EFFICACY OF SOME FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROLLING CHOCOLATE SPOT DISEASE IN FABA BEAN.

Abstract

Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of six fungicides (DithaneM-45, Bitafol Gold3, Kocide 2000, Oxydor, Plant–guard and Bio-Arc) on the chocolate spot disease (during 2014-2015 and 2015-2016 seasons) at the rates of 100, 200 and 250 gm or ml 100L-1. The treatments were applied 3 times from 15 January to the 1 of March in both seasons. The interval between first, second and third applications were 15-17days depending on suitable spraying conditions. The results showed that all treatments (chemical and biological agents) reduced the incidence and severity of chocolate spot disease in faba bean plants. Also, the chemical treatments were more effective than bioagents for the control of this disease. All the tested compounds increased plant height (cm), biological yield (Kg plot –1), grain yield (Kg plot –1), straw yield (Kg plot –1) and weight of 100 grains (gm) compared with the untreated control. The fungicide Dithane M-45 was more effective followed by Oxydor, Bitafol Gold 3 and Kocide 2000, Plant-guard and Bio Arc, respectively. In addition, there was a gradual decrease in disease incidence and severity observed with the increase in the rate of application.

Full text

EFFICACY OF SOME FUNGICIDES FOR CONTROLLING
CHOCOLATE SPOT DISEASE IN FABA BEAN.
A. M.A. Zohir, H. M.S. Khalifa and R.M.A. El-Kholy
Department of Plant Protection, Fac. of Agric. (Cairo), Al-Azhar
University, Cairo, Egypt.
ABSTRACT
Two field experiments were conducted to evaluate the efficacy of
six fungicides (DithaneM-45, Bitafol Gold3, Kocide 2000, Oxydor,
Plant–guard and Bio-Arc) on the chocolate spot disease (during 2014-
2015 and 2015-2016 seasons) at the rates of 100, 200 and 250 gm or ml
100L-1. The treatments were applied 3 times from 15 January to the 1 of
March in both seasons. The interval between first, second and third
applications were 15-17days depending on suitable spraying conditions.
The results showed that all treatments (chemical and biological agents)
reduced the incidence and severity of chocolate spot disease in faba bean
plants. Also, the chemical treatments were more effective than bioagents
for the control of this disease. All the tested compounds increased plant
height (cm), biological yield (Kg plot –1), grain yield (Kg plot –1), straw
yield (Kg plot –1) and weight of 100 grains (gm) compared with the
untreated control. The fungicide Dithane M-45 was more effective
followed by Oxydor, Bitafol Gold 3 and Kocide 2000, Plant-guard and
Bio Arc, respectively. In addition, there was a gradual decrease in
disease incidence and severity observed with the increase in the rate of
application.
Key words: faba bean- chocolate spot disease - chemical and biological
control.
Introduction
Faba bean (Vicia faba L.) with the common names including broad
bean, horse bean and field bean is one of the most important food
legumes due to its high nutritive value both in terms of energy and
protein content (24-30%) and is an excellent nitrogen fixer (Teshome
and Tagegn 2013 and Abebe et al., 2014).
1

Faba bean is grown mainly for its green pods and dried seeds for
human and used as seeds or straw for animal feed (Bouhassan et al.
2004; El-Gammal, 2005; Sahile et al, 2008 and 2011).
Faba bean is liable to attack by many pests. Among these pests,
chocolate spot disease caused by Botrytis fabae Sard. and /or Botrytis
cinerea Pers., is an important disease on faba bean in many parts of the
world which causes great yield loss due to damage foliage, limit
photosynthesis activity, decreased number of pods plant-1 and reduce
crop production (Torres et al., 2004; Nigussie et al., 2008 and
Stoddared et al., 2010 ) in Morocco, Nile Delta or African regions,
losses in faba bean yield due to this disease can reach 60-80% among
susceptible cultivars and up to 34% among tolerant cultivars
(Bouhassan et al., 2004; Sahile et al., 2008).
In Egypt, this disease causes serious damage to the faba bean plants,
and decreased the crop yield (by about 50% or more) in the north and
middle parts of the Nile Delta where suitable conditions (low
temperature and high humidity) favour its spread and severity (Abou
Zeid and Hassanein, 2000; Nasr, 2003; Bouhassan et al., 2004;
El-Gammal, 2005; Hassan, 2007; El-Kholy, 2007and 2014). The
chocolate spot disease occurs mainly on leaves, but the major yield
reduction usually result from flower infection, which causes then to
abort without forming pods, leaves and stem, with oblong elliptical of
reddish to chocolate brown colour, with darker margins that are fairly
defined and often a concentric circular pattern (Wilson, 2008: Sahile et
al., 2008; El-Metwally et al., 2010 and Alemu, 2014).
The area cultivated were 96444 feddan (feddan= 4200m2) with
annual production about 131753 tons during 2013-2014 season
(Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation, 2014). The faba
bean production is not sufficient to our needs. Therefore, many culture
practices including chemical fungicides (Hassan, 2007; El-Kholy,
2

