderly, may be more susceptible to CO health risks
than the typical worker. In addition, many of these exposures occur to people who are in the
water, where the combination of dangerously high CO concentrations with a potential for
drowning compounds the risk. Exposures to high CO concentrations on recreational boats are
the result of many factors, including an individual's location, type and make of boat, relative
wind speeds, engine size and design, and the influence EPA regulations have had on engine
designs. Many of these issues are discussed in more detail below.

11
Sample Location, Boat Speed, and Wind Conditions
CO concentrations are highest during cold starts and during operation of gasoline-powered
engines when the boat is stationary. At these two times in particular, people swimming or
located near an exhaust terminus of an operating drive engine or generator can potentially
experience CO poisoning, possibly leading to death. In general, high CO emissions from
gasoline-powered generators cause the most concern because they frequently are operated while
boats are stationary. Drive engines are less problematic because they usually operate while boats
are moving and, thus, individuals avoid getting near the operating drive engines for fear of a
propellor strike. These reasons may explain why much of the initial surveillance and
epidemiological CO poisoning data have involved houseboats. Many houseboats have fairly
large gasoline-powered generators. Similarly, many cabin cruisers also have gasoline-powered
generators.
For any given engine under stationary conditions, measured CO concentrations were directly
related to the CO sensor's proximity to the engine's exhaust. CO concentrations near the boat's
stern were typically the highest, and the CO concentrations measured inside the boat and on the
pole behind the boat were substantially lower. On a calm day, proximity to the exhaust terminus
is the critical factor influencing exposure levels. As the wind speed increases, CO exposures on
or near the boat tend to fall. The one notable exception to this rule can occur if a slight,
sustained tailwind blows engine exhaust directly toward individuals on or near the boat. Among
other factors that may influence CO concentrations near the stern of the boat are the size and
shape of the boat, location of exhaust terminus, and the presence of people or other objects in the
area directly behind the boat, such “teak surfers,” whose bodies affect air flow around the stern.
The CO data for boats underway show that hazardous exposures may occur under certain
conditions. For example, if a boat is operated at 5 mph or less, fairly high CO exposures (near
the NIOSH ceiling of 200 ppm) can occur within 10 ft of the boat's stern. These results are
produced by circumstances similar to those found during an engine cold start or idling.
Typically, as the speed of a boat increases, the CO exposures decrease.
Our research showed that as a boat's speed increased, the CO sensors (which represented the
potential exposures for people on a boat or participating in water sports behind a boat) were
exposed to the highest CO concentrations for a shorter period. At speeds of 20 mph or more,
individuals at the bow (front) of the boat are not likely to be exposed to any CO while
individuals near the stern or behind the boat may be exposed to high CO concentrations but for
less time. Individuals near the stern of the boat can be exposed to hazardous CO concentrations
during such activities as teak-surfing or wake boarding. Generally, the closer the individual's
breathing zone is to the engine exhaust and the slower the boat's speed, the more potentially
hazardous the situation becomes. This is due in part to the boat's slow operating speed creating
exhaust eddies (circular movements of air) which may cause high CO concentrations to
recirculate behind the moving boat.
Wind conditions are also important because CO exposures tend to decrease as wind speeds
increase. For a boat underway, induced wind and ambient wind are additive. In the current
study, the additive effect was accounted for by measuring the relative wind velocity on the boat.
For example, when a boat moves at 10 mph under completely calm wind conditions, the relative

12
wind is approximately 10 mph from the bow toward the stern. If a boat moves at 10 mph into a
head wind of 5 mph because the effect is additive, the relative wind condition is 15 mph. Under
this condition, the two wind effects, (ambient and induced) tend to reduce CO exposures.
However, if a boat moved at 10 mph under a tail wind of 8 mph, the relative wind condition
would be just 2 mph toward the stern of the boat. For this scenario, the ambient tail wind would
tend to increase the CO exposure as compared to the same condition with no ambient wind. The
data for this study show that for all of the underway tests, the average relative wind velocity was
toward the rear of the boat. Similarly, in most of the test conditions, the average relative wind
velocity was greater than the boat speed indicating that the wind tended to reduce CO exposures.
Engine design
When large gasoline-powered engines operate as designed and have no catalytic converter or
other pollution control devices, dangerously high CO concentrations are commonly emitted into
the atmosphere. Exhaust gases released from a gasoline engine may contain from 0.1% to 10%
CO (1,000 to 100,000 ppm). Engines operating at full-rated hp produce exhaust gases having
approximately 0.3% CO (3,000 ppm) [Heywood 1988].
The relative CO concentrations produced by gasoline-powered engines depend upon engine
design, operating conditions, and most importantly the fuel/air equivalence ratio [Plog et al.
1988]. The fuel/air equivalence ratio is the actual fuel to air ratio, divided by the stoichiometric
fuel to air ratio. Generally, an engine running rich will tend to produce higher concentrations of
CO than the same engine running lean. Simeone predicted CO concentrations exhausted from
marine engines as a function of air inlet and several other parameters [Simeone 1990]. Any
restrictions that may exist on air inlets and exhaust ports for marine engines can potentially
increase CO concentrations in the exhaust. As observed in this study, many factors influence the
CO concentration exhausting from an engine.
Environmental Protection Agency Regulations
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) regulations for recreational boat drive engines and
generators were intended to control hydrocarbon and nitrous oxide emissions rather than CO.
The EPA estimates that recreational marine engines contribute the second highest average
quantity of hydrocarbon exhaust emission only behind lawn and garden equipment [EPA 1996].
Under the Clean Air Act, EPA regulations apply specifically to new engines, rather than to the
millions of engines currently used on U.S. recreational boats.
EPA regulations for the recreational boating industry can be divided into three categories:
1. Regulations for outboard spark-ignition marine engines and personal watercraft
2. Regulations for inboard and stern drive engines
3. Regulations for large (>19 kW) and small (<19 kW) generators
EPA regulations that apply to outboard spark-ignition marine engines and personal watercraft
were passed in 1996 under 40 CFR, Part 91. This regulation is currently being phased in
between 1998 and 2006. It is intended to reduce hydrocarbon and nitrous oxide emissions by a
factor of four. Although this regulation is not directed at CO, the current evaluation shows that
there are CO benefits. The primary emission reduction technologies under this regulation are

13
replacement of conventional two-stroke engines by four-stroke engines, or by electronic direct
fuel-injected two-stroke engines.
The other class of recreational boat drive engines are the inboard and stern-drive spark-ignition
engines. EPA has recently published a notice to regulate inboard and stern-drive marine engines.
These engines are often larger than outboard engines and have much higher horsepowers. Many
of these types of engines have automotive origins. Inboard and stern drive engines could
potentially reduce emissions by using feedback electronic air-fuel control, electronically
controlled exhaust gas recirculation, and three-way catalytic converters. The Southwest
Research Institute is currently conducting work in this area for the EPA.
The final class of engines that are used on recreational boats are generators. Generators are not
addressed under Marine engine rules. Rather they fall under small equipment and large
spark-ignition rules, depending upon their size. Large generators are classified as those
producing 25-hp or 19-kW or more. These regulations become effective by 2004 and require
catalysts to control hydrocarbons and nitrous oxides, requiring a 95% reduction in CO by 2007.
All of the generators evaluated during the NIOSH field surveys for recreational boats were
smaller than 19-kW, thus falling under small equipment rules, which are directed at residential
lawn and garden tools. Because these rules are primarily concerned with hydrocarbon emissions,
CO has not been an issue. Today, it is common to see new, large gasoline-powered generators,
which produce 5 grams of CO per kilowatt-hour (kWh) and small gasoline-powered generators,
having a mass CO production rate that is 100 times greater (500 grams of CO per kWh). The CO
cap, which shall not be exceeded, for small equipment under EPA regulations is 610 grams of
CO per kWh. The differences in CO emission rates between large and small gasoline-powered
generators is primarily related to economic issues and industry concerns rather than
technological feasibility.
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This study showed that stationary operations and operating at speeds less that 5mph near the
stern of the boat appear to be most hazardous. The data collected show that nearly 90% of the
evaluated boat engines produced hazardous CO concentrations, and CO poisoning could occur.
The following recommendations are provided to reduce CO concentrations on and around
recreational boats, particularly in the stern area, and provide a safer and healthier environment to
boaters:
1) All manufacturers/owners/users of recreational boats with gasoline-powered engines
should be aware of and concerned about the potential for CO poisoning. There are
approximately 17 million recreational boats used in the United States, and based upon the
results of current and previous NIOSH studies, it is very likely that many of these
gasoline-powered engines produce hazardous CO concentrations. The data collected in the
current evaluation show that nearly 90% of the evaluated boat engines produced hazardous
CO concentrations, and CO poisonings could occur from use of these engines under certain
conditions.

14
2) Additional work should be conducted using the data collected during this survey and
computational fluid dynamics modeling to identify the most hazardous conditions.
Stationary operations and operating at speeds less than 5 mph near the stern of the boat
appear to be most hazardous. A model could potentially be developed to more clearly define
how the various factors such as engine type and size, boat speed, distance behind boat, and
relative wind conditions interrelate.
3) The role of engineering control technologies to prevent CO poisonings on marine vessels
should continue to be investigated. Previous studies have shown that CO hazards from
houseboat generators can be reduced by engineering control systems [Dunn et al. 2001a;
Dunn et al. 2001b; Earnest et al. 2001]. For example, the vertical stack, emission control
devices (ECD), or other types of ventilation options for generator exhaust could potentially
be applied to cabin cruisers. Boat manufacturers should investigate whether engineering
control systems used to control CO on houseboats could be effectively used for other types
of recreational boats.
4) The role of cleaner burning engines and emission control technologies in reducing the CO
hazard should be more fully investigated. It is clear from data gathered in the current study
on modern outboard engines that cleaner burning engines, which comply with EPA
regulations, will reduce CO concentrations and exposures. This ongoing NIOSH-Coast
Guard partnership is evaluating the long-term performance of ECDs to reduce CO emissions.
Engineers from the Southwest Research Institute are studying catalytic converter
technologies to reduce CO emissions from inboard and stern-drive engines. Each of these
technologies should be considered as a possible way to reduce the CO hazard on recreational
boats.
5) Governmental and consensus standard setting bodies should carefully examine existing
standards to determine if they adequately address the potential CO hazard from many types
of recreational boats. For example, the EPA has an existing standard that is being phased in
for outboard marine engines. The outboard marine engine standard will substantially reduce
engine emissions. EPA personnel should evaluate how their existing and future standards for
inboard marine engines and small marine generators can best address the CO poisoning
problem. Similarly, the American Boat and Yacht Council (ABYC) has recently modified
their standard for acceptable exhausting from marine engines to include a vertical exhaust
stack. Attention should be given to whether or not ABYC standards could adequately apply
to other types of recreational boats in reducing the potential CO hazard.
7) The educational campaign related to CO and houseboats should continue and expand to
include other types of recreational boats and boat-related CO hazards. These materials may
include warning signs, hand-out materials, newspaper articles, videos, and public service
announcements, as described in previous NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation Reports on CO
poisonings and recreational boats. Public education efforts should be continued to inform
and warn all individuals (including boat owners, renters, and workers) of potential exposures
to CO hazards. The U.S. National Park Service has launched an awareness campaign to
inform boaters on their lakes about boat-related CO hazards. This Alert included press
releases, flyers distributed to boat and dock-space renters, and verbal information included in
the boat checkout training provided users of concessionaire rental boats. These and other

15
educational materials are available at the following web site:
http://safetynet.smis.doi.gov/COhouseboats.htm.

16
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Human Environment, Occupational and Environmental Health Programme. pp 35-37.

