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ACTA SCIENTIFIC NUTRITIONAL HEALTH (ISSN:2582-1423)
Volume 4 Issue 4 April 2020 Research Article
Determination of Heavy Metals in Some Fruits and Vegetables from
Selected Market’s in Anambra State
Chinazo Amala Ezeilo1*, Sylvia Ifeyinwa Okonkwo2, Chinedu Chibuzor
Onuorah3, Adindu Linu-Chibuezeh3 and Nkiru Eunice Ugwunnadi3
1Department of Chemistry Education, Federal College of Education Technical Umunze,
Anambra State, Nigeria
2Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu
University, Uli, Anambra State, Nigeria
3Department of Food Science and Technology, Micheal Okpara University of
Agriculture, Umudike, Abia State, Nigeria
*Corresponding Author: Chinazo Amala Ezeilo, Department Chemistry Education
Federal College of Education Technical Umunze, Anambra State, Nigeria.
Received: March 18, 2020
Published: March 27, 2020
© All rights are reserved by Chinazo Amala
Ezeilo., et al.
Abstract
Keywords: Heavy Metals; Contamination; Health hazard; Fruits; Vegetable and Permissible Limit
The concentration of the heavy metals (Cu, Pb, Cd, Hg, As and Zn) in fruits and vegetables from selected markets in Anambra State
were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS). Fruits and vegetable from three different markets were sampled,
digested using concentrated nitric acid and hydrochloric acid in 3:1 ratio. The concentrations of the heavy metals obtained for fruits
and vegetables obtained from Ose Market Onitsha, Nkwo Ogbe Market, Ihiala and Nkwo Nnewi Market are showed as follows; for
Ose market Onitsha Cu ranges from (1.62 - 10.37 mg/kg), Pd(1.23 - 9.11mg/kg), Cd(0.70 mg/kg), Hg(0.02 - 0.45 mg/kg) As(1.03 -
7.88 mg/kg), Zn(22.94 - 146.45 mg/kg), for Nkwo Ogbe market Ihiala, Cu ranges from (1.62 - 13.46 mg/kg), Pb(1.24 - 8.71 mg/kg),
Cd(0.04 - 0.54 mg/kg), Hg(0.01 - 0.47mg/kg), As(1.03 - 5.94 mg/kg), Zn(25.11 - 135.66 mg/kg) and Nkwo Nnewi market, Cu ranges
from (1.44 - 9.76mg/kg), Pb(1.33 - 10.66mg/kg), Cd(0.03 - 0.53 mg/kg), Hg (0.01 - 0.75 mg/kg), As(1.21- 9.51 mg/kg) and Zn (23.09
- 146.76 mg/ kg).The concentrations for each heavy metal in the sample gotten from each market were compared with the standard
set by World Health Organization/Food and Agricultural Organization (WHO/FAO). When compared with the standards, some fruits
and vegetables exceeded the permissible limit while some were found to be within the safe limit. Considering the possible health
effects due to the consumption of contaminated fruits and leafy vegetables, it is required that proper action should be taken to avoid
chronic exposure and consequent adverse health implications.
Introduction
The last three decades have seen an increase in global concern
over health diseases [1]. Most of these diseases are however not
easily detected and may be acquired during childhood and manifest
in adulthood [2]. Although modern technology advancement has
improved the living condition of many people, one cannot totally
overlook its adverse impact on the environment. Industrialization
and urbanization has increased the production of hazardous waste
[3]. Agricultural
revolution that lead to commercial farming involving the use of
chemical fertilizer, pesticides, herbicides and other synthetic
chemicals for farming. These heavy chemicals long run affects
human health and overall ecosystem directly [4]. One of the
issues is the presence of heavy metals. Heavy metals toxicity has
shown to be one of the major threats to health with several health
risk associated with it [5]. Heavy metals are naturally occurring
metallic elements that have high atomic weight and a density at
[6]. They are metals with
metallic properties and atomic number > 20 [7]. They are elements
that have a relatively high density that is toxic or poisonous at
low concentration. They are released in the environment by both
natural and anthropogenic sources such as industrial discharge,
automobile exhaust and mining. Generally heavy metals are not
biodegradable; they have long half-life with the potential for
accumulation in different body organs leading to unwanted side
effects [8,9]. They include Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu, Co, Ni, Ar, Hg and Cr [10].
