Superior Gain and Polarization Control in MIMO Circular Ring Surface Plasmonic Planar Differential Antenna for Wireless Systems

Abstract

The dual-band multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna configuration has been proposed in the study where circular rings are placed over the top side, with the lower side integrated into the entire field level, operating at 4.3 and 6.1 GHz applications. To validate the MIMO antenna performance, the measurement has been undertaken. The peak gain value obtained with the proposed MIMO antenna is 7.6 dB across the operating frequency of 43 GHz. Additionally, polarization diversity is reached with the developed MIMO antenna for superior isolation among the radiators adjacent to the outcomes compared with the low ECC. Additional parameters associated with MIMO include mean effective gain (MEG), directivity gain (DG), total active reflection coefficient (TARC), and channel capacity loss (CCL). Performing all the parameters states that the pattern developed provides the most appropriate applications for wireless networking systems.

Full text

Vol.:(0123456789)
1 3
Plasmonics
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11468-023-01818-9
Superior Gain andPolarization Control inMIMO Circular Ring Surface
Plasmonic Planar Differential Antenna forWireless Systems
KausarJahan1· P.Srinivas2· ShaikHasaneAhammad3· L.M.MerlinLivingston4· TwanaMohammedKakAnwer5· K.
UdayKiran3· V.Rajesh3· Md. AmzadHossain6,7· AhmedNabihZakiRashed8,9
Received: 6 February 2023 / Accepted: 1 March 2023
© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature 2023
Abstract
The dual-band multi-input multi-output (MIMO) antenna configuration has been proposed in the study where circular rings
are placed over the top side, with the lower side integrated into the entire field level, operating at 4.3 and 6.1GHz applica-
tions. To validate the MIMO antenna performance, the measurement has been undertaken. The peak gain value obtained
with the proposed MIMO antenna is 7.6dB across the operating frequency of 43GHz. Additionally, polarization diversity
is reached with the developed MIMO antenna for superior isolation among the radiators adjacent to the outcomes compared
with the low ECC. Additional parameters associated with MIMO include mean effective gain (MEG), directivity gain (DG),
total active reflection coefficient (TARC), and channel capacity loss (CCL). Performing all the parameters states that the
pattern developed provides the most appropriate applications for wireless networking systems.
Keywords Directivity gain· MIMO· Channel capacity loss· Wireless system
* Md. Amzad Hossain
mahossain.eee@gmail.com
* Ahmed Nabih Zaki Rashed
ahmed_733@yahoo.com
Kausar Jahan
kjahan@diet.edu.in
P. Srinivas
parchuris12@gmail.com
Shaik Hasane Ahammad
ahammadklu@gmail.com
L. M. Merlin Livingston
merlinlivingston@yahoo.com
Twana Mohammed Kak Anwer
twana.anwar1@su.edu.krd
K. Uday Kiran
uk_ece@kluniversity.in
V. Rajesh
rajesh4444@kluniversity.in
1 Department ofElectronics andCommunication Engineering,
Dadi Institute ofEngineering andTechnology, Anakapalle,
AndhraPradesh, India
2 Department ofEIE, Velagapudi Ramakrishna Siddhartha
Engineering College, Vijayawada, India
3 Department ofECE, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education
Foundation, Vaddeswaram, India522302
4 Department ofECE, Jeppiaar Institute ofTechnology,
SriperumbudurChennai-631604, India
5 Department ofPhysics, College ofEducation, Salahaddin
University-Erbil, 44002Erbil,KurdistanRegion, Iraq
6 Institute ofTheoretical Electrical Engineering, Faculty
ofElectrical Engineering, andInformation Technology, Ruhr
University Bochum, 44801Bochum, Germany
7 Department ofElectrical andElectronic Engineering,
Jashore University ofScience andTechnology, Jashore7408,
Bangladesh
8 Electronics andElectrical Communications Engineering
Department, Faculty ofElectronic Engineering, Menoufia
University, Menouf32951, Egypt
9 Department ofVLSI Microelectronics, Institute
ofElectronics andCommunication Engineering, Saveetha
School ofEngineering, SIMATS, Chennai602105,
TamilNadu, India