19
Table 1. Evacuated Container and Detector Tube Results for Boats
Evaluated on Lake Norman
Evaluated Boat Location and Circumstances Carbon Monoxide
Concentration
Evacuated
Container
(ppm)
Detector Tube
Malibu Escape Near exhaust, cold start 1100 0.6%
Malibu Escape Near exhaust, after running 7
minutes
219 0.5%
Malibu Escape Near exhaust, rev engine to
~2000 rpm
3000 0.5%
Crownline 225 BR Cold start 600 rpm 427 0.3-0.5%
Malibu Sunsetter Cold start drive engines 147 0.5%
Formula 280 BR Cold start drive engines 762 0.3%
Crownline 270 Nine minutes after cold start
of drive engines
9900 100-200 ppm
Formula 41 PC Moving at 2.6 mph 64 500 ppm
Crownline 270 Cold start drive engines 3 2500 ppm
Crwonline 239 DB Cold start drive engines nd 0.5%
Crownline 225 BR engine at ~2600 rpm 201 #0.3%
Silverton 410 Sport generator (under load) cold
start
1000 trace,
0.1% after 20
minutes
Formula 370 SS generator cold start (very
windy), samples at generator
exhaust
13 nd high range,
150 ppm on
low range tube
Formula 41 PC 12" from generator exhaust
after 5 running minutes
nd 0
Formula 41 PC generator cold start 12" from
exhaust
123 0.3%
Formula 41 PC Engine cold start 6100 1.0%
0.3% after 3
minutes

20
Formula Fas3tech 312 Underway at 12 mph,
sampled near exhaust
2300 1000 ppm
Formula 260 SS Cold start drive engines 6600 1200 ppm 1
minute after
start, ~2000
ppm at 2000
rpm, 500 ppm
at 3000 rpm
Carver 3395 Mariner Cabin
Cruiser
Cold start drive engines 1000 0.5%
Formula 280 Cold start drive engines
4mph
9200 0.5%
0.3%
Malibu Wakesetter Cold start drive engines 889 0.3%
Malibu Sunsetter 10 mph nd 0.2%
Malibu Sunsetter Idling, sampled at forward
edge of swim deck
2700 150 ppm
Crownline 239 DB 25 mph 9 10 ppm
Formula 260 SS Cold start drive engines
5 mph
3300 0.5%
100 ppm
Malibu Escape Cold start drive engines
20 mph
429 1000 ppm
nd
Searay Sundancer 310 Cold start generator 3 2600
Formula 370 SS Cold start drive engines,
generator off, sampled at
lower exhaust
nd 0.2%
Formula 370 SS Switch to top exhaust,
sample at top exhaust
487 ~0.3%
Formula Fas3tech 312 Cold start drive engines,
sample at exhaust
13 0.1%
~ 0.1% after
six minutes,
1.2% at
~2,000 rpm
Formula 370 SS Top exhaust, engines at 1800
rpm
1100 nd high range
100 ppm on
low range tube

21
Searay Sundancer 310 Port engine cold start 5 0.5%
Searay Sundancer 310 Starboard engine cold start 6
Searay Sundancer 310 Engines off, generator on,
sampled off starboard swim
deck
1800 25 ppm
Formula 370 SS Underway at 5 mph, sampled
off back of transom
4600 0.3%
0.2 % at 10
mph
500 ppm at 15
mph
switch to top
exhaust, 160
ppm at 10
mph
Silverton 410 Sport Underway at 10 mph,
sampled off center of
transom.
1000 100 ppm
200 ppm at 18
mph
Crownline 270 Underway at 10 mph,
sampled over transom
16 100 ppm
200 ppm at 5
mph
nd at 15 mph
<10 ppm at 25
mph
Crownline 239 DB Underway at 5 mph 16 300 ppm

22
L1 Mean 262 Mean 268 Mean 64
Back Deck Port Std dev 164 Std dev 188 Std dev 80
Samples 43 Samples 48 Samples 1 9
Peak 823 Peak 780 Peak 261
L2 Mean 532 Mean 714 Mean 454
Back Deck Center Std dev 257 Std dev 299 Std dev 198
Samples 43 Samples 48 Samples 1 9
Peak 1283 Peak 1361 Peak 877
L3 Mean 400 Mean 584 Mean 360
Back Deck Std dev 285 Std dev 238 Std dev 122
Starboard Samples 43 Samples 48 Samples 19
Peak 973 Peak 1359 Peak 561
L4 Mean 28 Mean 13 Mean 3
Interior Seat Port Std dev 22 Std dev 15 Std dev 1
Samples 43 Samples 48 Samples 1 9
Peak 70 Peak 73 Peak 4
L5 Mean 27 Mean 15 Mean 6
Interior Seat Std dev 21 Std dev 11 Std dev 3
Starboard Samples 43 Samples 48 Samples 19
Peak 83 Peak 48 Peak 18
L6 Mean 16 Mean 17 Mean 6
Front Std dev 12 Std dev 15 Std dev 1
Samples 43 Samples 48 Samples 1 9
Peak 42 Peak 62 Peak 8
Drive Engines Idling RPM = 2000 RPM = 3000
Table 2 - Formula 260 SS, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

23
L1 Mean 29 M ean 2 Mean 69
Back Deck Port Std dev 36 Std dev 1 Std dev 129
Samples 54 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 131 Peak 2 Peak 488
L2 Mean 58 M ean 3 Mean 158
Back Deck Center Std dev 60 Std dev 1 Std dev 164
Samples 54 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 243 Peak 6 Peak 621
L3 Mean 119 M ean 6 Mean 302
Back Deck Std dev 103 Std dev 2 Std dev 146
Starboard Samples 54 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 435 Peak 10 Peak 586
L4 Mean 4 Mean 2 M ean 3
Interior Seat Port Std dev 3 Std dev 1 Std dev 4
Samples 54 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 14 Peak 3 Peak 22
L5 Mean 5 Mean 3 M ean 5
Interior Seat Std dev 3 Std dev 1 Std dev 3
Starboard Samples 54 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 18 Peak 5 Peak 18
L6 Mean 8 Mean 6 M ean 6
Front Std dev 2 Std dev 0 Std dev 0
Samples 54 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 15 Peak 7 Peak 6
Generator Running Generato r O ff S tart Drive Engines
Table 3 - Formula 370 SS, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

24
L1 Mean 115 Mean 261
Back Deck Port Std dev 84 Std dev 285
Samples 36 Samples 24
Peak 412 Peak 1049
L2 Mean 144 Mean 200
Back Deck Center Std dev 189 Std dev 122
Samples 36 Samples 24
Peak 677 Peak 491
L3 Mean 91 Mean 326
Back Deck Std dev 124 Std dev 408
Starboard Samples 36 Samples 24
Peak 488 Peak 1356
L4 Mean 8 Mean 23
Interior Seat Port Std dev 4 Std dev 21
Samples 36 Samples 24
Peak 20 Peak 70
L5 Mean 15 Mean 35
Interior Seat Std dev 12 Std dev 31
Starboard Samples 36 Samples 24
Peak 53 Peak 126
L6 Mean 12 Mean 23
Front Std dev 6 Std dev 14
Samples 36 Samples 24
Peak 32 Peak 60
Drive Engine Top
Exhaust Idle Speed
Drive Engine Top
Exhaust 1800 rpm
Table 3 (cont.) - Formula 370 SS, Carbon Monoxide Concentrations (ppm)

25
L1 Mean 79 Mean 1050 Mean 1022 Mean 1203
Back Deck Port Std dev 66 Std dev 389 Std dev 375 Std dev 2
Samples 66 Samples 13 Samples 72 Samples 78
Peak 288 Peak 1209 Peak 1209 Peak 1207
L2 Mean 139 Mean 382 Mean 1213 Mean 1277
Back Deck Center Std dev 145 Std dev 294 Std dev 300 Std dev 167
Samples 66 Samples 13 Samples 72 Samples 78
Peak 650 Peak 863 Peak 1327 Peak 1331
L3 Mean 230 Mean 488 Mean 1390 Mean 1427
Back Deck Std dev 206 Std dev 461 Std dev 212 Std dev 2
Starboard Samples 66 Samples 13 Samples 72 Samples 78
Peak 821 Peak 1432 Peak 1432 Peak 1431
L4 Mean 28 Mean 31 Mean 230 Mean 133
Interior Seat Port Std dev 34 Std dev 17 Std dev 327 Std dev 109
Samples 66 Samples 13 Samples 72 Samples 78
Peak 136 Peak 63 Peak 1120 Peak 381
L5 Mean 55 Mean 29 Mean 252 Mean 38
Interior Seat Std dev 59 Std dev 15 Std dev 261 Std dev 58
Starboard Samples 66 Samples 13 Samples 72 Samples 78
Peak 255 Peak 63 Peak 1122 Peak 224
L6 Mean 16 Mean 12 Mean 49 Mean 22
Front Std dev 13 Std dev 4 Std dev 52 Std dev 15
Samples 66 Samples 13 Samples 72 Samples 78
Peak 58 Peak 20 Peak 234 Peak 57
L7 Mean 21 Mean 21 Mean 121 Mean 85
8' Pole Std dev 24 Std dev 10 Std dev 124 Std dev 31
Samples 66 Samples 13 Samples 72 Samples 78
Peak 93 Peak 41 Peak 500 Peak 154
L8 Mean 30 Mean 17 Mean 120 Mean 83
10' Pole Std dev 33 Std dev 11 Std dev 114 Std dev 34
Samples 66 Samples 13 Samples 72 Samples 78
Peak 149 Peak 41 Peak 495 Peak 154
L9 Mean 43 Mean 18 Mean 114 Mean 80
12' pole Std dev 40 Std dev 17 Std dev 98 Std dev 31
Samples 66 Samples 13 Samples 72 Samples 78
Peak 155 Peak 52 Peak 456 Peak 132
Genera tor Id ling Start Drive Engines 5 mph 10 mph
Table 4 - Formula 370 SS, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)
Table 4 (cont.) - Formula 370 SS, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

26
L1 Mean 1209 Mean 1213 M ean 528 M ean 659
Back Deck Port Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 317 Std dev 367
Samples 43 Samples 23 Samples 48 Samples 72
Peak 1212 Peak 1214 Peak 1215 Peak 1215
L2 Mean 649 Mean 186 M ean 290 M ean 551
Back Deck Center Std dev 232 Std dev 91 Std dev 285 Std dev 435
Samples 43 Samples 23 Samples 48 Samples 72
Peak 1272 Peak 358 Peak 1335 Peak 1331
L3 Mean 875 Mean 623 M ean 609 M ean 616
Back Deck Std dev 484 Std dev 558 Std dev 345 Std dev 532
Starboard Samples 43 Samples 23 Samples 48 Samples 72
Peak 1435 Peak 1435 Peak 1439 Peak 1441
L4 Mean 30 M ean 4 M ean 3 M ean 44
Interior Seat Port Std dev 19 Std dev 2 Std dev 2 Std dev 54
Samples 43 Samples 23 Samples 48 Samples 72
Peak 92 Peak 9 Peak 13 Peak 262
L5 Mean 24 M ean 4 M ean 26 Mean 74
Interior Seat Std dev 62 Std dev 4 Std dev 37 Std dev 121
Starboard Samples 43 Samples 23 Samples 48 Samples 72
Peak 287 Peak 21 Peak 139 Peak 471
L6 Mean 14 M ean 6 M ean 7 M ean 34
Front Std dev 6 Std dev 1 Std dev 4 Std dev 52
Samples 43 Samples 23 Samples 48 Samples 72
Peak 37 Peak 8 Peak 19 Peak 220
L7 Mean 41 M ean 6 M ean 6 M ean 75
8' Pole Std dev 19 Std dev 7 Std dev 4 Std dev 55
Samples 43 Samples 23 Samples 48 Samples 72
Peak 91 Peak 29 Peak 17 P eak 210
L8 Mean 40 M ean 2 M ean 8 M ean 83
10' Pole Std dev 26 Std dev 3 Std dev 10 Std dev 67
Samples 43 Samples 23 Samples 48 Samples 72
Peak 121 Peak 10 Peak 47 Peak 230
L9 Mean 13 M ean 2 M ean 2 M ean 2
12' pole Std dev 12 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 0
Samples 43 Samples 23 Samples 48 Samples 72
Peak 43 Peak 3 Peak 3 P eak 3
15 mph 20 mph 45 mph 10 mph

