Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles from various plant extracts: blessing to nanotechnology

Abstract

Nanotechnology is influencing life in many ways. Researchers are developing their interest in biofabrication of silver nanoparticles because of its excellent properties and boundless utilisation in almost every branch of science. Plant extract is used to synthesise silver nanoparticles and reduce silver ion, and act as capping and reducing agent. The phyto-chemicals and metabolites present in the extract help in biogenic reduction of silver ion, forming non-toxic nanoparticles. This review focuses on the green synthesis of nanoparticles from various plants and their parts as an easy and eco-friendly approach.

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Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles from various
plant extracts: blessing to nanotechnology
Aiman Zafar, Rose Rizvi & Irshad Mahmood
To cite this article: Aiman Zafar, Rose Rizvi & Irshad Mahmood (2019): Biofabrication of silver
nanoparticles from various plant extracts: blessing to nanotechnology, International Journal of
Environmental Analytical Chemistry, DOI: 10.1080/03067319.2019.1622698
To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2019.1622698
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REVIEW ARTICLE
Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles from various plant
extracts: blessing to nanotechnology
Aiman Zafar, Rose Rizvi and Irshad Mahmood
Department of Botany, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology is influencing life in many ways. Researchers are
developing their interest in biofabrication of silver nanoparticles
because of its excellent properties and boundless utilisation in
almost every branch of science. Plant extract is used to
synthesise silver nanoparticles and reduce silver ion, and act as
capping and reducing agent. The phyto-chemicals and metabo-
lites present in the extract help in biogenic reduction of silver ion,
forming non-toxic nanoparticles. This review focuses on the green
synthesis of nanoparticles from various plants and their parts as an
easy and eco-friendly approach.
ARTICLE HISTORY
Received 12 April 2019
Accepted 15 May 2019
KEYWORDS
Biofabrication;
nanotechnology; plant
extract; silver nanoparticles
1. Introduction
Nanotechnology is being considered as the most advance form of technology in the
recent years, due to its impact on various scientific research areas such as food industry,
agriculture, crop improvement, electronics, photonics, medicine, textile, catalyst and
space industries [1–5]. Nanoparticles can be classified on the basis of dimensions (1D,
2D, 3D), shape (spherical, tubular, irregular shape), morphology, size and composition
[6,7]. They can also be categorised as natural and engineered nanoparticles on the basis
of their source of inference and extraction [8]. According to Uddin [9] nanoparticles can
be obtained from nature and can be extracted by natural processes such as biodegrada-
tion and biomineralisation. Nanoparticles are further chiefly categorised as organic
nanoparticles (comprising carbon nanoparticles) and inorganic nanoparticles comprising
of metal nanoparticles (platinum, palladium, silver, gold, etc.), magnetic nanoparticles
and semi-conductor nanoparticles (titanium oxide and zinc oxide). Now a days there is
increase in the production of metal nanoparticles because of their superior quality and
functional flexibility. The process of fabrication of nanoparticles can be achieved by
either ‘top-down’or ‘bottom-up’approaches [10,11] which include several methods such
as physical methods (arc discharge, pyrolysis, etching, inert gas condensation, etc.),
chemical methods (sol gel process, tollens method, vapour deposition, photo induced
reduction, etc.) and biological methods (by Fungi, bacteria, enzymes, plant parts). In
‘top-down’method, fabrication of nanoparticles is done by reduction in size (by physical
and chemical method) from starting material and in ‘bottom-up’approach, nanoparti-
cles are fabricated from tiny units by joining molecules, atoms and smaller particles
CONTACT Aiman Zafar aimanzafar94@gmail.com
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY
https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2019.1622698
© 2019 Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group