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Introduction
Wireless local area network (WLAN) is a critical knowl-
edge that supports intrinsic high mechanical strength that
includes high security, transmission rate, low cost with
power consumption, and superior ratio for the signal to
noise factoring. The antenna’s performance is obtained
using an antenna with a MIMO structure [1]. Further-
more, a system with MIMO networking employs several
antennas as the transmitter (source) and receiver (destina-
tion), which further enhances quality assurance with the
communication superiority for capacity channeling to be
scalable. Predominantly, it confronts multiple fundamen-
tal issues: antenna size and impedance matching among
antenna segments within the system associated with the
MIMO antenna and another approach for dimension reduc-
tion for the antenna configuration associated with MIMO.
It was besides incorporating the decrease of the size of the
antenna. Because of this structure, mutual coupling occurs.
Mutual coupling is decreased using several isolation strat-
egies, such as antenna positioning as well as alignment [2,
3], decouple network [4, 5], parasitic element inclusion
[6, 7], neutralization section [8, 9], and even metamaterial
architecture [10, 11]. Abdulla etal. presented metamaterial
MIMO antennas with two elements. It comprises multiple
zeroth-order resonators for antenna size minimization,
and a DGS filter is used to prevent impedance matching.
Thummalaru etal. proposed a negative metamaterial two-
monopole antenna with the system attributed in decoupled
case [9, 10] as a substrate with polymer industrial glue is
employed in the covered case of an array of metamaterial
[11]. The creation of elements associated with the MIMO
antenna was propounded by Jusoh etal. to attribute the
encirclement of centering to the dimension of the plane
set for the surface moment. A partial strike of the surface
is required per the study of [12] to improve isolation. Mer-
ihpalankonden and colleagues created two dipole MIMO
antennas. A six-unit cell connects each dipole antenna.
To improve isolation, the slot has been fixed for the
truncation of the surface moved in the frequency range of
the plane set for the ground [13]. Nordin and collaborators
created the unit cell approach in coupling to the metama-
terial loaded in the process fed with the configuration of
the capacitive system [14]. Enhancing the isolation devel-
oped with the wavelength ended with the antenna in the
quartile field of the slot centered in the establishment of
created 3-looped monopole antenna that has been horizon-
tally positioned in the process [15]. Various configurations
associated with the antenna usage have been developed
by Chou etal., with later enhancement isolated with the
elements of the shaping mechanism built-in with the per-
formance of strip case in association with the employment
[16]. Indeed, the study developed by Mallahzadesh
etal. possessed the two E-shaped and encroached with
metaheuristics of 4 based segments dropped in the net-
work for the mechanism deprived of the allocated power
situated in isolation [17]. For isolation, a T-shaped para-
sitic element is used [18]. To eliminate mutual coupling,
radiating features have been developed by Kim etal. with
the integration of the reflectors that have come up with
the dimensional ratio of the electromagnetic case for the
probes built with the inductor designed for obtaining the
bandgap [19]. Krairiksh etal. created a circular ring with
two probes.
Respective antennas were designed for the configuration
of 4-systemized within the evolution of long-term basis
networking (LTE) system and universal mobile telecom-
munications system (UMTS) for the application of the cel-
lular system. On the contrary, the inductor coil has been
inserted within the probes, facilitating the improvisation of
the design set for the application of wireless systems [20].
Furthermore, the slot has designed feature in the process of
decoupled with the inverted ratio for the resonance occurred
with the complementary basis set the decoupled part in the
structure employed with dielectric resonator antenna (DGS)
concerned isolation with the incorporation of the comple-
mentary split-ring resonator (CSRR) [21–36], with such a
varied scenario of metamaterial antennas with the distribu-
tion of MIMO set for the structural space for the mutual
elimination of coupling in the concerned application stage
isolated for the split slot in shaping the square structure
patch to develop the creation of a 4 × 4 Microstrip antenna
[37–45].
Because of the extremely strong mutual decoupling
between the antenna parts, the propounded antenna is the
ideal option for wireless applications. As a result, ECC is
low, efficiency is high, and gain is increased. This work is
broken into four parts. “Proposed Layout” specifies antenna
identification and quantification, while “Scattering Param-
eters” displays performance analysis with an experimental
investigation of MIMO antenna gain. Ultimately, “Conclu-
sion” describes the conclusion and future recommendations.
Proposed Layout
Figure1 illustrates the four-port MIMO antenna. The suggested
design for the antenna possesses an inexpensive feature in the
distributed case for the creation of substate to FR4 in charac-
terizing the material with the property of relative permittivity
within the surface can be approximated to 4.4. Ref. [11] is used
to compute the resonant frequency. Besides, the substrate thick-
ness is 1.8mm, and complete tangent loss was obtained at 0.02.
Moreover, the height of the patch within the plane surface is set