27
L1 Mean 6 Mean 208 M ean 127 M ean 148
Back Deck Port Std dev 10 Std dev 377 Std dev 34 Std dev 59
Samples 54 Samples 18 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 47 Peak 1223 Peak 218 Peak 281
L2 Mean 12 M ean 122 M ean 153 M ean 153
Back Deck Center Std dev 16 Std dev 215 Std dev 58 Std dev 55
Samples 54 Samples 18 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 61 Peak 677 Peak 286 Peak 302
L3 Mean 80 M ean 119 M ean 150 M ean 122
Back Deck Std dev 102 Std dev 114 Std dev 46 Std dev 44
Starboard Samples 54 Samples 18 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 405 Peak 386 Peak 252 Peak 226
L4 Mean 13 M ean 21 M ean 37 M ean 32
Interior Seat Port Std dev 9 Std dev 19 Std dev 11 Std dev 11
Samples 54 Samples 18 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 37 Peak 52 Peak 64 Peak 54
L5 Mean 32 M ean 40 M ean 8 Mean 15
Interior Seat Std dev 18 Std dev 21 Std dev 6 Std dev 9
Starboard Samples 54 Samples 18 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 83 Peak 74 Peak 28 Peak 40
L6 Mean 4 Mean 9 M ean 12 M ean 4
Front Std dev 1 Std dev 6 Std dev 9 Std dev 2
Samples 54 Samples 18 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 7 Peak 26 Peak 33 Peak 7
L7
8' Pole
L8 Mean 1 Mean 18 Mean 39 M ean 87
10' Pole Std dev 2 Std dev 18 Std dev 16 Std dev 54
Samples 54 Samples 18 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 11 Peak 66 Peak 68 Peak 246
L9 Mean 3 Mean 20 Mean 47 M ean 107
12' pole Std dev 1 Std dev 14 Std dev 19 Std dev 54
Samples 54 Samples 18 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 7 Peak 45 Peak 88 Peak 219
Generator
Idling
Start Main
Engines
Underway
1 - 2 mph 4 mph
Table 5 - Silverton 410 Sport, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

28
L1 Mean 532 Mean 462 Mean 339
Back Deck Port Std dev 225 Std dev 211 Std dev 143
Samples 78 Samples 96 Samples 48
Peak 865 Peak 1121 Peak 777
L2 Mean 621 Mean 392 Mean 343
Back Deck Center Std dev 260 Std dev 280 Std dev 123
Samples 78 Samples 96 Samples 48
Peak 1141 Peak 1340 Peak 887
L3 Mean 551 Mean 409 Mean 529
Back Deck Std dev 215 Std dev 359 Std dev 111
Starboard Samples 78 Samples 96 Samples 48
Peak 962 Peak 1449 Peak 933
L4 Mean 73 Mean 126 Mean 79
Interior Seat Port Std dev 39 Std dev 46 Std dev 18
Samples 78 Samples 96 Samples 48
Peak 186 Peak 218 Peak 144
L5 Mean 15 Mean 37 Mean 23
Interior Seat Std dev 7 Std dev 42 Std dev 16
Starboard Samples 78 Samples 96 Samples 48
Peak 47 Peak 172 Peak 80
L6 Mean 3 Mean 3 Mean 4
Front Std dev 0 Std dev 1 Std dev 1
Samples 78 Samples 96 Samples 48
Peak 4 Peak 4 Peak 6
L7 Mean 118 Mean 271 Mean 177
8' Pole Std dev 54 Std dev 98 Std dev 50
Samples 78 Samples 96 Samples 48
Peak 302 Peak 494 Peak 264
L8 Mean 134 Mean 324 Mean 194
10' Pole Std dev 75 Std dev 147 Std dev 59
Samples 78 Samples 96 Samples 48
Peak 407 Peak 682 Peak 324
L9 Mean 134 Mean 388 Mean 170
12' pole Std dev 84 Std dev 196 Std dev 58
Samples 78 Samples 96 Samples 48
Peak 419 Peak 847 Peak 292
18 mph 25 mph10 mph
Table 5 (cont.) - Silverton 410 Sport, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

29
L1 Mean 845 Mean 243 Mean 218
Back Deck Port Std dev 276 Std dev 152 Std dev 148
Samples 24 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 1206 Peak 499 Peak 480
L2 Mean 815 Mean 209 Mean 439
Back Deck Center Std dev 299 Std dev 137 Std dev 129
Samples 24 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 1314 Peak 550 Peak 621
L3 Mean 821 Mean 187 Mean 267
Back Deck Std dev 360 Std dev 95 Std dev 78
Starboard Samples 24 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 1425 Peak 379 Peak 395
L4 Mean 256 Mean 53 Mean 151
Interior Seat Port Std dev 162 Std dev 27 Std dev 43
Samples 24 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 506 Peak 113 Peak 201
L5 Mean 22 Mean 25 Mean 71
Interior Seat Std dev 14 Std dev 16 Std dev 54
Starboard Samples 24 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 51 Peak 56 Peak 175
L6 Mean 5 Mean 4 Mean 8
Front Std dev 1 Std dev 2 Std dev 6
Samples 24 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 6 Peak 8 Peak 20
L7 Mean 144 Mean 52 Mean 87
8' Pole Std dev 38 Std dev 48 Std dev 62
Samples 24 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 196 Peak 178 Peak 186
L8 Mean 153 Mean 57 Mean 95
10' Pole Std dev 43 Std dev 59 Std dev 81
Samples 24 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 225 Peak 251 Peak 239
L9 Mean 82 Mean 19 Mean 40
12' pole Std dev 13 Std dev 19 Std dev 33
Samples 24 Samples 24 Samples 24
Peak 98 Peak 75 Peak 92
12 mph 10 mph 1 -2 mph
Table 5 (cont.) - Silverton 410 Sport, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

30
L1 Mean 1115
Back Deck Port Std dev 313
Samples 81
Peak 1209
L2 Mean 1311
Back Deck Center Std dev 146
Samples 81
Peak 1333
L3 Mean 1278
Back Deck Std dev 390
Starboard Samples 81
Peak 1439
L4 Mean 112
Interior Seat Port Std dev 124
Samples 81
Peak 532
L5 Mean 51
Interior Seat Std dev 55
Starboard Samples 81
Peak 252
L6 Mean 17
Front Std dev 16
Samples 81
Peak 75
L7 Mean 29
8' Pole Std dev 44
Samples 81
Peak 210
L8 Mean 36
10' Pole Std dev 76
Samples 81
Peak 415
L9 Mean 25
12' pole Std dev 49
Samples 81
Peak 278
Engines Idling
Table 6 - Malibu Sunsetter (Stationary), Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

31
L1 Mean 558 Mean 930 Mean 898 Mean 187
Back Deck Port Std dev 362 Std dev 312 Std dev 325 Std dev 55
Samples 24 Samples 30 Samples 60 Samples 60
Peak 1207 Peak 1207 Peak 1206 Peak 358
L2 Mean 373 Mean 494 Mean 536 Mean 68
Back Deck Center Std dev 180 Std dev 163 Std dev 237 Std dev 47
Samples 24 Samples 30 Samples 60 Samples 60
Peak 831 Peak 760 Peak 1130 Peak 217
L3 Mean 457 Mean 484 Mean 91 Mean 61
Back Deck Std dev 235 Std dev 240 Std dev 80 Std dev 61
Starboard Samples 24 Samples 30 Samples 60 Samples 60
Peak 1038 Peak 1148 Peak 282 Peak 226
L4 Mean 87 Mean 50 Mean 23 Mean 2
Interior Seat Port Std dev 46 Std dev 61 Std dev 19 Std dev 1
Samples 24 Samples 30 Samples 60 Samples 60
Peak 161 Peak 241 Peak 80 Peak 4
L5 Mean 81 Mean 16 Mean 5 Mean 3
Interior Seat Std dev 51 Std dev 19 Std dev 3 Std dev 0
Starboard Samples 24 Samples 30 Samples 60 Samples 60
Peak 185 Peak 85 Peak 13 Peak 4
L6 Mean 47 Mean 11 Mean 5 Mean 1
Front Std dev 24 Std dev 13 Std dev 2 Std dev 1
Samples 24 Samples 30 Samples 60 Samples 60
Peak 106 Peak 49 Peak 8 Peak 4
L7 Mean 76 Mean 41 Mean 21 Mean 13
8' Pole Std dev 41 Std dev 45 Std dev 21 Std dev 5
Samples 24 Samples 30 Samples 60 Samples 60
Peak 199 Peak 169 Peak 84 Peak 23
L8 Mean101Mean29Mean17Mean12
10' Pole Std dev 78 Std dev 31 Std dev 20 Std dev 5
Samples 24 Samples 30 Samples 60 Samples 60
Peak 341 Peak 105 Peak 72 Peak 24
L9 Mean146Mean19Mean15Mean11
12' pole Std dev 94 Std dev 20 Std dev 18 Std dev 4
Samples 24 Samples 30 Samples 60 Samples 60
Peak 433 Peak 84 Peak 72 Peak 18
Sta rt Engine s 1 - 2 mph 5 mp h 1 0 mph
Table 7 - Crownline 270, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

32
L1 Mean 49 Mean 20 Mean 577 M ean 323
Back Deck Port Std dev 12 Std dev 6 Std dev 331 Std dev 326
Samples 60 Samples 60 Samples 12 Samples 12
Peak 69 Peak 39 Peak 970 Peak 916
L2 Mean 10 Mean 32 Mean 304 M ean 185
Back Deck Center Std dev 4 Std dev 102 Std dev 269 Std dev 167
Samples 60 Samples 60 Samples 12 Samples 12
Peak 18 Peak 581 Peak 799 Peak 471
L3 M ean 9 Mean 4 Mean 460 M ean 177
Back Deck Std dev 5 Std dev 3 Std dev 369 Std dev 194
Starboard Samples 60 Samples 60 Samples 12 Samples 12
Peak 23 Peak 15 Peak 911 Peak 571
L4 M ean 3 Mean 3 Mean 3 Mean 3
Interior Seat Port Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 1 Std dev 1
Samples 60 Samples 60 Samples 12 Samples 12
Peak 4 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 4
L5 M ean 4 Mean 4 Mean 4 Mean 4
Interior Seat Std dev 0 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 2
Starboard Samples 60 Samples 60 Samples 12 Samples 12
Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 7 Peak 10
L6 M ean 2 Mean 2 Mean 1 Mean 1
Front Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 1
Samples 60 Samples 60 Samples 12 Samples 12
Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 2 Peak 2
L7 M ean 3 Mean 2 Mean 36 M ean 16
8' Pole Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 31 Std dev 16
Samples 60 Samples 60 Samples 12 Samples 12
Peak 4 Peak 3 Peak 98 Peak 47
L8 M ean 2 Mean 2 Mean 37 M ean 16
10' Pole Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 35 Std dev 18
Samples 60 Samples 60 Samples 12 Samples 12
Peak 4 Peak 9 Peak 97 Peak 54
L9 M ean 3 Mean 4 Mean 26 M ean 16
12' pole Std dev 1 Std dev 7 Std dev 36 Std dev 19
Samples 60 Samples 7 Samples 12 Samples 12
Peak 4 Peak 7 Peak 115 Peak 59
Idling15 mph 25 mph 50 mph
Table 7 (cont.) - Crownline 270, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