Fruits and vegetables are edible plant products that are good for
health which are widely used for culinary purpose [11]. They are
Citation: Chinazo Amala Ezeilo., et al. “Determination of Heavy Metals in Some Fruits and Vegetables from Selected Market’s in Anambra State". Acta
4.4 (2020): 163-171.
164
The collected samples were washed thoroughly with water
to remove dust particles and possible parasites. Vegetables were
washed and cut while the fruits were peeled. Samples were dried
using oven. The dried samples were then pounded with crucible to
in close tight bottle for further experimentation.
Sample preparation and treatment
Determination of Heavy Metals in Some Fruits and Vegetables from Selected Market’s in Anambra State
Aim of the Study
Hence this study aims at determining the heavy metal content
of most consumed fruits and vegetable in three selected markets
in Anambra State, comparing the result with recommended limits
set by WHO/FAO.
widely used to increase the quality of soups (leafy vegetables)
also for their dietary purposes [12].
selected minerals, vitamins and antioxidants. They are made up
[12]. They contain water, calcium, iron,
sulphur and potash which make them to be of importance in our
diets [11]. Due to the presence of these vitamin and mineral in fruits
and vegetable, they play a unique role in healthy living. However,
plants are known to contain both essential and toxic metals
which they uptake, translate and accumulate through various
transportation mechanism [7]. Although fruits and vegetables are
in the bodies of consumer over a long period of time is of major
concern as it can result to serious health conditions [13]. In addition
to the soil, other sources of heavy metals for plants are rainfalls in
for heating, atmospheric dusts, plant protection agents, irrigation
water and fertilizer which could be absorbed through aerial parts
such as the fruits and leaves [10,14,15]. They can leach into living
systems from natural ore deposits and other sources such as
waste disposal of heavy metal containing waste which accounts
for higher percentage of most heavy metal in the environment
[16]. Some heavy metals like iron, copper, manganese and zinc
are nutritionally essential for a healthy life when present in food
in small quantity. Few also are of great negative impact to human
health. Heavy metals like lead and cadmium are among the most
abundant heavy metals and are particularly toxic [13]. Excessive
amount of these metals in food is associated with etiology of a
number of diseases especially with cardiovascular, kidney, nervous
as well as bone disease [14,17]. Cadmium last for a long time in the
body and can cause renal damages, abnormal urinary excretion of
protein and decrease in bone calcium. Although zinc is an essential
be toxic when consumed in excess [18]. Arsenic is the 20th most
abundant element on earth and 3rd on the periodic table. Human
are exposed to arsenic via air, water and food [5]. Long exposure
to arsenic can cause blood vessel destruction, gastro intestinal
tissue, heart and brain dysfunction, skin pigmentation, cancer of
skin, bladder, lungs, liver colon and kidney [19,20]. Mercury can
be harmful at a very low concentration because it’s high toxicity
and ability to bio accumulate. It is one of the most toxic elements
among the studied trace metals and exposure to high level could
permanently damage the brain, kidney, liver, immune system,
pituitary gland, developing fetus [11,21,22]. Copper and zinc
are essential minerals due to their biological and public health
[18].
vomiting, stomach pain and diarrhea [23]. Excess copper intake
can cause liver, kidney and heart parenchymatous injury [24].
Despite the variations in the heavy metal contents of different
fruits and vegetable, there is a permissible guideline of heavy
metals in fruits and vegetables set by the Food Nutrition Board of
World Health Organization. Since heavy metals is one of the most
important considerations in food quality assurance, there is a need
for constant test and analysis of most consumed leafy vegetable
and fruits to ensure that their heavy metal content are not above
international recommended permissible limit.