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at 1.7mm. The calculation results in designing an individual,
dual, and quadruple stage of MIMO configured antenna. In
addition, measures are set at 20mm for the substrate in width
andlength with a patch substrate of 10mm × 8mm.
Scattering Parameters
Return Loss
The presented antenna operates across 4.3GHz and 6.1GHz
with wireless communication. The propounded MIMO
antenna has an RL value of below − 10dB across four ports,
as demonstrated in Fig.2 simulated. Within the MIMO
antenna obtained with a return loss (RL) value of − 12dB
across the operating frequency of 4.3GHz, the RL value
of − 23dB across the operating frequency of 6.1GHz.
Isolation Loss
In Fig.3, the propounded MIMO antenna has an isola-
tion loss value below − 20dB across four ports. Within the
MIMO antenna, it is proposed to show an isolation defi-
ciency value of − 25dB across a frequency of 4.3GHz, simi-
lar to the isolation loss value of − 40dB across a frequency
of 6.1GHz. The proposed antenna operates with wireless
applications across 4.3GHz and 6.1GHz.
Envelop Correlation Coefficient (ECC) Measure
ECC has been measured with the MIMO antenna as a criti-
cal parameter. Figure4 states the curve obtained through
ECC for antenna proposed considerations of the value set at
0.5 as the expected practical value. With the calculation of
ECC with the equation formulated below, scattering consid-
erations values are considered in Eq.(1).
Fig. 1 Four-port MIMO antenna
Fig. 2 Simulated RL value of
propounded antenna

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Ports for the 1st and 2nd antennas proposed are symbol-
ized as i and j. The propounded MIMO antenna shows the
ECC value of 0.14 and 0.08 across the operating frequency
of 4.3GHz and 6.1GHz operating frequencies, below the 0.5
standard value shown in Fig.4.
Directivity Gain (DG)
It is termed the decline in the transmitted power when diversity
programming is conducted on the MIMO antenna module.
Then, with Eq.(2), diversity gain is determined, which consid-
ers the ECC value of the propounded MIMO antenna.
(1)
𝜌
eij =
|
|
|
S∗
ii ∗Sij +S∗
ij ∗Sjj
|
|
|
2
(1−
|
|
Sii
|
|
2−S2
ij
)(1−
|
|
Sii
|
|
2−S2
ij)
(2)
DG
=10
√
1−
|||
𝜌eij
|||
2
With the methodology, the directivity gain value of
9.91dB and 9.97dB across the operating frequency value
of 4.3GHz and 6.1GHz. The MIMO antenna clarifies the
directivity gain value on an average of 9.7–9.8dB with the
mentioned band in Fig.5.
TARC (Total Active Reflection Coefficient)
It was determined as the square root of the overall radia-
tion emitted proportionate to the square root of complete
emitted light. TARC is computed using Eq.3, which is
given below.
The propounded MIMO antenna shows the TARC val-
ues of − 28dB and − 43dB across the operating frequency
values of 4.3GHz and 6.1GHz; the optimum value for the
presented clarified antenna in Fig.6.
(3)
TARC
=
√
(Sii +Sij)2+(Sji +Sjj)2
4
Fig. 3 Simulated isolation
loss value of the propounded
antenna
Fig. 4 Measured ECC value of
the propounded MIMO antenna

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Mean Effective Gain (MEG)
Mean effective gain, the mean received power in a fad-
ing system, is an essential metric of the propounded
clarified designed antenna. The standard MEG value is
between − 3dB and − 12dB. Therefore, Eq.(8) is used to
compute the mean effective gain Fig.7.
where
𝜇irad
is the radiation efficiency. Figure4 shows MEG
values of − 4.7dB and − 4.8 dB across the operating fre-
quency of 4.1 and 6GHz.
Channel Capacity Loss (CCL)
Attaining the proposed antenna’s essential points determines the
system’s channel capacity losses during the correlation effect.
The CCL is calculated using Eqs. (5), (6), (7), and (8). The pro-
posed antenna has a CCL less than the practical standard value
of 0.4bit/s/Hz for the proposed system’s maximum bandwidth.
(4)
MEGi=0.5
𝜇
irad
(5)
C
(
loss
)=−
log2det
(a
)
The presented antenna shows the CCL value of 0.18 (bits/
s1/Hz) and 0.14 (bits/s1/Hz) across the band of 4.3GHz and
6.1GHz in the clarified Fig.8.
Radiation Patterns
The propounded MIMO antenna in Fig.9a shows the radia-
tion pattern in both omnidirectional and single-directional
co- and cross-polarization. Similarly, Fig.9b shows the
omnidirectional and butterfly-directional radiation pattern
in co- and cross-polarization. The measured and simulated
cross- and co-polarizations are in good agreement across the
operating frequency of 4.3GHz.
(6)
a
=
[
𝜎11𝜎12
𝜎21𝜎22
]
(7)
𝜎
ii =1−(
|
|
Sii
|
|
2−
|
|
|
Sij
|
|
|
2
)
(8)
𝜎
ij
= −(S∗
iiS
ij
+S∗
jjS
ji
)
Fig. 5 Measured directivity gain
value of propounded MIMO
antenna
Fig. 6 Measured TARC value of
propounded MIMO antenna