33
L1 Mean 182 Mean 61 Mean 48 Mean 378
Back Deck Port Std dev 183 Std dev 48 Std dev 93 Std dev 268
Samples 6 Samples 12 Samples 60 Samples 18
Peak 543 Peak 163 Peak 472 Peak 929
L2 Mean 27 Mean 10 Mean 84 Mean 271
Back Deck Center Std dev 12 Std dev 4 Std dev 104 Std dev 73
Samples 6 Samples 12 Samples 60 Samples 18
Peak 48 Peak 20 Peak 333 Peak 438
L3 Mean 26 Mean 6 Mean 176 Mean 742
Back Deck Std dev 15 Std dev 2 Std dev 231 Std dev 426
Starboard Samples 6 Samples 12 Samples 60 Samples 18
Peak 52 Peak 11 Peak 740 Peak 1447
L4 Mean 3 M ean 3 Mean 3 M ean 28
Interior Seat Port Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 18
Samples 6 Samples 12 Samples 60 Samples 18
Peak 5 Peak 4 Peak 4 Peak 52
L5 Mean 6 M ean 4 Mean 5 M ean 89
Interior Seat Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 2 Std dev 69
Starboard Samples 6 Samples 12 Samples 60 Samples 18
Peak 6 Peak 5 Peak 17 Peak 247
L6 Mean 3 M ean 2 Mean 2 M ean 31
Front Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 20
Samples 6 Samples 12 Samples 60 Samples 18
Peak 4 Peak 3 Peak 4 Peak 71
L7 Mean 6 M ean 6 Mean 12 M ean 36
8' Pole Std dev 3 Std dev 5 Std dev 14 Std dev 31
Samples 6 Samples 12 Samples 60 Samples 18
Peak 12 Peak 19 Peak 52 Peak 105
L8 Mean 3 M ean 5 Mean 13 M ean 53
10' Pole Std dev 3 Std dev 6 Std dev 15 Std dev 48
Samples 6 Samples 12 Samples 60 Samples 18
Peak 9 Peak 20 Peak 54 Peak 168
L9 Mean 8 M ean 3 Mean 14 M ean 50
12' pole Std dev 5 Std dev 1 Std dev 14 Std dev 37
Samples 6 Samples 12 Samples 60 Samples 18
Peak 17 Peak 4 Peak 52 Peak 131
52 mph 33 mph14 mph 2 - 3 mph
Table 7 (cont.) - Crownline 270, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

34
L1 Mean 863
Back Deck Port Std dev 459
Samples 18
Peak 1213
L2 Mean 144
Back Deck Center Std dev 117
Samples 18
Peak 339
L3 Mean 165
Back Deck Std dev 106
Starboard Samples 18
Peak 331
L4 Mean 35
Interior Seat Port Std dev 26
Samples 18
Peak 90
L5 Mean 42
Interior Seat Std dev 36
Starboard Samples 18
Peak 137
L6 Mean 17
Front Std dev 9
Samples 18
Peak 32
L7 Mean 33
8' Pole Std dev 19
Samples 18
Peak 65
L8 Mean 28
10' Pole Std dev 28
Samples 18
Peak 96
L9 Mean 71
12' pole Std dev 73
Samples 18
Peak 280
Docked
Table 7 (cont.) - Crownline 270, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

35
L1 Mean 469 Mean 960 Mean 590
Back Deck Port Std dev 579 Std dev 285 Std dev 540
Samples 42 Samples 18 Samples 57
Peak 1226 Peak 1226 Peak 1226
L2 Mean 724 Mean 1298 Mean 795
Back Deck Center Std dev 559 Std dev 0 Std dev 577
Samples 42 Samples 18 Samples 57
Peak 1298 Peak 1298 Peak 1298
L3 Mean 912 Mean 1315 Mean 330
Back Deck Std dev 372 Std dev 1 Std dev 496
Starboard Samples 42 Samples 18 Samples 57
Peak 1317 Peak 1316 Peak 1316
L4 Mean 337 Mean 434 Mean 11
Port Canopy Std dev 160 Std dev 182 Std dev 11
Samples 42 Samples 18 Samples 57
Peak 777 Peak 767 Peak 62
L5 Mean 264 Mean 546 Mean 9
Starboard Canopy Std dev 145 Std dev 247 Std dev 15
Samples 42 Samples 18 Samples 57
Peak 661 Peak 1034 Peak 95
L6 Mean 94 Mean 223 Mean 14
Front Std dev 67 Std dev 94 Std dev 22
Samples 42 Samples 18 Samples 57
Peak 244 Peak 373 Peak 126
L7 Mean 104 Mean 179 Mean 6
Drivers Seat Std dev 49 Std dev 68 Std dev 6
Samples 42 Samples 18 Samples 57
Peak 291 Peak 254 Peak 30
Stopped EnginesStart Boat Engine 2600 rpm
Table 8 - Crownline 225, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

36
L1 Mean 387 Mean 752 Mean 404
Back Deck Port Std dev 519 Std dev 476 Std dev 519
Samples 60 Samples 36 Samples 90
Peak 1227 Peak 1228 Peak 1227
L2 Mean 713 Mean 1296 Mean 1253
Back Deck Center Std dev 648 Std dev 2 Std dev 191
Samples 60 Samples 36 Samples 90
Peak 1298 Peak 1298 Peak 1299
L3 Mean 675 Mean 972 Mean 113
Back Deck Std dev 499 Std dev 360 Std dev 297
Starboard Samples 60 Samples 36 Samples 90
Peak 1318 Peak 1317 Peak 1317
L4 Mean 45 Mean 169 Mean 5
Port Canopy Std dev 48 Std dev 54 Std dev 11
Samples 60 Samples 36 Samples 90
Peak 259 Peak 299 Peak 90
L5 Mean 52 Mean 176 Mean 5
Starboard Canopy Std dev 52 Std dev 108 Std dev 15
Samples 60 Samples 36 Samples 90
Peak 262 Peak 576 Peak 93
L6 Mean 13 Mean 56 Mean 6
Front Std dev 12 Std dev 22 Std dev 12
Samples 60 Samples 36 Samples 90
Peak 51 Peak 106 Peak 76
L7 Mean 26 Mean 73 Mean 4
Drivers SeatStd dev25Std dev46Std dev10
Samples 60 Samples 36 Samples 90
Peak 101 Peak 235 Peak 99
Shut Engines O ffStart Boat Engine 2000 rpm
Table 9 - Malibu Escape, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

37
L1 Mean 19 Mean 632 Mean 541 Mean 124
Back Deck Port Std dev 33 Std dev 380 Std dev 441 Std dev 186
Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 72 Samples 11146
Peak 234 Peak 1355 Peak 1355 Peak 876
L2 Mean 18 Mean 413 Mean 214 Mean 56
Back Deck Center Std dev 31 Std dev 175 Std dev 217 Std dev 50
Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 72 Samples 5071
Peak 215 Peak 758 Peak 953 Peak 292
L3 Mean 12 Mean 157 Mean 241 Mean 266
Back Deck Std dev 15 Std dev 250 Std dev 262 Std dev 140
Starboard Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 72 Samples 23902
Peak 56 Peak 941 Peak 931 Peak 694
L4 Mean 14 Mean 35 Mean 17 Mean 7
Interior Std dev 15 Std dev 31 Std dev 17 Std dev 3
Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 72 Samples 654
Peak 58 Peak 89 Peak 73 Peak 15
L5 Mean 13 Mean 28 Mean 18 Mean 8
Front Std dev 14 Std dev 23 Std dev 13 Std dev 1
Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 72 Samples 750
Peak 54 Peak 77 Peak 75 Peak 11
L6 Mean 13 Mean 43 Mean 15 Mean 11
8' Pole Std dev 15 Std dev 34 Std dev 11 Std dev 5
Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 72 Samples 991
Peak 71 Peak 107 Peak 64 Peak 29
L7 Mean 17 Mean 50 Mean 17 Mean 11
10' Pole Std dev 22 Std dev 36 Std dev 16 Std dev 7
Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 72 Samples 988
Peak 105 Peak 126 Peak 70 Peak 34
L8 Mean 31 Mean 98 Mean 22 Mean 14
12' Pole Std dev 54 Std dev 86 Std dev 38 Std dev 8
Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 72 Samples 1238
Peak 253 Peak 269 Peak 231 Peak 42
Boat in front of
ours started Cold Start 3.4mph 5mph
Table 10 - Formula 260 SS, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

38
L1 Mean 38 Mean 10 Mean 12 Mean 83
Back Deck Port Std dev 20 Std dev 2 Std dev 21 Std dev 142
Samples 42 Samples 30 Samples 36 Samples 36
Peak 105 Peak 16 Peak 136 Peak 603
L2 Mean 91 Mean 18 Mean 9 Mean 55
Back Deck Center Std dev 33 Std dev 7 Std dev 3 Std dev 109
Samples 42 Samples 30 Samples 36 Samples 36
Peak 178 Peak 32 Peak 19 Peak 361
L3 Mean 76 Mean 154 Mean 31 Mean 16
Back Deck Std dev 49 Std dev 70 Std dev 13 Std dev 24
Starboard Samples 42 Samples 30 Samples 36 Samples 36
Peak 250 Peak 297 Peak 57 Peak 77
L4 Mean 8 Mean 6 Mean 4 Mean 4
Interior Std dev 2 Std dev 2 Std dev 1 Std dev 2
Samples 42 Samples 30 Samples 36 Samples 36
Peak 15 Peak 10 Peak 5 Peak 9
L5 Mean 6 Mean 3 Mean 2 Mean 6
Front Std dev 2 Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 11
Samples 42 Samples 30 Samples 36 Samples 36
Peak 13 Peak 5 Peak 3 Peak 48
L6 Mean 4 Mean 13 Mean 8 Mean 3
8' Pole Std dev 3 Std dev 3 Std dev 3 Std dev 1
Samples 42 Samples 30 Samples 36 Samples 36
Peak 18 Peak 19 Peak 14 Peak 4
L7 Mean 5 Mean 14 Mean 9 Mean 1
10' Pole Std dev 6 Std dev 4 Std dev 4 Std dev 1
Samples 42 Samples 30 Samples 36 Samples 36
Peak 20 Peak 22 Peak 14 Peak 3
L8 Mean 7 Mean 17 Mean 12 Mean 2
12' Pole Std dev 6 Std dev 4 Std dev 5 Std dev 0
Samples 42 Samples 30 Samples 36 Samples 36
Peak 22 Peak 25 Peak 21 Peak 4
10mph 15mph 20mph 45mph
Table 10 (cont.) - Formula 260 SS, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

39
L1 Mean 20 Mean 81 Mean 43
Back Deck Port Std dev 19 Std dev 87 Std dev 80
Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 86 Peak 287 Peak 355
L2 Mean 44 Mean 121 Mean 40
Back Deck Center Std dev 42 Std dev 45 Std dev 102
Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 140 Peak 198 Peak 552
L3 Mean 123 Mean 200 Mean 33
Back Deck Std dev 249 Std dev 170 Std dev 74
Starboard Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 909 Peak 561 Peak 421
L4 Mean 6 Mean 12 Mean 9
Interior Std dev 3 Std dev 8 Std dev 14
Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 14 Peak 23 Peak 84
L5 Mean 4 Mean 10 Mean 7
Front Std dev 3 Std dev 9 Std dev 7
Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 12 Peak 26 Peak 45
L6 Mean 5 Mean 5 Mean 7
8' Pole Std dev 6 Std dev 2 Std dev 19
Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 30 Peak 7 Peak 114
L7 Mean 5 Mean 22 Mean 6
10' Pole Std dev 9 Std dev 47 Std dev 16
Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 45 Peak 146 Peak 113
L8 Mean 6 Mean 7 Mean 3
12' Pole Std dev 7 Std dev 7 Std dev 4
Samples 54 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 39 Peak 29 Peak 31
5mph Idle Docked
Table 10 (cont.) - Formula 260 SS, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

40
L1 Mean 1330 Mean 1328 Mean 1327 Mean 1329
Back Deck Port Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 1
Samples 12 Samples 42 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 1331 Peak 1328 Peak 1328 Peak 1331
L2 Mean 1196 Mean 1197 Mean 1198 Mean 1203
Back Deck Center Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 2
Samples 12 Samples 42 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 1197 Peak 1198 Peak 1199 Peak 1205
L3 Mean 860 Mean 1442 Mean 1101 Mean 491
Back Deck Std dev 364 Std dev 1 Std dev 342 Std dev 59
Starboard Samples 12 Samples 42 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 1443 Peak 1443 Peak 1443 Peak 782
L4 Mean 9 Mean 12 Mean 3 Mean 2
Interior Std dev 5 Std dev 12 Std dev 1 Std dev 1
Samples 12 Samples 42 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 20 Peak 46 Peak 4 Peak 4
L5 Mean 4 Mean 6 Mean 6 Mean 4
Front Std dev 2 Std dev 6 Std dev 3 Std dev 1
Samples 12 Samples 42 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 10 Peak 30 Peak 9 Peak 7
L6 Mean 11 Mean 7 Mean 7 Mean 9
8' Pole Std dev 5 Std dev 6 Std dev 3 Std dev 6
Samples 12 Samples 42 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 20 Peak 34 Peak 14 Peak 26
L7 Mean 14 Mean 4 Mean 10 Mean 13
10' Pole Std dev 9 Std dev 4 Std dev 4 Std dev 8
Samples 12 Samples 42 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 34 Peak 25 Peak 19 Peak 34
L8 Mean 16 Mean 2 Mean 10 Mean 15
12' Pole Std dev 13 Std dev 2 Std dev 6 Std dev 9
Samples 12 Samples 42 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 36 Peak 9 Peak 23 Peak 36
Cold Start Under Way 5mph 10mph
Table 11 - Malibu Escape, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