[11,12]. These methods are quite expensive, requires high maintenance, and chemicals
used in fabrication are very perilous to both humans and environment [13,14]. Hence,
this review emphasises the role of different plant extracts for the biofabrication of
nanoparticles as a green, safe and a non-toxic approach.
1.1. Need and importance of biosynthesis of nanoparticles
The synthesis of nanoparticles from ‘top-down’and ‘bottom-up’approach is exorbitant
as well as dangerous but biosynthesis of nanoparticles from plants is an expedient and
a green approach. Prerequisite of chemical synthesis are several purifications, utilisation
of explosive solvents, escalated consumption of methods like sonication, sophisticated
instruments and perilous release of byproducts. These are demerits of chemical synth-
esis. The scaling up of physical method is a tough job and the nanoparticles formed
have a very short shelf life and low thermal stability. Microbe mediated synthesis also
requires high lab maintenance cost of microorganisms. Due to these snags, scientists
and researchers felt to develop a method that is easy, eco-friendly, cost effective and
free of toxic materials. According to Husen and Siddiqui [15] nanoparticles (NPs) can be
chemically synthesised by various conventional methods but biosynthesis curbs the
atmosphere from pollution. So, biosynthesis or biofabrication (from fungi, bacteria and
plant extract) is manifested as a blessing in the field of Nanotechnology.
2. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles
There are several reports of nanoparticles synthesised from fungi and bacteria by various
researchers as a part of green and biological synthesis.
2.1. Mechanism, synthesis and characterisation of nanoparticles from fungi
Fungi are used for synthesis of silver nanoparticles because of their high tolerance power
and ability to bioaccumulate metals [16,17]. Biofabrication of silver nanoparticles from fungi
is a strenuous process requiring biomolecules as both stabilising and reducing agents
[18,19]. Predominantly, in fungi the NADH/NADPH dependent enzyme is involved in the
stabilisation and reduction of silver ions. Biomolecules such as enzymes [20], biosurfactants
and proteins present in microorganisms (fungi, bacteria) act as powerful reducing, capping
and stabilising agents in synthesis [21] and [22] have suggested that silver ions are extra-
cellularly reduced in water to form stable silver nanoparticles from fungi. The first step in the
synthesis is the reduction of silver ion, Ag(I) to Ag(0). Then the particles are stabilised to
avoid clumping and maintaining their distance, which would otherwise result in fusion and,
ultimately, the formation of bigger particles. [18][23] reported 5–15 nm silver nanoparticles
from Fusarium oxysporum by enzymatic method reducing metal ions and thus developing
a fungal-based method for synthesis of nanomaterials. [23] observed the role of NADPH-
dependent reductase in the reduction of silver ion. [24]usedAspergillus flavus for the
biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles. The nanoparticles formed were confirmed by ultraso-
nication and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy (UV-Vis) spectroscopy showing absorbance
peak at 425 nm. The particles formed were monodispersed and having a size range of
8.92 ± 1.61 nm. The reduction of ions is because of proteins in the fungal filtrate [12]
2A. ZAFAR ET AL.

exposed Verticillium fungal biomass to aqueous Ag+ ions which resulted in intracellular
synthesis of silver nanoparticles of 25 ± 12 nm in size. Electron microscopyof thin sections of
fungal cells further showed that silver nanoparticles were formed beneath the cell wall, by
ions reduction in cell membrane due to enzymes. The metal ions were non-toxic to the cell
wall. Extracellular synthesis of nanoparticles fromFusarium semitectum was reported by [25].
The nanoparticles were formed by reduction of ions in the filtrate solution. The silver ions
are reduced due to the release of proteins (having tryptophan and tyrosine residues) into
the solution by fungus and coupling of NADH reductase with electron shuttle. TEM studies
depicted that the size range from 10 to 60 nm and were spherical [26]observedthe
extracellular synthesis of Ag-NPs using fungus Cladosporium cladosporioides and the size
of nanoparticles was measured by TEM analysis and were 10–100 nm in size [27] reported
the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Aspergillus terreus by reduction of aqueous Ag+ ion
with the fungus filtrate. The reaction occurred at room temperature and bioreduction of
AgNPs was analysed by UV-Vis spectroscopy, and characterisationwas done by transmission
electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction. Reduced nicotinamide adenine nucleotide acted
as reducing agent for the formation of nanoparticles as reported by [27]. The synthesised
AgNPs were 1–20 nm in size and spherical. Silver nanoparticles were also biofabricated
using fungal culture of Trametes trogii, a white rot fungus by [14]. The activity of enzyme
caused the reduction of nanoparticles and capping by the interaction of Cys-Cys and the
sulfhydryl moiety.
2.2. Mechanism, synthesis and characterisation of nanoparticles from bacteria
[28] reported the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from Bacillus brevis(NCIM 2533). The
synthesised nanoparticles were analysed by surface plasmon resonance and UV-Vis spectro-
scopy showed the absorbance at 420 nm. SEM characterisation determined the size of
nanoparticles ranging between 42 and 68 nm. The presence of bioactive compounds was
further assured by FTIR analysis. Proteins in the bacterial extract have high binding capacity
with silver ions and can act as capping and stabilising agent [29] elucidated the extracellular
synthesis of silver nanoparticles from filtrate of an endophytic bacterium, Pantoea ananatis.
The synthesised AgNPs were characterised by UV-Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron
microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energydispersive X-ray spectro-
scopy (EDX), FTIR, and Zeta potential. FTIR studies revealed that binding of amino groups
with the surface of silver nanoparticles has acted as capping agent. Further the peak
depicted that the presence of proteins, phenols and carboxylic acid in the solution behaved
as reducing agent in the fabrication of nanoparticles. The analysis depicted that nanopar-
ticles formed were 35.02 ± 13.41 nm and spherical.
The nanoparticles synthesised from fungi and bacteria is a slow process and requires
high lab maintenance cost with production of less biomass when compared to nano-
particles synthesised from plant extracts. Thus, the use of plant parts and their extracts
becomes a feasible method to synthesise nanoparticles.
2.3. Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from plant extract
In biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles by plant extracts, the extract is added to silver
nitrate solution at room temperature and is kept in dark for the synthesis. Colour change
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 3