2007 ; Coca- Morante and Mamani- Alvarez, 2012; Teshome and
Tagegn, 2013; and El-Kholy, 2014) and /or biological control agents
(Saber et al, 2009; Coca- Morante and Mamani- Alvarez, 2012;
Boubekeur et al.,2012; Taffa et al.,2013; Barakat et a.l, 2013; El-
Kholy, 2014 and El-Rahman, Saieda and Mohamed, Heba, 2014)
were preformed to improved and enhance faba bean productivity by
control of this disease.
In view of the importance of the problem of chocolate spot disease
in faba bean crop, this study was conducted to evaluate of four chemical
fungicides and two biological agents for controlling this disease in faba
bean.
Materials and Methods
Two field trials were performed in Abia El-hamra district,
El-Delengat Center, Behera Governorate, during the 2014-2015 and
2015-2016 growing seasons in the field. The experiments were designed
as a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates for
each treatment. Each replicate was 21 m2 (3×7m). The seeds of faba
bean cultivar cv. Sakha 1 (obtained from Central Administration of
Seeds, ARC, Ministry of Agriculture and Land Reclamation) were
planted in hills 2 side of the ridges with 20cm between hills. The sowing
date was 7 and 1 November in the first and second seasons, respectively.
The seed rate was 60 kg feddan-1 (feddan= 4200m2). The recommended
agronomic practices were followed in all plots including the untreated
control.
Four commercial fungicides and two biological control agents,
(BCAs) were applied at three rates (Table 1) with a kanapsack spryer
(CP3) in 200 L. Water feddan -1. These treatments were applied 3 times
from mid January to one march in both seasons (Nasr, 2003). The
interval between first, second and third applications were 15-17 days
depending on suitable spraying conditions.
3

Table (1): Some characteristics of the tested compounds.
Trade names* Active ingredients Concentrations and
formulations
Bitafol Gold3 mancozeb 25% + fosetyl-aluminium
32.5% + cymoxanil 2.5%
60% WP
Dithane M-45 mancozeb (maneb 78% + 2% zinc
ion) 50% WP
Kocide e 2000 copper hydroxide 53.8% DF
oxydor carbendazim 50% SC
Bio- Arc Bacillus megaterium 6% W.P. (25 million cell
gram-1)
Plant –guard Trichoderma harzianum
Egyptian strains of
fungus each one cm3
contain 30 million
organisms
* The rates of the tested compounds were 100, 200 and 250 g or ml/100 L water.
In the end of March in both seasons, one hundred leaves were
randomly collected from 10 plants per plot (10 leaves per plant) and the
following parameters were determined.
1- Disease Incidence % (% of infected leaves).
DI = Number of infected leaves/total number of examined leaves x
100.
2- Reduction % (Efficacy %) = infection %in control - infection%
in treatment / infection% in control x 100.
3- Disease severity which was determined according to (ICARDA
1986). The severity was rated on plants from each plot using a 0-9 scale,
where 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7 and 8 represent no visible leaf infection (0) or
disease covering less than 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70% or
80% of the foliar tissue, respectively; 9 represents disease covering more
than 80% of the foliar tissue.
4