Materials and Methods
Measuring cylinder, Weighing balance, Deionized water, AAS spec-
trophotometer, Mortar and pestle, Nitric acid, Hydrochloric acid,
Material
A total of 13 samples consisting of seven (7) fruits and six (6)
vegetables were purchased separately from Ihiala market, Ose
market and Nkwo nnewi market in Anambra state. Edible portions
were used for the analysis. The fruits includes Paw-paw (Carica pa-
paya), banana (Musa paradisiaca), Apple (Malus domestica), Water
melon (Citrulus laratus), Cucumber (Cucumis sativus), Bush mango
(Irvingia gabonensis) Guava (Psidium guajava) while vegetables in-
cludes Uziza leave (Piper guineese), Pumpkin leave (Telfairia occi-
dentalis), Bitter leave (Vernonia amygdalina), Oha leave (Pterocar-
pa mildraedil), Scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) and water leave
(Talinum triangulare). The samples were stored in polythene bags
according to their types in refrigerator.
Sample collection
Samples were heated in 20 ml mixture of concentrated acids
(Nitric and Hydrochloric acids in 3:1 ratio) for 3hrs in a water bath
maintained at 70ºC for dissolving the content until a clear brown-
ish solution was obtained using wet digestion method. After cool-
ing, these solutions were re-constituted to 50ml volume with de-
Digestion procedure
Citation: Chinazo Amala Ezeilo., et al. “Determination of Heavy Metals in Some Fruits and Vegetables from Selected Market’s in Anambra State". Acta
4.4 (2020): 163-171.
165
Heavy metal analysis was done according to AOAC 1995 using
varian AA240 atomic absorption spectrophotometer in seven (7)
fruits and six (6) vegetables using wet digestion method [44].
Standards for Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, As, Hg, procured from Merck, Germany
were used as reference analyte for quantitative estimation of
heavy metals as well as accurate calibration and quality assurance
of each analyte. The standard stock solutions (1000 mg/kg) were
diluted to obtain working standard solution ranging from 5 mg/
kg to 20 mg/kg and stored at 4ºC. An acidity of 0.1% nitric acid
was maintained in all the solutions. A calibration curve was
plotted between measured absorbance and concentration (mg/
Atomic absorption spectrophotometry
Heavy metals are considered the most important constituents
of pollution from the terrestrial environment due to toxicity,
portioning in the soil and accumulation in plants. Since heavy
affects the nutritive values of agricultural materials and also
have deteriorating effect on human beings. Therefore, there is a
need for adequate control of heavy metal concentration in foods
with regards to the stipulated standard set by WHO and other
international regulators [25]. Table 1-3 shows the heavy metal
content of some fruits and vegetables from 3 markets locations in
Anambra State comparing them with WHO permissible guideline
for heavy metals in fruits and Vegetables.
Result and Discussion
Determination of Heavy Metals in Some Fruits and Vegetables from Selected Market’s in Anambra State
paper and stored in acid-washed polythene bottles. The stored
atomic absorption spectroscopy. Concentration of each metal was
determined from the absorbance volume of the replicate and
articulated in mg/kg.
Completely randomized design (CRD) by [46] was used. Mean
value of all the duplicate analytical determinations were subjected
determine using SPSS statistical tools version 21 at 5% (P < 0.05)
acceptable level.
