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Paper Title
Smart Application for Blood Donation Management
in Health Domain
Abdullah M. Basahel
Faculty of Economics and
Administration
King Abdulaziz University
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
Abasahl@kau.edu.sa
Nour Mahmoud Bahbouh
Department of Information and
Communication Sciences
Granada University
Granada, Spain
Nourmahmoud@correo.ugr.es
Adnan Ahmed Abi Sen
Computing and Information Technology
Islamic University
Al-Madinah, Saudi Arabia
Adnanmnm@Hotmail.Com
INDIACOM ID: 16826
Mohammad Yamin
Faculty of Economics and
Administration
King Abdulaziz University
Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
myamin@kau.edu.sa
Abstract—The health sector is one of the most important
sectors that needs permanent and continuous development
because it is directly related to people's lives. One of the most
important matters is to provide the required quantities of blood
promptly as needed, as the delay in providing it by a few minutes
may pose a threat to the patient's life. Unfortunately, the current
blood donation campaigns are insufficient despite their
importance. Smartphone applications are facilitating many tasks
and improving their performance, so this research presents the
idea of an electronic platform with a smart application that helps
provide large quantities of blood required when needed by
immediately notifying all volunteers. Moreover, the application
will improve the health systems’ management of the available
quantities of blood in each center, creating an organized semi-
automated distribution of these quantities to the centers
according to the need, organizing the work of campaigns, and
informing about them. A web application is built with a
smartphone application and tested on a beta environment to
ensure that the idea is easy to implement and effective. In the
future, it will be presented to government agencies for approval
within the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, especially with the high
rates of traffic accidents that require the availability of donors in
many cases.
Keywords—Blood; Donation; Mobile App; Blood Bank;
Health; IoHT.
I. INTRODUCTION
With the significant development in the world of
technology and communications that has made the world a
connected society, companies and research centers are
competing to provide services in new ways that are faster,
more convenient, and more efficient. To achieve this, it was
necessary to remove the barrier of time and space and enable
user access to services at any time and from anywhere [1].
The health sector received the most attention because of its
humanitarian aspect, in addition to being a service and having
a commercial aspect [2]. One of the main problems that
countries suffer from in the health sector, especially
developing countries, is the provision of the necessary
quantities of blood in the necessary groups at the required time
without delay [3]. Many lives could be at risk if the required
blood is not quickly supplied. At the same time, the nature of
storing and managing the collected amounts of blood adds
another challenge, as it must be kept at a certain temperature
and its validity monitored and tracked, as the blood’s validity
reaches a maximum of 45 days [4].
Blood is the fluid of life in the human body, where the
human body contains from 4 to 6 liters of blood [5]. Each
person has a specific blood group from one of four categories:
A, B, AB, O, and each category is divided into positive and
negative. A person cannot, for example, donate to a person of
a different category or a person who has the same category but
with a different polarity. The O- group is the rarest blood
group in humans. Blood consists of three main components:
platelets, blood cells, and plasma, and each has a certain
validity period that a bank or blood center must pay attention
to [6].
Unfortunately, the number of blood donors around the
world, according to the statistics of the World Health
Organization, is very small, not exceeding 1 percent, even
though it is an important humanitarian process [7, 8]. The
problem is magnified with the increasing number of people on
Earth. More than that, the spread of diseases, wars, natural
disasters, or traffic accidents generate an additional need to
provide quantities of blood [4]. More than that, some diabetics
or patients with leukemia or Thalassemia need to provide large
amounts of blood periodically [9]. Relying on relatives and
friends is insufficient and ineffective in critical or emergency
circumstances, especially if the patient is from a minority
group in the place where they live [10].
2017 4th International Conference on “Computing for Sustainable Global Development”, 01st - 03rd March, 2017
Bharati Vidyapeeth's Institute of Computer Applications and Management (BVICAM), New Delhi (INDIA)
Therefore, it is very necessary to implement technology to
improve management and organization of blood banks by
helping to facilitate their collecting, preserving, storing, and
distributing blood quantities, and thus obtaining higher
quality, motivating donors to donate, and increasing the
donors' numbers continuity, and loyalty. The Internet of
Things [11] employs sensors within centers to monitor
temperature and humidity, and radio identifiers contribute to
tracking some patients or distribution operations. Also, web
applications with clouds [12] can provide reliable and
automated data management, and machine learning algorithms
can analyze this data [13] to predict the requested quantities or
the number of donors. Smartphone applications also facilitate
accessing and communicating with users, especially location-
based services.