4- Disease Severity % (ICARDA 1986)
DS% =nxv/9xN x 100
Where:
n = number of plants in each grade; v = numerical grade (disease
grade); N = total number of plants; 9 = maximum disease
grade.
5- Reduction % (Efficacy %) = C-T /C x 100.
Where:
C = Disease severity % in the control.
T = Disease severity % in the treatment.
After physiological maturity at 140 DAS (140 days after sowing),
the plant height (cm). [10 plants per plot] was determined. At 160 DAS,
the plants were harvested by hand and left to dry for 7 days under
natural conditions and the following parameters were determined.
- Weight of biological yield [Kg plot –1].
- Number of pods per plant [10 plants plot-1].
- Weight of 100 grains (gm) in each plot.
- Weight of grain yield [Kg plot–1].
- Harvest Index (HI) = weight of grains plot -1 / biological yield x
100.
- Weight of straw yield [Kg plot–1].
Also, increase percent in all parameters was calculated by the
following formula:
Increase % = T-C/T x 100.
Where:
T = the value of the parameter in the treatment.
C = the value of the parameter in the control.
5

These results were subjected to analysis of variance and means
were compared by L.S.D. at 1% and 5% level of probability (Gomez
and Gomez, 1984).
Results and Discussion
Two field experiments was conducted during the two tested
seasons (2014-2015 and 2015-2016) to evaluate the effectiveness of four
fungicides and two bioagents (Table 1) on chocolate spot disease
incidence and severity in relation to yield and yield components of faba
bean crop.
a. Disease assessment
The results in (Table 2) show the effect of treatments on mean
number of infected leaves and reduction % in the two tested seasons. All
treatments at any rate of application were significantly (p= 0.05) in both
seasons, and also decreased the number of infected leaves by this disease
in comparison with the untreated treatment. The fungicides Dithane M-
45 and Oxydor at the height rate were the most effective followed by
Betafol Gold 3, Kocide 2000 and plant-guard, respectively While, Bio
Arc was the least effective. There was a gradual decrease in disease
incidence observed with the increase in the rate of application. Also,
chemical treatments were the most effective than bioagents and this was
true in all rates of application. The reduction % for Dithane M-45,
Oxydor and Bitafol Gold 3 at the height rate of application were 90.90,
88.87, 86.87% and 89.77, 88.64, 86.36% for the first and second
seasons, respectively. However, Bio Arc gave 59.60 and 55.67% in the
first and second seasons, respectively. On the other hand, Plant–guard
was more effective than Bio Arc. at any rate of applications. For
instance, the Plant-guard at the height rate of application gave 71.72 and
72.72% while, Bio Arc gave 59.60 and 59.67% disease reduction in the
first and second seasons, respectively. The same trend was also observed
on the effect of tested fungicides on disease severity (Table 3). Such
results are in accordance with those obtained by other researchers.
Omar et al (1990) mentioned that Dithane M-45, Rovral, Cuprozan and
6

Ridomil gave the best results on chocolate spot disease. Giltrap (1991)
found that Rovral and carbendazim gave good control of this disease in
faba bean crop. Teshome and Tagen (2013) demonstrated that mancozeb
at 2.5 k ha-1 was more effective in controlling the chocolate spot disease.
The our results also indicated that some fungicides gave the best
results on this disease than others. This may be due to the fungus B.
fabae was more sensitive to these fungicides than others. El- Gammal
(2005) reported that Dithane M-45 was more effective than Kocide
101in controlling this disease. El-kholy (2007) mentioned that Dithane
M-45 and Topsin –M gave the best results compared with Kocide 101.
The our results showed that the chemical treatments were more
effective chocolate spot disease than biological agents. Similar trend of
results was also observed by El-Afifi, 2003; Nasr, 2003; El- Gammal,
2005; El-Kholy, 2007; Taffa et al 2013 and El-Kholy, 2014).
Table (2): Effect of fungicides on chocolate spot disease incidence (DI)
in faba bean leaves (cv. Sakha 1) during the two tested
seasons under field conditions.
Treatments Rate/100L.
water
Season 2014-2015 Season 2015-2016
Mean
numbers
of infected
leaves
Reduction
%
Mean
numbers
of infected
leaves
Reduction
%
Bitafol Gold3 100
200
250
18.67*
11.33
4.33
43.42
65.66
86.87
18.33
10.33
4.00
37.50
64.78
86.36
Dithane M-45 100
200
250
12.67
6.33
3.00
61.60
80.81
90.90
12.33
6.00
3.00
57.96
79.54
89.77
Kocide 2000 100
200
250
24.00
16.33
7.67
27.27
50.51
76.75
22.33
15.00
7.33
23.86
48.85
75.00
Oxydor 100
200
250
15.33
7.67
3.67
53.54
76.75
88.87
14.33
6.67
3.33
51.14
77.25
88.64
Bio- Arc 100
200
250
27.00
19.67
13.33
18.18
40.39
59.60
25.33
18.33
13.00
13.63
37.50
55.67
7