of the solution marks the synthesis and characterisation is done by UV-Vis Spectroscopy,
SEM, TEM, FTIR, EDX, XRD to measure the size and shape of the particles. Researchers
have used spices, vegetables, medicinal plants and weeds to bio-fabricate silver nano-
particles from different parts (leaf, stem, bark, fruit, etc.) of the plant. The reduction of
silver ions is because of the various metabolites and phytochemicals present in plants
which includes ketones, carboxylic acids, flavonoids, phenolic compounds, carbohy-
drates, aldehydes, terpenoids and amides. These phytochemicals are water-soluble and
are subjected to act as reducing agent for the metal ions in synthesis [30,31]. The rate
and amount of production of nanoparticles is influenced by the nature of plant extract,
its concentration, pH, temperature and concentration of metal ion [11,32].
[33] Biosynthesised spherical nanoparticles of 5.2 ± 4.2 nm in size from Aloe vera leaf extract
[34] reported the biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles from leaf extract of Amaranthus gang-
eticus. The nanoparticles obtained were 11–16 nm in size and exhibited antimicrobial activity
towards bacteria (Gram positive, Gram negative) and fungus [35] synthesised silver nanopar-
ticles from twig extract of Amaranthus viridis. The twig extract reduced silver ions in 10 mins,
depicting it as a fast and eco-friendly method of synthesis. The particles were spherical and
5–20 nm in size as inferred by the SEM and TEM analysis and showed antibacterial activity.
Silver ions could be reduced to nanoparticles by plant extract of Mentha piperita [36]. The
characterisation by SEM, EDX revealed that the particles were spherical and 90 nm in size. The
results depicted that the reduction was imputed to menthol present in the leaf extract and
nanoparticles were inhibitory against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli [37]usedleaf
extract of Acalypha indica to fabricate silver nanoparticles of size 20–30 nm within 30 min.
These nanoparticles also showed antibacterial activity against waterborne pathogens, Vibrio
cholerae and Escherichia coli [38] observed the synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Ocimum
sanctum dried stem and root. The broth of the plant is used as a reducing agent for the
synthesis of Ag nanoparticles at room temperature. Silver nanoparticles were synthesised from
thefruitextractofTanacetum vulgare by [39]. Synthesis of the nanoparticles was further
inferred by UV-Vis spectroscopy and TEM [40] reported the extracellular synthesis of silver
nanoparticles from Emblica officinalis fruit extract. The fruit extract acted as reducing agent and
the nanoparticles measuring 10–20 nm were formed [41]reported the formation of silver
nanoparticles from Terminalia chebula fruit extract and nanoparticles were found to be highly
stable at neutral pH. The phytochemicals present in the fruit extract and high zeta potential are
responsible for the stability of nanoparticles. XRD and EDX characterisation showed that silver
nanoparticles were crystalline and having face centred cubic geometry orientation. TEM
revealed that nanoparticles were 25 nm in size. The biosynthesised nanoparticles showed
catalytic activity on the reduction of methylene blue [42] illustrated biofabrication of Silver
nanoparticles from seed extract of Artocarpus heterophyllus. The seed is made up of a lectin,
Jacalin having various biological activities. The seed extract reduced silver ions when seed
extract solution and silver nitrate solution was autoclaved at 121°C, 15 psi, for 5 mins. The
average size of nanoparticles was 10.78 nm and were irregular when characterised. Silver
nanoparticles formed exhibited strong antibacterial property against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus
subtilis, Staphyloccocus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa [43]usedfruitextractofCrataegus
douglasii as reducing agent and fabricated silver nanoparticles measuring 29.28 nm and were
spherical, showed antimicrobial property against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli.
The method of fabrication is illustrated in Figure 1 and the other plants and parts utilised in the
fabrication are listed in Table 1.
4A. ZAFAR ET AL.