Statistical analysis
Sample of FruitsCopper mg/kg Lead mg/kg Cadmium mg/kg Mercury mg/kg Arsenic mg/kg Zinc mg/kg
Apple 1.89g ± 0.10 1.45e ± 0.03 0.22a ± 0.01 0.06c ± 0.01 3.25c ± 0.01 22.94f ± 0.06
Water Melon 3.85a ± 0.02 2.43c ± 0.04 0.14b ± 0.02 0.17b ± 0.00 2.55d ± 0.01 57.56b ± 0.01
Pawpaw 2.05e ± 0.02 8.00a ± 0.00 0.24a ± 0.01 0.18b ± 0.01 1.13b ± 0.02 36.58d ± 0.04
Banana 3.64b ± 0.01 1.23g ± 0.01 0.00d ± 0.00 0.25a ± 0.01 4.03b ± 0.04 71.27a ± 0.03
Bush Mango 2.01f ± 0.01 1.78e ± 0.03 0.01d ± 0.00 0.07a ± 0.01 7.88a ± 0.02 40.13c ± 0.04
Guava 2.13d ± 0.04 3.83b ± 0.04 0.08c ± 0.01 0.25a ± 0.00 2.05e ± 0.06 31.48e ± 0.04
Cucumber 2.90c ± 0.05 2.33d ± 0.00 0.16b ± 0.02 0.17b ± 0.02 2.55d ± 0.01 57.55b ± 0.0.2
Sample of Vegetable Copper mg/kg Lead mg/kg Cadmium mg/kg Mercury mg/kg Arsenic mg/kg Zinc mg/kg
Pumpkin Leave 10.37a ± 0.03 2.27e ± 0.01 0.15b ± 0.01 0.02c ± 0.00 4.72b ± 0.03 136.75b ± 0.02
Bitter Leave 6.74b ± 0.02 5.13c ± 0.04 0.70a ± 0.00 0.00d ± 0.00 3.65c ± 0.01 123.94c ± 0.01
Water Leave 4.52d ± 0.01 9.11a ± 0.01 0.00e ± 0.00 0.45a ± 0.00 7.87a ± 0.04 146.45a ± 0.01
Uziza Leave 3.38e ± 0.02 1.73f ± 0.00 0.02d ± 0.01 0.10b ± 0.00 4.76b ± 0.01 60.55e ± 0.01
Oha Leave 6.53c ± 0.03 8.05b ± 0.02 0.04c ± 0.01 0.00d ± 0.00 1.03e ± 0.04 117.18d ± 0.01
Scent leave 1.62f ± 0.02 3.92d ± 0.03 0.05c ± 0.01 0.00d ± 0.00 0.01d ± 0.01 54.43d ± 0.01
spectrophometer [45]. Measurements were made using standard
cathode lamp for Zn, Cu, Pb, Cd, As, Hg.
Table 1: Concentration of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables obtained from Ose market Onitsha, Anambra State.
Values are mean duplicate determination with ± standard deviation.
Similar superscripts on the same column
Sample of FruitsCopper mg/kg Lead mg/kg Cadmium mg/kg Mercury mg/kg Arsenic mg/kg Zinc mg/kg
Apple 1.62e ± 0.03 1.24f ± 0.01 0.04f ± 0.01 0.47a ± 0.00 3.02b ± 0.01 25.11g ± 0.01
Water Melon 2.84b ± 0.05 2.55d ± 0.01 0.12e ± 0.02 0.16e ± 0.00 2.33d ± 0.01 54.11a ± 0.02
Pawpaw 2.07b ± 0.01 7.60a ± 0.01 0.11e ± 0.01 0.20b ± 0.00 1.18e ± 0.01 35.59e ± 0.01
Banana 8.98a ± 0.02 2.09e ± 0.01 0.51b ± 0.01 0.19c ± 0.00 1.19e ± 0.01 40.61c ± 0.01
Bush Mango 1.94f ± 0.04 1.24f ± 0.01 0.21c ± 0.01 0.02f ± 0.00 3.48a ± 0.01 37.08d ± 0.02
Guava 1.96d ± 0.02 3.55b ± 0.01 0.54a ± 0.01 0.00g ± 0.00 3.46a ± 0.01 29.54f ± 0.01
Cucumber 2.81b ± 0.01 2.26c ± 0.01 0.18d ± 0.00 0.18d ± 0.01 2.43c ± 0.01 49.57b ± 0.01
Citation: Chinazo Amala Ezeilo., et al. “Determination of Heavy Metals in Some Fruits and Vegetables from Selected Market’s in Anambra State". Acta
4.4 (2020): 163-171.