41
L1 Mean 1157 Mean 181 Mean 204 Mean 151
Back Deck Port Std dev 364 Std dev 64 Std dev 41 Std dev 16
Samples 48 Samples 48 Samples 30 Samples 30
Peak 1343 Peak 441 Peak 306 Peak 171
L2 Mean 1210 Mean 506 Mean 118 Mean 98
Back Deck Center Std dev 2 Std dev 213 Std dev 18 Std dev 12
Samples 48 Samples 48 Samples 30 Samples 30
Peak 1213 Peak 1213 Peak 188 Peak 118
L3 Mean 322 Mean 292 Mean 333 Mean 310
Back Deck Std dev 102 Std dev 76 Std dev 6 Std dev 7
Starboard Samples 48 Samples 48 Samples 30 Samples 30
Peak 458 Peak 456 Peak 342 Peak 320
L4 Mean 2 Mean 3 Mean 3 Mean 3
Interior Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 0
Samples 48 Samples 48 Samples 30 Samples 30
Peak 4 Peak 4 Peak 4 Peak 3
L5 Mean 2 Mean 2 Mean 1 Mean 2
Front Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 1
Samples 48 Samples 48 Samples 30 Samples 30
Peak 3 Peak 2 Peak 2 Peak 3
L6 Mean 6 Mean 5 Mean 4 Mean 4
8' Pole Std dev 2 Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 0
Samples 48 Samples 48 Samples 30 Samples 30
Peak 9 Peak 6 Peak 5 Peak 5
L7 Mean 6 Mean 4 Mean 2 Mean 1
10' Pole Std dev 3 Std dev 2 Std dev 1 Std dev 0
Samples 48 Samples 48 Samples 30 Samples 30
Peak 15 Peak 8 Peak 3 Peak 2
L8 Mean 9 Mean 5 Mean 2 Mean 2
12' Pole Std dev 5 Std dev 2 Std dev 0 Std dev 0
Samples 48 Samples 48 Samples 30 Samples 30
Peak 19 Peak 10 Peak 3 Peak 2
15mph 20mph 25mph 30mph
Table 11 (cont.) - Malibu Escape, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

42
L1 Mean 144 Mean 105 Mean 1058 Mean 893
Back Deck Port Std dev 43 Std dev 22 Std dev 270 Std dev 565
Samples 36 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 259 Peak 166 Peak 1348 Peak 1347
L2 Mean 110 Mean 207 Mean 1212 Mean 1210
Back Deck Center Std dev 40 Std dev 282 Std dev 1 Std dev 2
Samples 36 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 221 Peak 1214 Peak 1214 Peak 1213
L3 Mean 267 Mean 227 Mean 213 Mean 256
Back Deck Std dev 18 Std dev 7 Std dev 1 Std dev 23
Starboard Samples 36 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 295 Peak 236 Peak 215 Peak 280
L4 Mean 3 Mean 2 Mean 5 Mean 4
Interior Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 2 Std dev 2
Samples 36 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 3 Peak 3 Peak 8 Peak 14
L5 Mean 1 Mean 2 Mean 3 Mean 2
Front Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 2 Std dev 2
Samples 36 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 3 Peak 2 Peak 7 Peak 10
L6 Mean 3 Mean 3 Mean 3 Mean 3
8' Pole Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 0 Std dev 0
Samples 36 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 5 Peak 3 Peak 3 Peak 4
L7 Mean 2 Mean 4 Mean 3 Mean 5
10' Pole Std dev 1 Std dev 2 Std dev 2 Std dev 4
Samples 36 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 4 Peak 8 Peak 9 Peak 17
L8 Mean 2 Mean 2 Mean 2 Mean 2
12' Pole Std dev 0 Std dev 0 Std dev 0 Std dev 0
Samples 36 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 60
Peak 3 Peak 2 Peak 2 Peak 2
44mph 25mph Idle 15-20mph parallel
Table 11 (cont.) - Malibu Escape, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

43
L1 Mean 104
Back Deck Port Std dev 12
Samples 30
Peak 123
L2 Mean 758
Back Deck Center Std dev 333
Samples 30
Peak 1214
L3 Mean 270
Back Deck Std dev 3
Starboard Samples 30
Peak 278
L4 Mean 5
Interior Std dev 7
Samples 30
Peak 28
L5 Mean 2
Front Std dev 2
Samples 30
Peak 6
L6 Mean 3
8' Pole Std dev 1
Samples 30
Peak 3
L7 Mean 3
10' Pole Std dev 2
Samples 30
Peak 8
L8 Mean 2
12' Pole Std dev 0
Samples 30
Peak 2
44mph
Table 11 (cont.) - Malibu Escape, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

44
L1 Mean 795 Mean 422 Mean 566 Mean 144
Back Deck Port Std dev 476 Std dev 511 Std dev 444 Std dev 64
Samples 30 Samples 102 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 1351 Peak 1351 Peak 1350 Peak 341
L2 Mean 693 Mean 306 Mean 746 Mean 243
Back Deck Center Std dev 351 Std dev 463 Std dev 443 Std dev 104
Samples 30 Samples 102 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 1217 Peak 1217 Peak 1217 Peak 495
L3 Mean 365 Mean 192 Mean 875 Mean 510
Back Deck Std dev 221 Std dev 363 Std dev 341 Std dev 127
Starboard Samples 30 Samples 102 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 872 Peak 1455 Peak 1455 Peak 800
L4 Mean 57 Mean 43 Mean 121 Mean 55
Interior Std dev 71 Std dev 54 Std dev 101 Std dev 15
Samples 30 Samples 102 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 278 Peak 247 Peak 419 Peak 90
L5 Mean 31 Mean 31 Mean 63 Mean 21
Front Std dev 31 Std dev 45 Std dev 44 Std dev 6
Samples 30 Samples 102 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 98 Peak 211 Peak 188 Peak 33
L6 Mean 8 Mean 34 Mean 74 Mean 29
8' Pole Std dev 3 Std dev 57 Std dev 47 Std dev 21
Samples 30 Samples 102 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 12 Peak 254 Peak 254 Peak 74
L7 Mean 56 Mean 76 Mean 49 Mean 20
10' Pole Std dev 34 Std dev 134 Std dev 25 Std dev 14
Samples 30 Samples 102 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 125 Peak 643 Peak 116 Peak 50
L8 Mean 2 Mean 2 Mean 2 Mean 2
12' Pole Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 0 Std dev 0
Samples 30 Samples 102 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 2 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 3
Generato r O n Generator Off Under Way 5 mph
Table 12 - Searay Sundancer, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

45
L1 Mean 55 Mean 58 Mean 115 Mean 276
Back Deck Port Std dev 15 Std dev 16 Std dev 54 Std dev 195
Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 94 Peak 101 Peak 311 Peak 715
L2 Mean 95 Mean 120 Mean 40 Mean 81
Back Deck Center Std dev 52 Std dev 59 Std dev 17 Std dev 66
Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 294 Peak 242 Peak 78 Peak 215
L3 Mean 202 Mean 350 Mean 126 Mean 167
Back Deck Std dev 105 Std dev 67 Std dev 33 Std dev 86
Starboard Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 556 Peak 510 Peak 203 Peak 314
L4 Mean 25 Mean 33 Mean 26 Mean 15
Interior Std dev 12 Std dev 17 Std dev 13 Std dev 13
Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 55 Peak 76 Peak 52 Peak 46
L5 Mean 12 Mean 25 Mean 13 Mean 8
Front Std dev 3 Std dev 11 Std dev 5 Std dev 4
Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 17 Peak 45 Peak 25 Peak 17
L6 Mean 12 Mean 41 Mean 4 Mean 61
8' Pole Std dev 8 Std dev 18 Std dev 2 Std dev 52
Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 34 Peak 100 Peak 9 Peak 166
L7 Mean 15 Mean 36 Mean 3 Mean 87
10' Pole Std dev 25 Std dev 17 Std dev 3 Std dev 52
Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 102 Peak 57 Peak 15 Peak 176
L8 Mean 3 Mean 3 Mean 2 Mean 3
12' Pole Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 0 Std dev 0
Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 30 Samples 36
Peak 3 Peak 3 Peak 3 Peak 3
10 mph 15 mph 20 mph 25 mph
Table 12 (cont.) - Searay Sundancer, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

46
L1 Mean 160 Mean 351 Mean 253 Mean 303
Back Deck Port Std dev 73 Std dev 235 Std dev 226 Std dev 143
Samples 30 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 18
Peak 288 Peak 792 Peak 731 Peak 746
L2 Mean 14 Mean 154 Mean 89 Mean 73
Back Deck Center Std dev 9 Std dev 113 Std dev 62 Std dev 34
Samples 30 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 18
Peak 39 Peak 365 Peak 217 Peak 126
L3 Mean 23 Mean 67 Mean 92 Mean 235
Back Deck Std dev 14 Std dev 31 Std dev 61 Std dev 136
Starboard Samples 30 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 18
Peak 63 Peak 117 Peak 201 Peak 428
L4 Mean 3 Mean 14 Mean 10 Mean 12
Interior Std dev 1 Std dev 10 Std dev 5 Std dev 11
Samples 30 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 18
Peak 5 Peak 30 Peak 18 Peak 39
L5 Mean 2 Mean 35 Mean 11 Mean 11
Front Std dev 1 Std dev 36 Std dev 6 Std dev 4
Samples 30 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 18
Peak 3 Peak 95 Peak 21 Peak 18
L6 Mean 63 Mean 41 Mean 31 Mean 48
8' Pole Std dev 46 Std dev 33 Std dev 12 Std dev 18
Samples 30 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 18
Peak 172 Peak 120 Peak 56 Peak 76
L7 Mean 63 Mean 34 Mean 31 Mean 38
10' Pole Std dev 45 Std dev 39 Std dev 23 Std dev 14
Samples 30 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 18
Peak 169 Peak 118 Peak 63 Peak 64
L8 Mean 5 Mean 4 Mean 3 Mean 3
12' Pole Std dev 12 Std dev 5 Std dev 0 Std dev 0
Samples 30 Samples 18 Samples 12 Samples 18
Peak 59 Peak 22 Peak 3 Peak 3
Slowing Down Engines O ff
Generator On Started Engine32 mph
Table 12 (cont.) - Searay Sundancer, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

47
L1 Mean 99 Mean 332 Mean 711 Mean 54
Back Deck Port Std dev 111 Std dev 305 Std dev 140 Std dev 148
Samples 108 Samples 12 Samples 108 Samples 378
Peak 464 Peak 753 Peak 981 Peak 1348
L2 Mean 48 Mean 258 Mean 531 Mean 20
Back Deck Center Std dev 75 Std dev 254 Std dev 112 Std dev 85
Samples 108 Samples 12 Samples 108 Samples 378
Peak 457 Peak 641 Peak 717 Peak 783
L3 Mean 49 Mean 96 Mean 217 Mean 22
Back Deck Std dev 51 Std dev 55 Std dev 74 Std dev 60
Starboard Samples 108 Samples 12 Samples 108 Samples 378
Peak 337 Peak 166 Peak 404 Peak 565
L4 Mean 6 Mean 12 Mean 24 Mean 7
Interior Std dev 3 Std dev 11 Std dev 9 Std dev 15
Samples 108 Samples 12 Samples 108 Samples 378
Peak 24 Peak 33 Peak 51 Peak 116
L5 Mean 7 Mean 16 Mean 26 Mean 5
Front Std dev 4 Std dev 11 Std dev 14 Std dev 9
Samples 108 Samples 12 Samples 108 Samples 378
Peak 19 Peak 41 Peak 73 Peak 89
L6 Mean 7 Mean 3 Mean 2 Mean 5
8' Pole Std dev 5 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 16
Samples 108 Samples 12 Samples 108 Samples 378
Peak 43 Peak 4 Peak 5 Peak 168
L7 Mean 2 Mean 1 Mean 1 Mean 5
10' Pole Std dev 2 Std dev 0 Std dev 1 Std dev 18
Samples 108 Samples 12 Samples 108 Samples 378
Peak 14 Peak 2 Peak 3 Peak 152
L8 Mean 3 Mean 3 Mean 2 Mean 3
12' Pole Std dev 0 Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 5
Samples 108 Samples 12 Samples 108 Samples 378
Peak 4 Peak 3 Peak 3 Peak 47
Ge ne ra tor O ff
Engines On 8.4 mph IdleEngine Off
Table 12 (cont.) - Searay Sundancer, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