3. Applications of silver nanoparticles
Biosynthesised silver nanoparticles are being used in several in vitro studies to check their
anti-microbial activities like antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, anticancer, etc. [95–97]. Silver
nanoparticles are also utilised in medicine as antimicrobial agent [11,98,99], wound dres-
sings, and agriculture engineering [18,100]. Silver nanoparticles are now utilised in ban-
dages and dentistry. The bond strength of orthodontic adhesives was enhanced by the
addition of nanoparticles [18,101]. Endodontic fillings coated with nanoparticles were
efficient against bacterial pathogens such as Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus milleri
Figure 1. Illustration of green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from plant extract and their applica-
tion in various scientificfields.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 5

Table 1. Biofabricated silver nanoparticles from different plants and their parts.
Plant Part used
Size of
AgNPs Phytochemicals involved in reduction References
Alfalfa Sprouts 2–4nm –[44]
Argemone
mexicana
Leaf 30 nm Leaf proteins and metabolites [45]
Chenopodium
album
Leaf 10–30 nm Oxalic acid, (COOH)
2
,oxalate, Aldehydes [32]
Chenopodium
aristatum
Stem 3–36 nm Functional Groups: O–H, N–H, C–H, C=O [46]
Chenopodium
murale
Leaf 30–50 nm Phenolic Compounds and Flavonoides [47]
Desmodium
trifolium
Whole
plant
5–20 nm Polyphenols, flavonoids, sterols, ascorbic acid [48]
Euphorbia hirta Leaf 40–50 nm –[49]
Lepidium draba Root 20–80 nm Aldehydes, carboxylic acids, glycosidic and phenolics
compound
[50]
Ipomoea carnea Leaf, Stem
and
Root
–Amide groups of proteins and the phenolic groups [51]
Lantana camara Leaf 35 nm Alcohols, alkenes [52]
Parthenium Leaf 50 nm –[53]
Solidago
altissima
Leaf –P, sulphur, and Cl [54]
Calotropis
gigantean
Leaf 83.7 nm Secondary amines [55]
Calotropis
procera
Flower 35 nm Phytochemicals [56]
Amaranthus
gangeticus
Leaf 11–15 nm Hydrogen bonded –OH and –NH2 groups in the amino
acids
[34]
Amaranthus
viridis
Twig 5–20 nm Alcohols, phenols, proteins [35]
Abutilon indicum Leaf 5–25 nm Flavonoids, polyphenols, saponins and alkaloids [57]
Eclipta prostrata Leaf 35–60 nm –[58]
Abutilon indicum Leaf –Nitrate reductase enzyme (protein) [59]
Pomegranate Peel 3–13 nm Polyphenolic compound (Punicalagin), flavonoids and
tannins
[60]
Tansy Fruit 10–40 nm –[39]
Water hyacinth Cellulose 5.69 ± 5.89 Either acetyl and uronic ester linkage of carboxylic group of
the ferulic and p-coumeric acids of lignin and/or
hemicelluloses
[61]
Saraca asoca Leaf 24.85 nm Secondary metabolites [62]
Coccinia grandis Fruit 25–30 nm Alcohols, phenols [63]
Silybum
marianum
Fruit 25.26 nm Flavonoids group (flavolignans) [64]
Berberis vulgare Leaf, Root 30–70 nm Phytochemical compounds [97]
Enicostemma
axillare
Leaf 15–20 nm Alcohol, carboxylic acid, ether and esters [65]
Parkia speciosa
Hassk
Pods 20–50 nm Phenolic compounds [66]
Orange Peel 91 nm Flavonoids [67]
Alstonia
scholaris
Bark 50 nm Functional organic groups (carboxyl and amine), proteins [68]
Lens culinaris Seed 13 nm –[69]
Dalbergia sissoo Leaf 5–55 nm Flavones, Iso-flavones, flavonols, neoflavonols and
coumarins
[70]
Pongam pinnata
L. Pierre
Leaf 38 nm Flavones [71]
Catharanthus
roseus
Root 35–55 nm Aliphatic amines and alkanes [72]
Tea Leaf 20 nm Polyphenols, protein, and amino acid [30]
Syzygium cumini Bark 20–60 nm Phenols, Alkaloids, tannins [73]
(Continued)
6A. ZAFAR ET AL.