166
Determination of Heavy Metals in Some Fruits and Vegetables from Selected Market’s in Anambra State
Sample of Vegetable Copper mg/kg Lead mg/kg Cadmium mg/kg Mercury mg/kg Arsenic mg/kg Zinc mg/kg
Pumpkin Leave 8.92b ± 0.02 2.18e ± 0.01 0.15ab ± 0.01 0.18a ± 0.00 2.30d ± 0.00 120.45b ± 0.01
Bitter Leave 13.46a ± 0.01 4.92c ± 0.02 0.09c ± 0.01 0.01d ± 0.00 5.94a ± 0.01 119.88c ± 0.01
Water Leave 4.55c ± 0.02 8.71a ± 0.02 0.08c ± 0.01 0.02c ± 0.00 3.41c ± 0.00 135.66a ± 0.01
Uziza Leave 4.01e ± 0.01 1.84f ± 0.01 0.13b ± 0.001 0.00e ± 0.00 1.03f ± 0.01 53.04e ± 0.01
Oha Leave 4.51d ± 0.01 7.18b ± 0.01 0.16a ± 0.01 0.08b ± 0.00 5.03b ± 0.01 54.20d ± 0.01
Scent Leave 2.54f ± 0.01 3.19d ± 0.01 0.04d ± 0.01 0.00e ± 0.00 1.08e ± 0.01 37.24f ± 0.01
Table 2: Concentration of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables obtained from Nkwo Ogbe Market Ihiala, Anambra State.
Values are mean duplicate determination with ± standard deviation.
ferent (P < 0.05).
Sample of FruitsCopper mg/kg Lead mg/kg Cadmium mg/kg Mercury mg/kg Arsenic mg/kg Zinc mg/kg
Apple 2.00e ± 0.01 1.33f ± 0.01 0.21e ± 0.01 0.07d ± 0.00 3.28c ± 0.00 23.09g ± 0.01
Water Melon 3.68b ± 0.01 2.38d ± 0.01 0.08f ± 0.01 0.16bc ± 0.00 2.53d ± 0.00 56.09b ± 0.01
Pawpaw 9.76a ± 0.01 44.56a ± 0.02 0.53 ± 0.00 0.15bcd ± 0.00 1.21f ± 0.01 27.57f ± 0.01
Banana 2.68d ± 0.01 10.66b ± 0.01 0.48b ± 0.01 0.22b ± 0.00 4.86b ± 0.01 57.97a ± 0.01
Bush Mango 2.02e ± 0.01 1.36f ± 0.01 0.33c ± 0.01 0.75a ± 0.00 9.51a ± 0.01 33.48e ± 0.01
Guava 1.44f ± 0.01 1.64e ± 0.01 0.28d ± 0.01 0.14bcd ± 0.11 2.31e ± 0.01 40.66d ± 0.01
Cucumber 2.84c ± 0.01 2.88c ± 0.02 0.50a ± 0.01 0.08bc ± 0.10 2.51d ± 0.01 53.24c ± 0.01
Sample of Vegetable Copper mg/kg Lead mg/kg Cadmium mg/kg Mercury mg/kg Arsenic mg/kg Zinc mg/kg
Pumpkin Leave 2.11e ± 0.01 2.01d ± 0.01 0.10c ± 0.00 0.25b ± 0.00 5.91a ± 0.01 130.00b ± 0.00
Bitter Leave 6.72a ± 0.02 2.01d ± 0.01 0.22a ± 0.01 0.03d ± 0.00 3.76e ± 0.01 113.28c ± 0.01
Water Leave 3.48d ± 0.01 8.71a ± 0.01 0.21a ± 0.02 0.01f ± 0.00 4.12d ± 0.01 146.76a ± 0.01
Uziza Leave 3.70c ± 0.01 1.76e ± 0.00 0.20a ± 0.01 0.39a ± 0.00 4.60b ± 0.00 60.12d ± 0.01
Oha Leave 4.38b ± 0.01 7.25b ± 0.01 0.16b ± 0.01 0.09c ± 0.00 3.71b ± 0.00 51.64e ± 0.01
Scent Leaves 1.64f ± 0.01 3.52c ± 0.02 0.03d ± 0.00 0.03e ± 0.00 4.28c ± 0.01 28.08f ± 0.01
Table 3: Concentration of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables obtained from Nkwo Market Nnewi, Anambra State.