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The propounded MIMO antenna in Fig.10a shows
the radiation pattern in both omnidirectional and single-
directional co- and cross-polarization. Similarly, Fig.10b
shows the omnidirectional and butterfly-directional radia-
tion pattern in co- and cross-polarization. The measured and
simulated cross and co-polarizations are in good agreement
across the operating frequency of 6.1GHz. However, from
Figs.9 and 10, the results have demonstrated more radiation
across the operating frequency of 4.3GHz than at 6.1GHz
operating frequency.
Distribution ofSurface Current
Figure11 depicts the propounded MIMO antenna’s surface
current distribution throughout frequency response. The sug-
gested antenna has a surface current distribution value of
30A/m across 4.3GHz and 50A/m across 6.1GHz. The
propounded MIMO antenna shows high surface current dis-
tributions across a circular patch.
Parametric Analysis oftheProposed Antenna Using
Physical Parameters
Figure12 states the optimized dimensions of the pro-
posed MIMO antenna. Figure12a states the optimization
of substrate length and the proposed antenna across the
size of 20mm show the dual-band with minimum return
loss. Similarly, the antenna across the span of 22mm
shows a single band. Moreover, the antenna across
24mm offers dual bandwidth less bandwidth value.
Figure12b states the optimized substrate width and the
proposed antenna across the dimension of 20mm show
a double band with minimum return loss. Similarly, the
antenna across the width of 22mm shows a single band.
Moreover, the antenna across the length of 24mm offers
a single band value. Finally, Fig.12c states the optimized
patch length and the proposed antenna across the dimen-
sion of 8mm show a dual band with minimum return
loss.
Fig. 7 Measured MEG of the
propounded presented antenna
Fig. 8 Measured CCL of the
propounded clarified antenna

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Similarly, the antenna across the length of 12mm shows
a single band. Moreover, the antenna across the span of
10mm offers the dual-band with less bandwidth value.
Figure12d states the optimization of patch width and the
proposed antenna across the dimension of 10mm show
the dual-band with minimum return loss. Similarly, the
antenna across the width of 14mm shows a single band.
Moreover, the antenna across the width of 14mm shows
dual bandwidth less bandwidth value.
Prototype Model oftheProposed Antenna
The prototype model of the proposed antenna is shown
in Fig.13. The proposed antenna is compact, with four
Fig. 9 Radiation configuration of propounded MIMO antenna across 4.3GHz
Fig. 10 Radiation configuration of propounded MIMO antenna across 6.1GHz

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ports in it. The proposed antenna is fabricated using an
fr-4 substrate with dimensions of 20 × 20mm with a thick-
ness of 1.6mm. The substrate has a dielectric constant
value of 4.6.
From Table1, it is shown that our proposed antenna
evaluated all parameters compared with the above literature
survey [37–41], and compared with the literature survey, the
proposed antenna shows minimum dimension.
Fig. 11 Distribution of MIMO antenna’s surface current

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Fig. 12 Parametric analysis of the proposed antenna by physical variations
Fig. 13 Prototype model of the
proposed antenna
Table 1 Comparison between the proposed study with the previous studies
Reference Frequency (GHz) Board size No. of port Bandwidth (GHz) Gain (dB) ECC and DC CCL
Ref. [37] 3.6 150 × 75 × 1.6 8 1.2 2.5 < 0.01, not provided Not provided
Ref. [38] 5.2 & 24 40 × 25 × 0.254 2 0.1 & 0.77 5 & 7.37 Not provided, < 0.4 Not provided
Ref. [39] 3.4–3.6 100 × 55 × 1.6 4 Not provided 2.1 < 0.3 and Not provided Not provided
Ref. [40] 3.4 & 4.5 80 × 80 × 1.6 4 0.2 & 0.6 6.5 < 0.3 and Not provided < 0.4
Ref. [41] 3.45 & 5.1 18 × 44 × 0.8 2 0.35 & 0.7 3.84 & 5.93 0.002 & 9.9 < 0.4
This work 4.3 & 6.1 20 × 20 × 1.6 4 0.4 & 0.4 5.4 & 7.45 0.14 < 0.4

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Conclusion
This work states a dual-band 4-port clarified designed
antenna, which is used in applications of a wireless sys-
tem that is being functioned at a frequency of operation
set for 4.4 and 6.2GHz. The proposed antenna shows a
high gain of 7.6dB across the wireless application, simi-
larly, showing low ECC, low return loss, and low isolation
loss. Furthermore, MIMO antenna parameters like TARC,
diversity gain, MEG, and CCL were also evaluated, which
are optimum across the operating frequency. Moreover,
the characterized antenna system’s radiation pattern prop-
erties enable better applications in wireless systems.
Author Contributions Authors contributed equally in this work
Data Availability This is not applicable.
Declarations
Ethics Approval This is not applicable.
Consent to Participate This is not applicable.
Consent for Publication This is not applicable.
Conflict of Interest The authors declare no competing interests.
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