48
L1 Mean 455 Mean 187 Mean 132
Back Deck Port Std dev 329 Std dev 42 Std dev 70
Samples 86 Samples 11 Samples 18
Peak 1180 Peak 285 Peak 229
L2 Mean 805 Mean 295 Mean 154
Back Deck Center Std dev 358 Std dev 127 Std dev 70
Samples 86 Samples 11 Samples 18
Peak 1092 Peak 599 Peak 294
L3 Mean 395 Mean 267 Mean 156
Back Deck Std dev 230 Std dev 57 Std dev 89
Starboard Samples 86 Samples 11 Samples 18
Peak 1063 Peak 342 Peak 364
L4 Mean 44 Mean 14 Mean 7
Interior Std dev 21 Std dev 3 Std dev 2
Samples 86 Samples 11 Samples 18
Peak 93 Peak 18 Peak 12
L5 Mean 29 Mean 2 Mean 3
Front Std dev 20 Std dev 1 Std dev 1
Samples 86 Samples 11 Samples 18
Peak 73 Peak 4 Peak 4
Shower Device
(Stationary Test
Under Covered Slip)
Underway with
Wedge Device
1 - 2 mph
15 mph with
Wedge Down
Table 13 - Malibu With Shower Device and Wedge, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

49
L1 Mean 172 Mean 74
Back Deck Port Std dev 89 Std dev 113
Samples 11 Samples 139
Peak 356 Peak 776
L2 Mean 190 Mean 127
Back Deck Center Std dev 124 Std dev 186
Samples 11 Samples 139
Peak 433 Peak 1085
L3 Mean 220 Mean 110
Back Deck Std dev 160 Std dev 141
Starboard Samples 11 Samples 139
Peak 585 Peak 736
L4 Mean 11 Mean 6
Interior Std dev 4 Std dev 10
Samples 11 Samples 139
Peak 19 Peak 49
L5 Mean 3 Mean 3
Front Std dev 1 Std dev 6
Samples 11 Samples 139
Peak 5 Peak 43
15 mph with Wedge
Up
Stationary, Adjusting
Wedge
Table 13 (cont.) - Malibu With Shower Device and Wedge,Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

50
L1 Mean 1116 Mean 1179 Mean 1028 Mean 1150
Back Deck Port Std dev 249 Std dev 0 Std dev 256 Std dev 64
Samples 15 Samples 30 Samples 54 Samples 61
Peak 1181 Peak 1180 Peak 1179 Peak 1178
L2 Mean 1034 Mean 1138 Mean 1139 Mean 1147
Back Deck Center Std dev 302 Std dev 2 Std dev 2 Std dev 2
Samples 15 Samples 30 Samples 54 Samples 61
Peak 1145 Peak 1141 Peak 1143 Peak 1149
L3 Mean 1087 Mean 1133 Mean 1133 Mean 1132
Back Deck Std dev 185 Std dev 0 Std dev 0 Std dev 0
Starboard Samples 15 Samples 30 Samples 54 Samples 61
Peak 1136 Peak 1134 Peak 1133 Peak 1133
L4 Mean 10 Mean 34 Mean 18 Mean 47
Interior Std dev 5 Std dev 6 Std dev 12 Std dev 26
Samples 15 Samples 30 Samples 54 Samples 61
Peak 23 Peak 49 Peak 50 Peak 94
L5 Mean 6 Mean 5 Mean 2 Mean 3
Front Std dev 5 Std dev 4 Std dev 1 Std dev 1
Samples 15 Samples 30 Samples 54 Samples 61
Peak 15 Peak 17 Peak 4 Peak 5
L6 Mean 188 Mean 77 Mean 14 Mean 41
8' Pole Std dev 85 Std dev 39 Std dev 15 Std dev 50
Samples 15 Samples 30 Samples 54 Samples 61
Peak 321 Peak 171 Peak 81 Peak 192
L7 Mean 164 Mean 84 Mean 9 Mean 35
10' Pole Std dev 70 Std dev 46 Std dev 9 Std dev 47
Samples 15 Samples 30 Samples 54 Samples 61
Peak 280 Peak 158 Peak 52 Peak 167
L8 Mean 252 Mean 182 Mean 10 Mean 39
12' Pole Std dev 131 Std dev 151 Std dev 8 Std dev 56
Samples 15 Samples 30 Samples 54 Samples 61
Peak 468 Peak 566 Peak 45 Peak 210
Stationary
(Covered Slip) 1 - 2 mph 5 mp h 10 mph
Table 14 - Carver Cabin Cruiser, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

51
L1 Mean 1171 Mean 1171 Mean 1171 Mean 1172
Back Deck Port Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 0 Std dev 1
Samples 47 Samples 18 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 1174 Peak 1172 Peak 1171 Peak 1174
L2 Mean 1142 Mean 1142 Mean 1137 Mean 1129
Back Deck Center Std dev 2 Std dev 0 Std dev 3 Std dev 2
Samples 47 Samples 18 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 1147 Peak 1142 Peak 1141 Peak 1132
L3 Mean 1130 Mean 1131 Mean 1132 Mean 1134
Back Deck Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 1 Std dev 1
Starboard Samples 47 Samples 18 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 1131 Peak 1131 Peak 1133 Peak 1135
L4 Mean 48 Mean 27 Mean 47 Mean 38
Interior Std dev 27 Std dev 12 Std dev 12 Std dev 14
Samples 47 Samples 18 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 117 Peak 43 Peak 69 Peak 70
L5 Mean 2 Mean 2 Mean 2 Mean 5
Front Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 0 Std dev 6
Samples 47 Samples 18 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 5 Peak 3 Peak 3 Peak 21
L6 Mean 162 Mean 184 Mean 189 Mean 39
8' Pole Std dev 64 Std dev 71 Std dev 68 Std dev 31
Samples 47 Samples 18 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 277 Peak 295 Peak 271 Peak 96
L7 Mean 152 Mean 185 Mean 174 Mean 33
10' Pole Std dev 63 Std dev 66 Std dev 79 Std dev 28
Samples 47 Samples 18 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 261 Peak 282 Peak 323 Peak 87
L8 Mean 168 Mean 211 Mean 176 Mean 31
12' Pole Std dev 73 Std dev 82 Std dev 87 Std dev 26
Samples 47 Samples 18 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 297 Peak 332 Peak 316 Peak 91
15 mph 20 mph 15 mph 5 mph
Table 14 (cont.) - Carver Cabin Cruiser, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

52
L1 Mean 287 M ean 310 Mean 50 Mean 153
Back Deck Port Std dev 55 Std dev 106 Std dev 59 Std dev 163
Samples 4 Samples 9 Samples 78 Samples 108
Peak 316 Peak 535 Peak 393 Peak 1078
L2 Mean 522 M ean 193 Mean 23 Mean 141
Back Deck Center Std dev 240 Std dev 86 Std dev 58 Std dev 151
Samples 4 Samples 9 Samples 78 Samples 108
Peak 794 Peak 384 Peak 389 Peak 1126
L3 Mean 197 M ean 158 Mean 18 Mean 138
Back Deck Std dev 39 Std dev 78 Std dev 25 Std dev 120
Starboard Samples 4 Samples 9 Samples 78 Samples 108
Peak 240 Peak 314 Peak 145 Peak 540
L4 Mean 11 Mean 9 Mean 2 Mean 11
Interior Std dev 4 Std dev 5 Std dev 1 Std dev 19
Samples 4 Samples 9 Samples 78 Samples 108
Peak 15 Peak 17 Peak 4 Peak 112
L5 Mean 7 Mean 7 Mean 3 Mean 5
Front Std dev 2 Std dev 3 Std dev 1 Std dev 4
Samples 4 Samples 9 Samples 78 Samples 108
Peak 9 Peak 11 Peak 4 Peak 22
L6 Mean 11 Mean 9 Mean 2 Mean 5
8' Pole Std dev 4 Std dev 5 Std dev 1 Std dev 8
Samples 4 Samples 9 Samples 78 Samples 108
Peak 15 Peak 16 Peak 8 Peak 54
L7 Mean 17 Mean 8 Mean 3 Mean 4
10' Pole Std dev 10 Std dev 5 Std dev 2 Std dev 5
Samples 4 Samples 9 Samples 78 Samples 108
Peak 29 Peak 16 Peak 14 Peak 35
L8 Mean 27 Mean 14 Mean 8 M ean 5
12' Pole Std dev 13 Std dev 9 Std dev 6 Std dev 9
Samples 4 Samples 9 Samples 78 Samples 108
Peak 37 Peak 28 Peak 36 Peak 65
20 mph 1 - 2 mph
S t a rt M alibu
W ak esetter engines
(
with shower device
)
1 - 2 mph
Table 15 - Malibu Wakesetter With Transom Shower, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

53
L1 Mean 93 Mean 114 Mean 12 Mean 29
Back Deck Port Std dev 58 Std dev 99 Std dev 19 Std dev 45
Sample s 6 1 S a mples 2 3 S amples 36 S amples 3 0
Peak 210 Peak 356 Peak 78 Peak 156
L2 Mean 266 Mean 49 Mean 34 Mean 48
Back Deck Center Std dev 129 Std dev 66 Std dev 46 Std dev 33
Sample s 6 1 S a mples 2 3 S amples 36 S amples 3 0
Peak 459 Peak 234 Peak 153 Peak 127
L3 Mean 383 Mean 93 Mean 106 Mean 125
Back Deck Std dev 189 Std dev 130 Std dev 119 Std dev 115
Starboard Samples 61 Samples 23 Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 782 Peak 459 Peak 497 Peak 574
L4 Mean 7 Mean 4 Mean 2 Mean 3
Interior Std dev 4 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 1
Sample s 6 1 S a mples 2 3 S amples 36 S amples 3 0
Peak 20 Peak 7 Peak 4 Peak 4
L5 Mean 4 Mean 4 Mean 3 Mean 2
Front Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 1
Sample s 6 1 S a mples 2 3 S amples 36 S amples 3 0
Peak 8 Peak 6 Peak 6 Peak 3
L6 Mean 10 Mean 4 Mean 2 Mean 4
8' Pole Std dev 9 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 4
Sample s 6 1 S a mples 2 3 S amples 36 S amples 3 0
Peak 50 Peak 7 Peak 3 Peak 17
L7 Mean 11 Mean 3 Mean 1 Mean 3
10' Pole Std dev 11 Std dev 2 Std dev 0 Std dev 5
Sample s 6 1 S a mples 2 3 S amples 36 S amples 3 0
Peak 40 Peak 8 Peak 1 Peak 20
L8 Mean 20 Mean 7 Mean 2 Mean 4
12' Pole Std dev 20 Std dev 4 Std dev 1 Std dev 6
Sample s 6 1 S a mples 2 3 S amples 36 S amples 3 0
Peak 81 Peak 17 Peak 2 Peak 32
10 mph 15 mph Idle in Lake 5 mph with Wedge
Table 15 (cont.) - Malibu Wakesetter With Transom Shower, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