Values are mean duplicate determination with ± standard deviation.
ferent (P<0.05).
MetalsValues in mg/kg Source
Lead 0.1 FAO/WHO (JECFA, 2015)
Mecury 0.1 FAO/WHO (JECFA, 2015)
Cadmium 0.2 FAO/WHO (JECFA, 2015)
Arsenic 0.1 FAO/WHO (JECFA, 2015)
Copper 4.0 FAO/WHO 1999
Zinc 60 FAO/WHO 1999
Table 4: Permissible Guideline for Heavy Metals
in Fruits and Vegetables.
Copper is an essential mineral for human health. It functions
as biocatalysts, required for pigmentation in addition to iron,
maintains a healthy central nervous system, prevents anemia and
interrelated with the function of Zn and Fe in the body [26]. Copper
Copper (Cu) mg/kg
manufacturing, electricity transmission), but also in agriculture
(fungicides, herbicides and fertilizer [27]. Despite the health
lead anemia, low number of white blood cells, osteoporosis in
infant and children, defects in connective tissue leading to skeletal
problems [28]. The copper content of all the fruits and vegetable
from the three market locations ranges from 1. 44 ± 0.01 mg/kg to
13.46 ± 0.01 mg/kg which is higher compared to the report of [29],
but lower compared to the report of [30]
all the three market locations except for apple/bush mango in table
3 (Nkwo Nnewi Market). Some of the fruits and vegetable samples
had copper content within the standard permissible limit of (4.00
mg/kg) set by [43] except for Pumpkin leave, Water leaves and Oha
leave in table 1 (Onitsha market), Banana, Pumpkin leave, Water
Citation: Chinazo Amala Ezeilo., et al. “Determination of Heavy Metals in Some Fruits and Vegetables from Selected Market’s in Anambra State". Acta
4.4 (2020): 163-171.
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Determination of Heavy Metals in Some Fruits and Vegetables from Selected Market’s in Anambra State
leave, Uziza Leave and Oha leave in table 2 (Ihiala Market) and
Pawpaw, Bitter leaves and Oha in table 3 (Nkwo Nnewi Market).
The high content of copper in some fruits and Vegetable from these
locations may be from the use of chemical fertilizer and herbicides
in Ihiala which is an agrarian area. The high population density
of Onitsha generates high amount of biosolids (sewage sludge)
which are used as fertilizer for farming [32]. Presence of industrial
clusters in Nnewi generates industrial waste especially copper
which is highly used in cable and wire production. Excess copper
intake over time can cause anemia, liver and kidney damages and
stomach and intestinal irritation [32].
Lead is slightly bluish bright silvery metals in a dry atmosphere.
Lead is a highly toxic metal whose widespread use has caused
extensive environmental contamination and health problems
in many parts of the world [5]. Lead exists in many forms in the
natural sources throughout the world and is now one of the most
widely and evenly distributed trace metals [7]. Lead is found in
the earth crust and has been reported to emit from anthropogenic
activities such as combustion of fossil fuel, mining, paint and
battery products [33]. Lead can be absorbed and stored in human
bones blood and tissues. Lead in human body has been reported
to increase blood pressure in adults [14]. The result from the table
1-3 showed that the lead content of all the fruits and vegetables
ranges from 1.23 ± 0.01 mg/kg to 10.66 ± 0.01 mg/kg. The range
is slightly lower than the report of [11] and [14] but agreed with
the range reported by [34]. All the fruits and vegetable from the
three market locations had high lead content which is above the
0.1 mg/kg safe limit set by [31]. The high presence of Lead in these
fruits and vegetables from the three locations in consideration
may be from the high level of absorbing of lead from the soil.