Blockchain [14] can enhance data security, ensure
reliability and transparency in supplying blood quantities, and
manage distribution operations. Finally, social media can play
an important media and awareness role to encourage people to
donate.
Despite the advancement in technology, many countries
like Saudi Arabia are still using a manual system [15]. The
following the main steps take a lot of time and effort:
• Register: fill form for donation in certain times which
advertises about them previously in health centers.
• Answering some questions.
• Medical check for donor status and their ability to
donate in addition to the anatomy of blood group.
• Doing some medical checks to ensure that the blood is
capable and there are no diseases.
• When the sample of blood arrives, it is to be put in
tubing.
• Putting blood in the freezer at a suitable temperature.
• Storing the current amounts in the paper records.
• Saving donor data in the paper records.
• The demander for donation should do the previous
process.
• Testing the availability of the requested amount for the
patient in need.
• In case of unavailability of the requested amount, it
will be advertised at the transmission or connecting
with nearby centers or taking advantage from the sites
that provide phone numbers for donors or relatives of
patients.
Therefore, the focus of this research was also on a simple
problem, which is providing quantities of blood in health
centers when needed quickly and effectively to contribute to
preserving the lives of those in need. In addition to motivating
donors and communicating with them on a semi-permanent,
effective, and easy-to-use basis to ensure that the necessary
quantities are provided continuously. This research presents
the idea of a web application to manage quantities, centers,
awareness operations, and campaigns, with the idea of having
a main center, a blood bank, with small centers within each
health center. The system provides a live map showing the
status of each center and the available quantities of each blood
group in real-time so that the blood center can provide early
supplies to these centers before blood shortage becomes a real
problem.
The research also presents a new idea for a web
application that motivates donors to donate by displaying
information about the benefits and importance of donation,
whether health, religious, humanitarian, or even societal. The
application also sends alerts about campaigns and their
locations, and most importantly, it allows the registration of
accounts for donors, with the need to examine them at the
nearest health center to verify their blood type and that they
are free from chronic diseases. Finally, the application
presents an idea for emergency management through its
reliance on crowdsourcing.
The proposed applications were built taking into account
the quality and the stakeholders' requirements, which were
collected and classified within several previous types of
research. We will detail these requirements in the next section.
The rest of the sections will be a discussion of previous studies
and solutions in the field of blood donation and related issues,
and then we will discuss the proposed solution in detail, and
finally, we will discuss some challenges and development
prospects before the conclusion section.
II. RELATED WORKS
As it is known, health systems, in all countries of the
world, even developed ones, still need further development
and integration with modern technology to reach optimal
solutions to current problems. In the management of blood
donation operations, for example, there is a lot of wasted
effort and cost and time which is suboptimal for centers and
donors. There is also a large margin of risk for patients due to
the delay in providing the required amounts of blood
sometimes promptly or immediately. Therefore, the research
focused extensively on presenting solutions to this problem,
knowing that the donation process is still a voluntary matter.
The following is a collection of research that provided
different solutions to the research problem, and they were
classified according to the proposed approach:
A. Questionnaires and statistical studies
This research [7] was a study of the preferences of users of
smart applications in the field of blood donation with
employees of donation centers. 418 people participated in the
study, and the most important influencing features were: the
ability to request a donor quickly when needed, the
appearance of the nearest follow-up center and the locations of
the centers on the map, protecting the privacy of donors' data,
the need to provide educational materials to encourage
donation, and the need to use reminder notifications. The
researchers in [16] focused in their study on the factors that
guarantee the loyalty and sincerity of donors, the most
Paper Title
important of which was protecting the privacy and facilitating
the donation process. In [17], the researchers found through a
survey that the most important incentives for donation are that
the patient is known to the donor and also the behavior of the
staff working in the donation centers in addition to the level of
privacy and safety provided in the center.