Plant –guard 100
200
250
22.67
13.67
9.33
31.30
58.57
71.72
20.33
11.33
8.00
30.68
61.37
72.72
Untreated control
(check) -- 33.00 -- 29.33 --
L.S.D.at = 1% 5% 1% 5%
Treatments (T.) 1.78 1.33 1.70 1.26
Rates (R.) 1.26 0.94 1.20 0.89
T.XR. N . S 2.30 N . S 2.19
*All values shown in the table are averages of three replicates.
Table (3): Effect of fungicides on chocolate spot disease severity in faba
bean (cv. Sakha 1) during the two tested seasons under field
conditions.
Treatments Rate/100L.
water*
Season 2014-2015 Season 2015-2016
Disease
severity Reduction % Disease
severity Reduction %
Bitafol Gold3 100
200
250
17.23
14.40
9.75
25.89
38.06
58.06
15.78
12.82
8.28
21.95
36.59
59.05
Dithane M-45 100
200
250
14.77
9.60
5.50
36.47
58.70
76.34
13.35
8.20
4.05
33.97
59.44
79.97
Kocide 2000 100
200
250
18.02
12.60
9.38
22.49
45.80
59.65
16.57
11.30
7.93
18.05
44.11
60.78
Oxydor 100
200
250
11.13
10.61
7.03
52.12
54.36
69.76
9.74
9.16
5.51
51.82
54.69
72.74
Bio- Arc 100
200
250
20.41
18.82
15.21
12.21
19.05
34.58
19.65
18.17
15.92
28.18
10.13
21.26
Plant –guard 100
200
250
20.31
17.08
12.34
12.64
26.53
46.92
18.45
16.82
14.20
8.75
16.81
29.77
Untreated control
(check) -- 23.25 -- 20.22 --
L.S.D.at = 1% 5% 1% 5%
8

Treatments (T.) 1.56 1.16 1.61 1.20
Rates (R.) 1.10 0.82 1.14 0.85
T.XR. N . S 2.02 2.79 2.08
*All values shown in the table are averages of three replicates.
b- Effect of treatments on yield and yield parameters.
The results in Table (4) show the effect of different treatments on
plant height (cm) after 140 DAS. All the tested compounds significantly
(p=0.05) increased plant height (cm) in comparison with untreated
treatment in both seasons. The fungicide Dithane M-45 was the most
effective followed by Oxydor and Bitafol Gold 3. While, Bio Arc was
the least effective at any rate of application. The plant height (cm) were
97.10, 96.30, 96.00 and 95.87 in the first seasons, while the second
season were 101.00, 100.20, 97.10 and 95.87 for Dithane M-45, Oxydor,
Bitafol Gold 3 and Kocide 2000, respectively. However, bioagents Plant-
guard and Bio Arc gave 94.77, 94.43 and 95.83, 95.43 in the first and
second season, respectively. The results in Tables (5, 6, 7. 8) show the
effect of treatments on biological yield, grain yield, straw yield and
weight of 100 grains, respectively. Generally, all the tested compounds
significantly (p=0.05) increased these parameters comparing with the
untreated treatment. The effect of the tested compound on the biological
yield was shown in Table (5) the results indicated that Dithane M-45,
Oxydor, Bitafol gold 3 and Kocide 2000 clearly increase the biological
yield comparing with Plant-guard and Bio Arc in both seasons. The same
trend of results also was observed in Tables (5, 6, 7, 8). The results also
was supported by Abd El –Latif (1984) who found that appositive
correlation between the disease severity and yield spraying with
fungicides gave the best results in reducing the disease incidence and
severity, improved plant growth and finally increased grain yield.
9