54
L1 Mean 104 Mean 25 Mean 203
Back Deck Port Std dev 105 Std dev 34 Std dev 121
Samples 30 Samples 12 Samples 26
Peak 348 Peak 127 Peak 403
L2 Mean 152 Mean 10 Mean 236
Back Deck Center Std dev 135 Std dev 14 Std dev 168
Samples 30 Samples 12 Samples 26
Peak 499 Peak 55 Peak 651
L3 Mean 300 Mean 16 Mean 297
Back Deck Std dev 212 Std dev 6 Std dev 220
Starboard Samples 30 Samples 12 Samples 26
Peak 713 Peak 24 Peak 691
L4 Mean 3 Mean 3 Mean 4
Interior Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 3
Samples 30 Samples 12 Samples 26
Peak 4 Peak 3 Peak 10
L5 Mean 4 Mean 2 Mean 4
Front Std dev 2 Std dev 0 Std dev 2
Samples 30 Samples 12 Samples 26
Peak 9 Peak 3 Peak 8
L6 Mean 6 Mean 3 Mean 3
8' Pole Std dev 4 Std dev 1 Std dev 1
Samples 30 Samples 12 Samples 26
Peak 18 Peak 6 Peak 6
L7 Mean 8 Mean 2 Mean 1
10' Pole Std dev 7 Std dev 1 Std dev 1
Samples 30 Samples 12 Samples 26
Peak 23 Peak 5 Peak 4
L8 Mean 19 Mean 5 Mean 2
12' Pole Std dev 17 Std dev 2 Std dev 2
Samples 30 Samples 12 Samples 26
Peak 79 Peak 8 Peak 8
10 mph with Wedge 20 mph with
Wedge 1 -2 mph
Table 15 (cont.) - Malibu Wakesetter With Transom Shower, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

55
L1 Mean 41 Mean 6 Mean 6 Mean 36
Back Deck Port Std dev 30 Std dev 4 Std dev 4 Std dev 48
Samples 30 Samples 108 Samples 18 Samples 72
Peak 129 Peak 23 Peak 15 Peak 231
L2 Mean 38 Mean 6 Mean 5 Mean 45
Back Deck Center Std dev 31 Std dev 5 Std dev 5 Std dev 83
Samples 30 Samples 108 Samples 18 Samples 72
Peak 154 Peak 19 Peak 17 Peak 449
L3 Mean 57 Mean 10 Mean 13 Mean 120
Back Deck Std dev 48 Std dev 8 Std dev 18 Std dev 216
Starboard Samples 30 Samples 108 Samples 18 Samples 72
Peak 192 Peak 28 Peak 54 Peak 1028
L4 Mean 10 Mean 4 Mean 3 Mean 4
Interior Std dev 5 Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 5
Samples 30 Samples 108 Samples 18 Samples 72
Peak 20 Peak 6 Peak 3 Peak 19
L5 Mean 7 Mean 2 Mean 2 Mean 4
Front Std dev 4 Std dev 0 Std dev 0 Std dev 2
Samples 30 Samples 108 Samples 18 Samples 72
Peak 14 Peak 3 Peak 3 Peak 10
L6 Mean 4 Mean 4 Mean 3 Mean 6
8' Pole Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 6
Samples 30 Samples 108 Samples 18 Samples 72
Peak 5 Peak 5 Peak 4 Peak 31
L7 Mean 2 Mean 2 Mean 1 Mean 4
10' Pole Std dev 0 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 5
Samples 30 Samples 108 Samples 18 Samples 72
Peak 2 Peak 4 Peak 3 Peak 29
L8 Mean 3 Mean 3 Mean 2 Mean 6
12' Pole Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 7
Samples 30 Samples 108 Samples 18 Samples 72
Peak 4 Peak 6 Peak 4 Peak 40
35 mph 9 mp h20 mph 29 mph
Table 16 - Formula 280 BR, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

56
L1 Mean 24 Mean 664
Back Deck Port Std dev 37 Std dev 337
Samples 73 Samples 148
Peak 124 Peak 1099
L2 Mean 55 Mean 668
Back Deck Center Std dev 78 Std dev 337
Samples 73 Samples 148
Peak 283 Peak 1098
L3 Mean 56 Mean 559
Back Deck Std dev 76 Std dev 299
Starboard Samples 73 Samples 148
Peak 220 Peak 1128
L4 Mean 6 Mean 168
Interior Seat Port Std dev 5 Std dev 92
Samples 73 Samples 148
Peak 21 Peak 425
L5 Mean 7 Mean 181
Interior Seat Std dev 5 Std dev 133
Starboard Samples 73 Samples 148
Peak 19 Peak 527
L6 Mean 1 Mean 20
Front Std dev 0 Std dev 20
Samples 73 Samples 148
Peak 2 Peak 49
Generator Running Drive Engines On
Table 17 - Formula 41 PC with ECD, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

57
L1 Mean 339 Mean 940 Mean 157 M ean 5
Back Deck Port Std dev 360 Std dev 236 Std dev 160 Std dev 5
Samples 120 Samples 42 Samples 30 Samples 129
Peak 1107 Peak 1106 Peak 630 Peak 62
L2 Mean 459 Mean 1096 Mean 702 M ean 19
Back Deck Center Std dev 493 Std dev 1 Std dev 491 Std dev 11
Samples 120 Samples 42 Samples 30 Samples 129
Peak 1100 Peak 1099 Peak 1099 Peak 58
L3 Mean 344 Mean 984 Mean 1118 Mean 91
Back Deck Std dev 480 Std dev 334 Std dev 1 Std dev 166
Starboard Samples 120 Samples 42 Samples 30 Samples 129
Peak 1123 Peak 1121 Peak 1121 Peak 1121
L4 Mean 8 M ean 18 Mean 11 Mean 2
Interior Seat Port Std dev 10 Std dev 13 Std dev 9 Std dev 0
Samples 120 Samples 42 Samples 30 Samples 129
Peak 56 Peak 49 Peak 30 Peak 3
L5 Mean 15 M ean 21 Mean 12 Mean 3
Interior Seat Std dev 18 Std dev 19 Std dev 14 Std dev 1
Starboard Samples 120 Samples 42 Samples 30 Samples 129
Peak 89 Peak 86 Peak 58 Peak 6
L6 Mean 11 M ean 21 Mean 19 Mean 5
Front Std dev 14 Std dev 14 Std dev 20 Std dev 8
Samples 120 Samples 42 Samples 30 Samples 129
Peak 62 Peak 48 Peak 83 Peak 53
L7 Mean 2
8' Pole Std dev 1
Samples 129
Peak 3
L8 Mean 1
10' Pole Std dev 1
Samples 129
Peak 2
L9 Mean 2
12' pole Std dev 2
Samples 129
Peak 10
Drive Engines Running
(Stationary) Idle Speed
Drive Engine s Running
(Stationary) 2000 rpm
Drive Engine s Running
(Stationary) idle speed Engines O ff
Table 18 - Fastec 312, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

58
L1 Mean 181 Mean 280 M ean 291 Mean 969
Back Deck Port Std dev 55 Std dev 269 Std dev 337 Std dev 257
Samples 17 Samples 22 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 300 Peak 1108 Peak 1108 Peak 1109
L2 Mean 279 Mean 217 M ean 124 Mean 498
Back Deck Center Std dev 94 Std dev 75 Std dev 123 Std dev 234
Samples 17 Samples 22 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 494 Peak 346 Peak 592 Peak 1085
L3 M ean 408 M ean 571 Mean 1004 Mean 1121
Back Deck Std dev 160 Std dev 225 Std dev 272 Std dev 1
Starboard Samples 17 Samples 22 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 679 Peak 1101 Peak 1122 Peak 1122
L4 Mean 9 Mean 6 Mean 4 Mean 10
Interior Seat Port Std dev 4 Std dev 3 Std dev 1 Std dev 10
Samples 17 Samples 22 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 15 Peak 13 Peak 6 Peak 45
L5 Mean 7 Mean 6 Mean 3 Mean 9
Interior Seat Std dev 3 Std dev 3 Std dev 1 Std dev 10
Starboard Samples 17 Samples 22 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 11 Peak 12 Peak 5 Peak 40
L6 Mean 2 Mean 3 Mean 5 Mean 5
Front Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 2 Std dev 1
Samples 17 Samples 22 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 4 Peak 7 Peak 11 Peak 7
L7 Mean 6 Mean 5 Mean 17 M ean 17
8' Pole Std dev 4 Std dev 3 Std dev 18 Std dev 17
Samples 17 Samples 22 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 15 Peak 13 Peak 78 Peak 59
L8 Mean 12 M ean 5 M ean 21 Mean 23
10' Pole Std dev 12 Std dev 4 Std dev 23 Std dev 23
Samples 17 Samples 22 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 41 Peak 16 Peak 95 Peak 88
L9 Mean 24 M ean 5 M ean 26 Mean 26
12' pole Std dev 15 Std dev 4 Std dev 25 Std dev 25
Samples 17 Samples 22 Samples 48 Samples 30
Peak 51 Peak 14 Peak 79 Peak 97
D
r
i
ve
E
ng
i
nes
R
unn
i
ng
(
Stationar
y)
Idle Speed 5 mph 10 mph
Table 18 (cont.) - Fastec 312, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

59
L1 M ean 170 Mean 186 M ean 461 Mean 98
Back Deck Port Std dev 197 Std dev 185 Std dev 380 Std dev 118
Samples 36 Samples 24 Samples 102 Samples 43
Peak 1109 Peak 584 Peak 1109 Peak 563
L2 Mean 121 Mean 22 M ean 397 M ean 96
Back Deck Center Std dev 100 Std dev 15 Std dev 295 Std dev 180
Samples 36 Samples 24 Samples 102 Samples 43
Peak 382 Peak 62 Peak 1104 Peak 802
L3 Mean 594 Mean 65 M ean 475 M ean 284
Back Deck Std dev 442 Std dev 24 Std dev 277 Std dev 222
Starboard Samples 36 Samples 24 Samples 102 Samples 43
Peak 1123 Peak 141 Peak 1040 Peak 1126
L4 Mean 33 Mean 5 M ean 6 Mean 6
Interior Seat Port Std dev 35 Std dev 2 Std dev 4 Std dev 4
Samples 36 Samples 24 Samples 102 Samples 43
Peak 115 Peak 9 Peak 26 Peak 23
L5 Mean 33 Mean 3 M ean 6 Mean 4
Interior Seat Std dev 39 Std dev 1 Std dev 5 Std dev 2
Starboard Samples 36 Samples 24 Samples 102 Samples 43
Peak 163 Peak 4 Peak 33 Peak 10
L6 M ean 14 Mean 30 Mean 10 Mean 8
Front Std dev 10 Std dev 37 Std dev 15 Std dev 1
Samples 36 Samples 24 Samples 102 Samples 43
Peak 43 Peak 145 Peak 80 Peak 10
L7 Mean 40 Mean 9 M ean 4 Mean 3
8' Pole Std dev 41 Std dev 4 Std dev 6 Std dev 1
Samples 36 Samples 24 Samples 102 Samples 43
Peak 159 Peak 19 Peak 31 Peak 5
L8 Mean 49 Mean 22 Mean 6 Mean 3
10' Pole Std dev 54 Std dev 32 Std dev 10 Std dev 1
Samples 36 Samples 24 Samples 102 Samples 43
Peak 257 Peak 146 Peak 47 Peak 6
L9 Mean 54 Mean 42 Mean 3 Mean 2
12' pole Std dev 64 Std dev 54 Std dev 1 Std dev 1
Samples 36 Samples 24 Samples 102 Samples 43
Peak 305 Peak 225 Peak 6 Peak 3
20 mph15 mph 25 mph 12 mph
Table 18 (cont.) - Fastec 312, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

60
L1 Mean 1053 Mean 1150
Std dev 239 Std dev 3
Samples 89 Samples 42
Peak 1157 Peak 1154
L2 Mean 980 Mean 1110
Std dev 209 Std dev 1
Samples 89 Samples 42
Peak 1114 Peak 1112
L3 Mean 1084 Mean 1107
Std dev 141 Std dev 2
Samples 89 Samples 42
Peak 1120 Peak 1112
L4 Mean 188 Mean 598
Std dev 120 Std dev 425
Samples 89 Samples 42
Peak 649 Peak 1132
L5 Mean 46 Mean 147
Std dev 28 Std dev 140
Samples 89 Samples 42
Peak 117 Peak 497
L6 Mean 70 Mean 250
Std dev 47 Std dev 204
Samples 89 Samples 42
Peak 224 Peak 696
L7 Mean 2 Mean 2
Std dev 0 Std dev 0
Samples 89 Samples 42
Peak 3 Peak 3
L8 Mean 2 Mean 2
Std dev 1 Std dev 1
Samples 89 Samples 42
Peak 3 Peak 4
Engines Idling Increase RPM to 2000
Table 19 - Crownline 270, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