Nnewi and Onitsha are highly populated towns with various level
emission of carbon from automobile and waste batteries may be
responsible for the high content of lead in fruits and vegetable
from Ihiala due to the location of the town near a major high way
connecting two states in Nigeria [13]. All the samples had lead
for pumpkin and bitter leaves from Nkwo Nnewi. The high level of
the consumers of these fruits and vegetable. Acute lead poisoning
causes liver disorder in livestock, kidney, liver and immune system
damages in human [35].
Lead (Pb) mg/kg
Cadmium is one of the toxic heavy metals to human tissue even
at low concentration and does not have any biological function [33].
Cadmium is a naturally occurring metal which exist in the earth
Cadmium (Cd) mg/kg
crust at about 0.1 ppm. It is the seventh most toxic heavy metal, a
bye product of zinc production which humans or animal may get
exposed to at work [5]. Applications of agricultural inputs such as
fertilizers, pesticides and biosolids (sewage sludge), the disposal of
industrial wastes or the deposition of atmospheric contaminants
increases the total concentration of Cd in the soil [32]. Cadmium
is very biopersistent but has few toxicological properties and
once absorbed by an organism, remains resident for many years.
Cadmium is highly toxic metal which can affect the human body
through both acute and chronic actions [36]. Cadmium content
of fruit and vegetable are represented in table 1 3 representing
the three locations, the cadmium ranges from 0.03 ± 0.00 mg/kg
to 0.70 ± 0.00 mg/kg. The range was slightly lower compared to
the report of [9]. Most of the fruits and vegetable from the three
locations had cadmium content that falls within the 0.2 mg/kg safe
limit set by [31] except for Paw paw, Apple and Bitter leaf in table
1, Bush mango and Guava in table 2, Apple, Cucumber, Paw paw,
Banana, Bush mango, Guava, Bitter leave and Water leave in table 3.
Nnewi market had more fruits and vegetables with higher cadmium
content above the [31] safe limit compared to other locations; this
may be from the large volume of industrial waste from various
industrial clusters in Nnewi. All the fruits and vegetables from
Paw paw, Banana/Bush mango, Oha/Scent leaves in table 1. Water
melon/Paw paw, Uziza leave/Pumpkin leave, Bitter leave/Water
leave in table 2. Cucumber/Paw paw, Bitter leave/Water leave/
Uziza leave in table 3. Cadmium is predominantly found in fruits
and vegetables due to its high rate of soil to plant transfer [37].
Again, the use of phosphoric fertilizer in vegetable and fruit garden
can be a factor contributing to the high content of cadmium in all
the locations [13]. Prolong accumulation of cadmium in human
body can lead to some health issues such as kidney damages, renal
disorder and human carcinogen [38]. Prolong consumption of some
of these fruits and vegetable may lead to health system hazard due
to accumulation of cadmium in body [11].
Mercury is considered a global pollutant that comes from
plant [11]. Mercury belongs to same group of the periodic table
with Zn and Cd. It is a liquid in standard ambient temperature ion,
it is a naturally occurring metal which is shiny-white, odourless
liquid and becomes colourless, odourless gas when heated.
Mercury is very toxic and exceedingly bio accumulative [5]. It
is a major non essential trace metal but not needed in food. It’s
presence in food suggests contamination [33]. It exist in three
forms; metallic elements, inorganic salt and organic compounds,
each of which possess different toxicity and bioavailable. Although
Mercury (Cu) mg/kg
Citation: Chinazo Amala Ezeilo., et al. “Determination of Heavy Metals in Some Fruits and Vegetables from Selected Market’s in Anambra State". Acta
4.4 (2020): 163-171.