B. Employment of blockchain technology
This research [18] presented the idea of employing
blockchain technology to solve the problems of great waste
and lack of oversight in managing blood donations,
transfusions, and examinations to verify its safety from viruses
or infectious diseases. The network will link the donor, the
medical center, and examination and verification centers to
follow up on the quantities accurately and raise the level of
transparency and reliability.
C. Promote blood donation
The research [19] presented the idea of an application that
communicates permanently with the target audience, as the
application displays a schedule for the available donation
days, and information about the centers and their locations, in
addition to reliable information about the benefits of donation.
The research also referred to the role of medical institutes in
drawing attention and conducting awareness campaigns and
periodic donation campaigns. Some suggested the idea of
scoring points for donors to further motivate them to donate
[9]. Others in [20, 21] discussed the use of social media to
provide information that facilitates donor communication with
centers and provides them with the necessary information
about campaigns, donation centers, and their benefits.
D. Management systems for blood banks
The research [8, 22] proposes the use of Internet of Things
techniques to monitor blood quantities, and the conditions
necessary to maintain the safety of samples and stored
quantities. In [23] it was proposed to distribute RFID Tags to
donors to facilitate tracking of their location with pseudonyms
to protect privacy. The use of weight and temperature sensors
would be used within the centers to regulate the available
blood quantities. On the other hand, the researchers in [6]
proposed building a smart system to monitor and organize the
operations of the centers by linking and integrating them
through a cloud. The researchers also proposed in [24] the idea
of a central blood bank that manages the other centers and the
quantities available in each of them to prevent waste and
ensure optimal use of the available quantities.
E. Data analysis and smart algorithms
The research [9] suggested using data mining to analyze
the donations' history and support the health administration's
decision on the places and times of making available
donations. In [4] the researchers employed neural networks to
predict the amounts of blood required at a future date, which
will contribute significantly to reducing the percentage of
emergency cases turning into dangerous ones. In [25, 26] they
used data mining and machine learning algorithms to match
between donors and those in need of blood to send to the right
person. The research in [27] improved the process of finding
the closest donor by Dijkstra's algorithm.
F. Employment of smart applications
The researchers in [28, 29] discussed the quality standards
that must be available in smart blood donation applications,
and their importance to donor satisfaction, and the most
important requirements are the protection of personal
information, accessibility, ease of use, and the services and
features provided by each application. The researchers in [30]
presented the idea of an application to communicate with
nearby donors easily to solve the problem of requesting from
distant places. In [31], an application was proposed to
schedule appointments and donation campaigns and facilitate
access to them for donors. In [32], they proposed an
application to record donor data and communicate with them
when needed.
However, despite the previous suggestions, there are still
challenges facing these solutions and systems [33]. The
biggest of these challenges is the issue of privacy for donor
data [34], the difficulty of use due to the spread of many
applications with single solutions, and finally the
ineffectiveness of the previous systems and solutions in
emergencies. Therefore, this research provides an integrated
solution to the problems and challenges of blood donation
through a web system, central cloud management, and a
mobile application that facilitates the process of managing
information, campaigns, appointments, and donor data, with a
quick and effective alert mechanism to solve the problem of
emergency cases.
III. PROPOSED SOLUTION
This research presents an integrated electronic system for
managing medical centers, linking the centers with a central
blood bank, and building an application that works on
smartphones for donors so that it is easier to register and
follow up on important information and alerts. The application
takes into account the nature of the Saudi society; a statistical
study showed that there is a weak level of knowledge about
the importance of donation and campaign, and fear among
females that donation may cause anemia, while for males the
problem of time is the main obstacle. Respondents also
emphasized the fear for the privacy of their data when they
subscribed to some public web applications that let patients
communicate directly with the donor [35].