61
L1 Mean 28 Mean 828 Mean 140 Mean 329 Mean 668
Std dev 57 Std dev 202 Std dev 136 Std dev 200 Std dev 185
Samples 72 Samples 6 Samples 30 Samples 42 Samples 78
Peak 257 Peak 1027 Peak 652 Peak 742 Peak 1045
L2 Mean 56 Mean 521 Mean 112 Mean 294 Mean 636
Std dev 92 Std dev 162 Std dev 117 Std dev 165 Std dev 160
Samples 72 Samples 6 Samples 30 Samples 42 Samples 78
Peak 397 Peak 681 Peak 542 Peak 640 Peak 1027
L3 Mean 73 Mean 372 Mean 155 Mean 306 Mean 848
Std dev 109 Std dev 209 Std dev 191 Std dev 146 Std dev 242
Samples 72 Samples 6 Samples 30 Samples 42 Samples 78
Peak 342 Peak 675 Peak 741 Peak 564 Peak 1125
L4 Mean 3 Mean 94 Mean 91 Mean 39 Mean 298
Std dev 3 Std dev 109 Std dev 64 Std dev 42 Std dev 131
Samples 72 Samples 6 Samples 30 Samples 42 Samples 78
Peak 19 Peak 272 Peak 284 Peak 213 Peak 530
L5 Mean 1 Mean 65 Mean 39 Mean 101 Mean 145
Std dev 1 Std dev 88 Std dev 63 Std dev 81 Std dev 90
Samples 72 Samples 6 Samples 30 Samples 42 Samples 78
Peak 4 Peak 217 Peak 218 Peak 277 Peak 333
L6 Mean 2 Mean 8 Mean 8 Mean 97 Mean 93
Std dev 1 Std dev 5 Std dev 12 Std dev 62 Std dev 79
Samples 72 Samples 6 Samples 30 Samples 42 Samples 78
Peak 3 Peak 16 Peak 50 Peak 199 Peak 312
L7 Mean 2 Mean 1 Mean 53 Mean 42 Mean 67
Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 37 Std dev 21 Std dev 33
Samples 72 Samples 6 Samples 30 Samples 42 Samples 78
Peak 3 Peak 2 Peak 140 Peak 88 Peak 141
L8 Mean 3 Mean 3 Mean 53 Mean 56 Mean 75
Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 37 Std dev 29 Std dev 35
Samples 72 Samples 6 Samples 30 Samples 42 Samples 78
Peak 4 Peak 4 Peak 130 Peak 109 Peak 158
Start Generator Start Drive Engines Idle Speed 2.6 mph 10 mph
Table 20 - Formula 41 PC, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

62
L1 Mean 233 Mean 221 Mean 259 Mean 418 Mean 745
Std dev 147 Std dev 148 Std dev 63 Std dev 122 Std dev 394
Samples 42Samples 78Samples 12Samples 6Samples 12
Peak 536 Peak 602 Peak 362 Peak 579 Peak 1168
L2 Mean 203 Mean 233 Mean 270 Mean 461 Mean 740
Std dev 111 Std dev 164 Std dev 78 Std dev 109 Std dev 372
Samples 42Samples 78Samples 12Samples 6Samples 12
Peak 417 Peak 700 Peak 375 Peak 616 Peak 1123
L3 Mean 288 Mean 391 Mean 370 Mean 489 Mean 655
Std dev 145 Std dev 193 Std dev 97 Std dev 105 Std dev 299
Samples 42Samples 78Samples 12Samples 6Samples 12
Peak 631 Peak 928 Peak 609 Peak 619 Peak 1125
L4 Mean 99 Mean 55 Mean 151 Mean 208 Mean 275
Std dev 73Std dev 58Std dev 25Std dev 76Std dev 72
Samples 42Samples 78Samples 12Samples 6Samples 12
Peak 267 Peak 200 Peak 192 Peak 306 Peak 407
L5 Mean 81 Mean 67 Mean 62 Mean 98 Mean 187
Std dev 72Std dev 56Std dev 38Std dev 21Std dev 74
Samples 42Samples 78Samples 12Samples 6Samples 12
Peak 302 Peak 265 Peak 123 Peak 113 Peak 298
L6 Mean 55 Mean 76 Mean 52 Mean 116 Mean 74
Std dev 63Std dev 52Std dev 28Std dev 27Std dev 34
Samples 42Samples 78Samples 12Samples 6Samples 12
Peak 274 Peak 232 Peak 98 Peak 157 Peak 152
L7 Mean 86 Mean 38 Mean 117 Mean 138 Mean 246
Std dev 72Std dev 19Std dev 38Std dev 18Std dev 54
Samples 42Samples 78Samples 12Samples 6Samples 12
Peak 293 Peak 99 Peak 167 Peak 157 Peak 374
L8 Mean 81 Mean 50 Mean 141 Mean 142 Mean 226
Std dev 60Std dev 32Std dev 42Std dev 24Std dev 60
Samples 42Samples 78Samples 12Samples 6Samples 12
Peak 231 Peak 146 Peak 200 Peak 175 Peak 335
Pole Broke 15 mph 6.5 mph 4 mph Backing on to dock
Table 20 (cont.) - Formula 41 PC, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

63
Turn on
L7 Mean 2
Std dev 4
Samples 102
Peak 15
L8 Mean 3
Std dev 4
Samples 102
Peak 17
Table 21 - Bombardier Seadoo, Cabon Monoxide (ppm)

64
L1 Mean 101 Mean 248
Back Deck Port Std dev 150 Std dev 417
Sample
s
37 Sample
s
24
Peak 596 Peak 1176
L2 Mean 107 Mean 175
Back Dec k Center Std d ev 123 Std dev 266
Sample
s
37 Sample
s
24
Peak 431 Peak 918
L3 Mean 154 Mean 177
Back Deck Std dev 137 Std dev 227
Starboard Sample
s
37 Sample
s
24
Peak 517 Peak 715
L4 Mean 66 Mean 72
Interior Seat Port Std dev 69 Std dev 102
Sample
s
37 Sample
s
24
Peak 301 Peak 399
L5 Mean 30 Mean 48
Interior Seat Std dev 30 Std dev 60
Starboard Sample
s
37 Sample
s
24
Peak 108 Peak 214
L6 Mean 24 Mean 44
Front Std dev 17 Std dev 55
Sample
s
37 Sample
s
24
Peak 75 Peak 174
L7 Mean 5 Mean 7
8' Pole Std dev 5 Std dev 5
Sample
s
37 Sample
s
24
Peak 16 Peak 18
L8 Mean 5 Mean 6
10' Pole Std dev 6 Std dev 6
Sample
s
37 Sample
s
24
Peak 19 Peak 22
Run Engine Idle
Speed
Increase Engine to
2000 RPM
Table 22 - Crownline 239 DB, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

65
L1 Mean 20 Mean 335 Mean 420 Mean 164
Back Deck Port Std dev 0 Std dev 319 Std dev 287 Std dev 65
Samples 7 Samples 52 Samples 42 Samples 48
Peak 20 Peak 974 Peak 945 Peak 262
L2 Mean 9 Mean 119 Mean 345 Mean 102
Back Deck Center Std dev 0 Std dev 191 Std dev 194 Std dev 66
Samples 7 Samples 52 Samples 42 Samples 48
Peak 9 Peak 647 Peak 737 Peak 238
L3 Mean 8 Mean 19 Mean 185 Mean 19
Back Deck Std dev 0 Std dev 24 Std dev 207 Std dev 4
Starboard Samples 7 Samples 52 Samples 42 Samples 48
Peak 8 Peak 106 Peak 662 Peak 27
L4 Mean 3 Mean 5 Mean 6 Mean 3
Interior Seat Port Std dev 0 Std dev 5 Std dev 4 Std dev 2
Samples 7 Samples 52 Samples 42 Samples 48
Peak 4 Peak 19 Peak 21 Peak 9
L5 Mean 4 Mean 9 Mean 21 Mean 4
Interior Seat Std dev 1 Std dev 11 Std dev 41 Std dev 1
Starboard Samples 7 Samples 52 Samples 42 Samples 48
Peak 5 Peak 71 Peak 168 Peak 6
L6 Mean 6 Mean 7 Mean 6 Mean 3
Front Std dev 1 Std dev 4 Std dev 2 Std dev 1
Samples 7 Samples 52 Samples 42 Samples 48
Peak 6 Peak 27 Peak 14 Peak 5
L7 Mean 1 Mean 3 Mean 5 Mean 1
8' Pole Std dev 0 Std dev 2 Std dev 6 Std dev 0
Samples 7 Samples 52 Samples 42 Samples 48
Peak 1 Peak 12 Peak 28 Peak 2
L8 Mean 1 Mean 3 Mean 6 Mean 1
10' Pole Std dev 0 Std dev 3 Std dev 7 Std dev 0
Samples 7 Samples 52 Samples 42 Samples 48
Peak 1 Peak 14 Peak 34 Peak 2
Start Engine 1 -2 mph 5 mph 10 mph
Table 23 - Crownline 239 DB, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

66
L1 Mean 99 Mean 47 Mean 383
Back Deck Port Std dev 66 Std dev 43 Std dev 305
Samples 60 Samples 66 Samples 42
Peak 312 Peak 171 Peak 1159
L2 Mean 68 Mean 42 Mean 195
Back Deck Center Std dev 55 Std dev 29 Std dev 178
Samples 60 Samples 66 Samples 42
Peak 229 Peak 104 Peak 663
L3 Mean 9 Mean 8 Mean 19
Back Deck Std dev 4 Std dev 4 Std dev 27
Starboard Samples 60 Samples 66 Samples 42
Peak 21 Peak 19 Peak 127
L4 Mean 2 Mean 3 Mean 4
Interior Seat Port Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 4
Samples 60 Samples 66 Samples 42
Peak 5 Peak 4 Peak 21
L5 Mean 3 Mean 2 Mean 6
Interior Seat Std dev 1 Std dev 0 Std dev 14
Starboard Samples 60 Samples 66 Samples 42
Peak 4 Peak 3 Peak 74
L6 Mean 3 Mean 3 Mean 3
Front Std dev 1 Std dev 1 Std dev 2
Samples 60 Samples 66 Samples 42
Peak 5 Peak 5 Peak 9
L7 Mean 1 Mean 1 Mean 1
8' Pole Std dev 0 Std dev 0 Std dev 0
Samples 60 Samples 66 Samples 42
Peak 2 Peak 2 Peak 2
L8 Mean 1 Mean 1 Mean 1
10' Pole Std dev 0 Std dev 0 Std dev 0
Samples 60 Samples 66 Samples 42
Peak 1 Peak 2 Peak 2
15 mph 25 mph Full Throttle
Table 23 (cont.) - Crownline 239 DB, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

67
L1 Mean 499 Mean 839
Back Deck Port Std dev 489 Std dev 494
Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 1174 Peak 1175
L2 Mean 182 Mean 792
Back Deck Center Std dev 274 Std dev 476
Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 1145 Peak 1145
L3 Mean 244 Mean 545
Back Deck Std dev 353 Std dev 462
Starboard Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 1178 Peak 1178
L4 Mean 17 Mean 361
Interior Seat Port Std dev 17 Std dev 457
Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 53 Peak 1137
L5 Mean 18 Mean 67
Interior Seat Std dev 20 Std dev 58
Starboard Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 74 Peak 194
L6 Mean 17 Mean 104
Front Std dev 15 Std dev 154
Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 49 Peak 564
L7 Mean 5 Mean 125
8' Pole Std dev 5 Std dev 138
Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 15 Peak 376
L8 Mean 4 Mean 8 7
10' Pole Std dev 5 Std dev 108
Samples 36 Samples 30
Peak 15 Peak 341
Idle Drive Engines 2000 RPM
Table 24 - Formula 280, Carbon Monoxide (ppm)

68
Figure 1. Average CO Concentrations, Formula 370 ss

69
Figure 2. Average CO Concentrations, Crownline 270

70
Figure 3. Average CO Concentrations, Formula 260 ss

71
Figure 4. Average CO Concentrations, Malibu Escape