Giltrap (1991) found that Rovral and carbendazim gave the good
control of chocolate spot disease and significantly increased grain yield.
These results were supported by (El-Gammal, 2005; Teshome and
Tagegn 2013 and El-Kholy, 2014).
Treatments Rate/100L.
water
Season 2014-2015 Season 2015-2016
plant
height(cm) Increase % plant
height(cm) Increase %
Bitafol Gold3 100
200
250
94.97*
95.47
96.00
2.33
2.87
3.44
96.23
96.97
97.10
2.88
3.67
3.81
Dithane M-45 100
200
250
96.23
96.80
97.10
3.69
4.31
4.63
99.00
99.73
101.00
5.84
6.62
7.98
Kocide 2000 100
200
250
93.83
95.37
95.87
1.10
2.76
3.30
94.27
95.08
95.87
0.79
1.65
2.50
Oxydor 100
200
250
95.13
95.77
96.30
2.51
3.20
3.77
98.77
99.53
100.20
5.60
6.41
7.13
Bio- Arc 100
200
250
92.83
93.73
94.43
0.03
1.00
2.12
93.97
94.60
95.43
0.47
1.14
2.03
Plant –guard 100
200
250
93.70
94.27
94.77
0.96
1.58
1.2.12
94.60
95.00
95.83
1.14
1.57
2.45
Untreated control
(check) -- 92.80 -- 93.53 --
L.S.D.at = 1% 5% 1% 5%
Treatments (T.) 0.25 0.18 0.37 0.28
Rates (R.) 0.17 0.13 0.26 0.20
T.XR. 0.43 0.32 N . S N . S
Table (4): Effect of foliar spray fungicides on plant height (cm) in faba
bean (cv. Sakha 1), under field conditions during the two
tested seasons at harvest.
*All values shown in the table are average of three replicates.
10

Table (5): Effect of foliar spray fungicides on biological yield
(kg plot –1) of faba bean (cv. Sakha 1) during the two tested
seasons under field conditions.
Treatments Rate/100L.
water
Season 2014-2015 Season 2015-2016
biological yield
(Kg plot–1) Increase % biological yield
(Kg plot–1) Increase %
Bitafol Gold3 100
200
250
26.13*
26.98
27.63
2.67
6.01
8.56
26.23
26.91
19.38
2.82
5.48
24.02
Dithane M-45 100
200
250
27.28
27.91
28.70
7.19
9.66
12.77
27.64
28.10
29.03
8.34
10.15
13.79
Kocide 2000 100
200
250
26.05
26.59
27.02
2.35
4.47
6.16
26.17
26.85
27.04
2.58
5.25
5.99
Oxydor 100
200
250
26.67
27.35
27.48
4.79
7.46
7.97
26.76
27.48
27.68
4.90
7.72
8.46
Bio- Arc 100
200
250
25.87
26.18
26.46
1.65
2.86
3.96
26.00
26.14
26.60
1.92
2.46
4.27
Plant –guard 100
200
250
25.57
26.36
26.50
0.47
3.57
4.12
25.67
26.49
26.64
0.62
3.84
4.42
Untreated control
(check) -- 25.45 -- 25.51 --
L.S.D.at = 1% 5% 1% 5%
Treatments (T.) 0.20 0.15 N . S N . S
Rates (R.) 0.14 0.11 N . S N . S
T.XR. 0.35 0.26 N . S N . S
*All values shown in the table are average of three replicates.
11

Table (6): Effect of foliar spray fungicides on grain yield (Kg plot –1) of
faba bean (cv. Sakha 1) during the two seasons under field
conditions.
Treatments Rate/100L.
water*
Season 2014-2015 Season 2015-2016
grain yield
(Kg plot–1) Increase % grain yield
(Kg plot–1) Increase %
Bitafol Gold3 100
200
250
6.83*
6.88
7.48
11.05
11.86
21.62
6.88
7.00
7.61
0.29
2.04
10.93
Dithane M-45 100
200
250
7.15
7.68
8.11
16.26
24.87
31.86
7.33
7.81
8.41
6.85
13.84
22.59
Kocide 2000 100
200
250
6.63
7.12
7.44
7.80
15.77
20.97
6.87
7.06
7.32
0.14
2.91
6.70
Oxydor 100
200
250
7.37
7.71
7.97
19.83
25.36
29.59
7.32
7.74
8.03
6.70
12.82
17.05
Bio- Arc 100
200
250
6.16
6.42
6.61
0.16
4.39
7.47
6.88
6.90
7.02
0.29
0.58
2.33
Plant –guard 100
200
250
6.94
7.09
7.21
12.84
15.28
17.23
6.97
7.12
7.30
1.60
3.79
6.41
Untreated control
(check) -- 6.15 -- 6.86 --
L.S.D.at = 1% 5% 1% 5%
Treatments (T.) 0.06 0.04 0.21 0.15
Rates (R.) 0.04 0.03 0.15 0.11
T.XR. 0.10 0.08 0.36 0.27
*All values shown in the table are average of three replicates.
12