and Streptococcus aurens [18,102]. Silver ions are toxic to bacterial cells and hamper the cell
permeability, inactivate proteins and hinder in DNA replication. Application of nanoparti-
cles is also emerging in the field of agriculture as nanoparticles are found to increase the
plant growth and decrease the disease incidence of the plant pathogens [103] studied the
effect of foliar application at different concentration of silver nanoparticles in
Trigonellafoenum-graecum and concluded that the plant growth, physiological aspects,
yield, and antioxidant activity were high in plants treated with nanoparticles. Silver act as
potent growth simulator [104] and growth was also enhanced in wheat [105], mung bean
[106]Bacopa monnieri [107], Brassica juncea [108], common bean and corn [109][110]
reported that silver nanoparticles synthesised from Euporbia tirucalli (Et-AgNPs) were fatal
to second stage juveniles of root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne incognita and also inhibited
egg hatching (in-vitro). In pot trial of tomato also Meloidogyne incognita infestation was
reduced when the roots were treated with Et-AgNPs. From this study, it was inferred that
Table 1. (Continued).
Plant Part used
Size of
AgNPs Phytochemicals involved in reduction References
Terminalia
arjuna
Bark 2–100 nm Phenols [74]
Polyalthia
longifolia
Leaf 58 nm –[75]
Cinnamomum
camphora
Leaf 55–80 nm Polyol componentsand the water-soluble heterocyclic
components
[76]
Ficus
benghalensis
Extract 16 nm –[77]
Pelargonium
graveolens
Leaf 16–40 nm Terpenoids (citronellol and geraniol) [78]
Vitis vinifera Fruit 30–40 nm Carboxylic acids, esters, alcohols, amides, amines [79]
Musa
paradisiacal
Peel 20 nm Functional groups (carboxyl, amine and hydroxyl) [80]
Rheum
palmatum
Root 121 2 nm Phenolic compound, ester, and anthraquinone [81]
Excoecaria
agallocha
Leaf 20 nm Phenolic compounds, flavonoids, methylene groups,
amides and carboxylate groups
[82]
Ampelocissus
latifolia
Root 35–45 nm Flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids or terpenoids [83]
Erythrina indica
lam
Root 20–118 nm Functional groups such as –OH, C‗O groups, Alkaloids
and phenols
[84]
Delphinium
denudatum
Root 85 nm Terpenoids [85]
Glycyrrhiza
glabra
Root 20 nm Flavonoids, terpenoids and thiamine [86]
Zingiber
officinale
Root 10–20 nm Alkaloids and flavonoids, [87]
Panax ginseng Root 100 nm Phenolic acids, flavonoids, ginsenosides and
polysaccharides
[95]
Ocimum
sanctum
Leaf 4–30 nm Alcohols, phenols, carbonyl group of amino acid [88]
Malus domestica Fruit 20 nm Protein and ascorbic acid [89]
Olive Leaf 20–25 nm Oleuropein and its derivatives [90]
Chrysanthemum
indicum
Leaf 17–29 nm Flavonoids, terpenoids and glycosides, [91]
Achiella
bieberstennii
Flower 12 ± 2 nm Phytochemicals [92]
Nelumbo
nucifera
Leaf 45 nm C=O group, methoxy compounds [93]
Aloe vera Leaf 70 nm Carbonyl group of amino acid, nitriles [94]
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 7

Et-AgNPs are helpful in the management of M. incognita. Silver nanoparticles are used in
food packaging to increase the shelf life of products [111] and also in minimising the
microbial population in waste water management [21,112].
4. Future prospects
Silver nanoparticles are widely applicable in medicine, environment, agriculture, human
pathology, management of various plant diseases, cosmetics, drug delivery, food, dentistry,
etc. Biofabrication of AgNPs from plant is not only used as it is safe and benign technique
but due to large production of nanoparticles in bulk quantity. The advantage of using plant
extract in synthesis is that the phyto-chemicals present in the extract act as both reducing
and capping agent. Thus, making it a simple, easy, fast, cost effective and an eco-friendly
approach. The utilisation of plant extract will reduce the use of chemicals in fabrication and
will produce chemical free nanoparticles. The plant mediated synthesises will overcome the
use of organisms and their maintenance for production of nanoparticles. Nanotechnology
is emerging as potent field in every possible aspect of the living world and is a boon to the
scientific and research area.
Disclosure statement
No potential conflict of interest was reported by the authors.
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