The proposed electronic system provides a solution to all
previous problems, as it provides a central mechanism for
controlling and tracking blood quantities in each health center,
in addition to controlling health information and preventing
false information. The system supports the process of requests
between the same centers when the quantity of a certain group
decreases in one of the centers, thus achieving an optimal
distribution and exploitation of the available quantities and
reducing waste. The proposed system also provides a service
for the center for urgent requests in emergency cases, where
an alert is sent to all registrants close to the center who have
the same required group. The application allows for managing
donation campaigns and dates, managing medical centers and
2017 4th International Conference on “Computing for Sustainable Global Development”, 01st - 03rd March, 2017
Bharati Vidyapeeth's Institute of Computer Applications and Management (BVICAM), New Delhi (INDIA)
their location on a map that displays an updated real-time
status of medical centers and the quantities available in each
center of each blood group. The following are the functional
requirements for the proposed system:
A. The user
• The user can create an account within the system,
noting that the account becomes documented when the
user visits the center and performs the necessary tests.
• System login.
• View the locations of health centers on the map, in
addition to the status of each center, according to the
quantities of blood available to it in each group.
• Receiving alerts about campaign dates or a center's
need for blood (if the required blood group matches
the user's group).
• Search for a specific health center.
• Enabling the user to take pictures during the donation
and share them on social networking sites.
• View available donation schedules at each center.
• Read useful medical information about the importance
and benefits of donating blood.
B. System Administrator
• Manage health centers and their condition.
• Manage user accounts.
• Send alerts.
• Manage donation dates and campaigns.
• Manage Medical news and articles.
C. Medical Center
• Manage the quantities of blood available in each
group and synchronize them with the main center.
• Modify the status of the account to active after
performing the necessary checks.
• Manage requests for nearby branches.
• Manage adjustments in blood quantities available after
donation campaigns or dates.
• Send an emergency request for a blood group.
D. The non-functional requirements related to quality
standards are:
• Usability: any user can use the app without needing
training or previous information.
• Availability: the app will be operational 24/7 from
anywhere at any time.
• Security and Privacy: the system provides privacy and
security by following specific steps in the
programming such as using encryption for users’
accounts and data and using nicknames for donors.
E. Suggested interfaces
Figure 1 shows the visualization of the databases used for
the proposed system. While Figure 2 shows the visualization
of the user interfaces for creating an account and viewing the
status of the centers, as each center appears on the map in a
specific color that expresses the state of need, and when
clicking on the marker for the center, the type of need appears.
Figure 1 - ER Diagram for Proposed System
Figure 2 - Virtual visualization of user interfaces
Figure 3 displays the health centers management web page
and the status of each center, contact number, and location of
each on the map as shown in Figure 4. Note that the color of
the Marker changes according to the condition of the hospital
and the rate of need. Figure 5 shows the emergency alerts
management page, where an alert can be sent to all donors in a
specific city with a specific blood group. Finally, Figure 6
shows the simple interface of the user's services on the
smartphone, where they can view the health centers' status,
locations, and information, in addition to receiving alerts in
case of an emergency or campaign dates.
Paper Title
Figure 3 - Management of health centers and their case of need
Figure 4 - Showing the location of centers on the map, with a
distinctive color for the need case
Figure 5 - Managing alerts according to donor data and locations
Figure 6 - Image of the main interface of the smartphone application
on the emulator
CONCLUSION
The research discussed the problem of providing blood
quantities in health centers, managing them in a way that
prevents waste and reduces the risk of emergency cases, and
providing a quick and effective alert mechanism for donors. It
also discussed creating a support and motivation mechanism
by notifying about donation campaigns and their dates, in
addition to providing medical information about the benefits
of donation, and allowing users to share their photos during
donation on social media sites to motivate friends and family,
and remove barriers of fear of donating. The research
presented the idea of an integrated application, to manage the
donation process, and presented an innovative idea to track the
status of the centers on the map in an interactive manner with
different colors in the degree of need, to help decision-makers
determine more effective dates, times and places for donation
campaigns. Pseudonym encryption is mainly used to protect
the privacy and security of users' data. However, in the future,
detailed work will be done to provide a more effective
solution to the problem of privacy and the protection of donor
sites, in addition to employing Internet of Things technologies
in a way that makes the proposed solutions more intelligent
and effective.
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