Treatments Rate/100L.
water
Season 2014-2015 Season 2015-2016
straw yield
(Kg plot–1) Increase % straw yield
(Kg plot–1) Increase %
Bitafol Gold3 100
200
250
19.30*
19.76
20.43
0.25
2.64
6.12
19.35
19.91
19.06
3.75
6.75
2.19
Dithane M-45 100
200
250
20.13
20.23
20.59
4.57
5.09
6.96
20.31
20.29
20.63
8.90
8.79
10.61
Kocide 2000 100
200
250
19.51
19.48
19.58
1.35
1.20
1.71
19.30
19.79
19.91
0.65
6.11
6.75
Oxydor 100
200
250
19.27
19.64
19.52
0.10
1.98
1.40
19.44
19.76
19.66
4.23
5.41
5.41
Bio- Arc 100
200
250
19.43
19.74
19.85
0.93
2.54
3.11
19.10
19.27
19.58
2.41
17.38
4.98
Plant –guard 100
200
250
19.24
19.02
19.63
0.51
1.19
3.22
18.70
19.19
19.02
0.26
2.85
1.98
Untreated control
(check) -- 19.25 -- 18.65 --
L.S.D.at = 1% 5% 1% 5%
Treatments (T.) N . S N . S N . S N . S
Rates (R.) N . S N . S N . S N . S
T.XR. N . S N . S N . S N . S
Table (7): Effect of foliar spray fungicides on straw yield (Kg plot–1) of
faba bean (cv. Sakha 1) during the two tested seasons under
field conditions at harvest.
*All values shown in the table are average of three replicates.
13

Table (8): Effect of fungicides and bioagents on mean weight of 100
grains (gm) of faba bean (cv. Sakha 1) during the two tested
seasons under field conditions.
Treatments Rate/100L.
water
Season 2014-2015 Season 2015-2016
Mean weight of 100
grains (gm) Increase % Mean weight of 100
grains (gm) Increase %
Bitafol Gold3 100
200
250
79.7*
91.2
98.8
29.42
48.10
60.44
80.8
92.3
99.0
29.21
47.60
58.32
Dithane M-45 100
200
250
99.4
101.8
102.5
61.41
65.31
66.45
99.4
102.1
102.9
58.96
63.28
64.56
Kocide 2000 100
200
250
73.1
88.4
95.2
18.70
43.55
54.59
74.0
89.4
96.0
18.34
42.97
53.52
Oxydor 100
200
250
81.9
93.6
101.0
32.99
51.99
64.01
82.2
94.0
101.3
31.45
50.32
62.00
Bio- Arc 100
200
250
63.1
72.9
77.3
2.46
18.38
25.52
63.8
73.5
77.7
2.03
17.54
24.26
Plant –guard 100
200
250
70.7
76.6
77.8
14.81
24.39
26.33
71.1
77.1
78.0
13.70
13.70
24.74
Untreated control
(check) -- 61.58 -- 62.53 --
L.S.D.at = 1% 5% 1% 5%
Treatments (T.) 1.21 0.90 0.21 0.06
Rates (R.) 0.85 0.64 0.56 0.42
T.XR. 2.09 1.56 1.37 1.02
*All values shown in the table are average of three replicates.
14

Our results indicated that the chocolate spot disease reduced grain
yield by reducing plant height, biological yield, straw yield and weight
of 100 grains. This may be due to this fungus limit photosynthesis
activity, decreased number of pods plant-1 and finally reduce crop
production (Torres et al, 2004; Nigussie et al, 2008; Stoddared et al,
2010 Coca-Morante and Mamani- Alvarez, 2012 and El-Kholy2014
mentioned that losses due to leaf spot disease of 36% were recorded, and
a strong correlation detected between yield and disease severity.
From the previous results, we could be concluded that chemical
fungicides were more effective than bioagents in controlling the
chocolate spot disease in faba bean. Dithane M-45, Oxydor and Bitafol
Gold 3 were the most effective and significantly decreased disease
incidence and severity, improved plant growth and finally increased
yield components.
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18

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