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Determination of Heavy Metals in Some Fruits and Vegetables from Selected Market’s in Anambra State
to the soil through fossil fuel combustion, industrial processes,
pesticides, herbicides and industrial liquid waste. Environmental
contaminations of mercury can both be from natural sources and
from anthropogenic emissions such as industrial activities and
mining. Excessive exposure to mercury through contaminated
foods and water has been associated with a wide spectrum of
adverse health effects including damages to immune system and
pituitary gland causing untold damages that may sometimes
result into death [11]. The mercury content of fruits and vegetable
arising from this study presented in table 1 3 from the three market
locations ranges from 0.01 ± 0.00 mg/kg to 0.75 ± 0.00 mg/kg. In
some cases, mercury was not detected in Oha leave and Scent leave
in table 1, Uziza and Scent leave in table 2. The ranges are slightly
higher than the range reported by [39] but agreed with the range
[40] reported on pumpkin leaves. The mercury content of both
at (P<0.05) except for Water melon/Paw paw/Cucumber, Banana /
Bush mango and Bitter leave/Oha leave/Scent leave in table 1, Uziza
leave/Scent leave in table 2, Water melon/Cucumber/Paw paw/
Guava in table 3. Some of the fruits and vegetable contains mercury
limit that falls within the safe limit of 0.10 mg/kg set by [31] except
for Water melon, Paw paw, Banana, Guava, Guava, Cucumber and
Water leave in table 1, Apple, Water melon, Cucumber, Paw paw,
Banana and Pumpkin table 2 and Water melon, Paw paw, Banana,
Bush Mango, Guava, Pumpkin and Uziza leave in table 3, all are
above the save limit set by [31]. Continuous consumption of these
fruits can lead to potential health risk associated with mercury.
Bush mango from Nkwo Nnewi had the highest mercury content of
0.75 mg/kg, this may be from industrial waste generated in Nnewi
Mercury is associated with kidney damage, rheumatoid arthritis
and disease of circulatory system [32,38].
Arsenic is a naturally occurring element that is widely
distributed in the earth crust. Arsenic is one of the non essential
heavy metals found in the environment. Arsenic exist both in
organic and inorganic forms also in found in nature and in man
made products, including some pesticides. Low levels of arsenic
are found in soil, water and air [11]. Arsenic is taken up by plants
as they grow, meaning that metals makes its way into our food.
Humans may encounter arsenic by natural means, industrial
sources, or from unintended sources. Human being are exposed
to arsenic through natural activities such as volcanic activities,
dissolution of mineral (particularly into ground water) exudates
from vegetation and wind-blown dust, human activities such as
mining, metal smelting, combustion of fossil fuels, agricultural
pesticides production and use in timber with preservatives
[31]. Exposure to Arsenic can cause health danger which could
Arsenic (As) mg/kg
be acute or chronic basis, on acute basis the symptoms includes
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, cyanosis, confusion and hallucinations.
On chronic basis, it could cause kerotosis, pigmentation/hypo
bronchitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, kidney and liver
cancer [41]. The arsenic content of both fruit and vegetables from
the three locations 1-3 ranges from 1.03 ± 0.01 mg/kg to 9.51 ± 001
mg/kg. The entire sample from the three market locations differs
Cucumber, Pumpkin leave/Uziza leave in table1, Paw paw/Banana,
Bush mango/Guava in table 2 and Water melon/Cucumber in
table 3. The range of arsenic in vegetable and fruits from the three
locations agreed with range reported by [34] but lower compared
to the range reported by [40]. The high content of arsenic in fruits
and vegetables from these three locations may be from human
activities such as combustion of fossil fuels, agricultural pesticide
production and use in timber treatment which in directly enter the
soil and are absorbed by plants [42]. All the fruits and vegetable
had arsenic level above the safe limit of 0.1 mg/kg set by [31]. This
means that consuming of these fruits and vegetable would certainly
result in dangerous health consequences including kidney and liver
damage, gastrointestinal effects and damages DNA [34].
Zinc is the 23rd most abundant element in the earth’s crust, its
concentrations are rising unnaturally due to addition of zinc through
human activities [38]. It is an essential mineral due to it exceptional
with atomic number 30, atomic mass 65.4. It is naturally in soil
but concentrations are rising unnaturally due to anthropogenic
additions. Most zinc is added during industrial activities, such as
mining coal, waste combustion and steel processing [32]. It is an
essential element for normal growth and development in the body.
It is widely used in industries such as galvanization, paint, batteries,
smelting, fertilizer and pesticides, fossil fuel combustion, pigment,
polymer stabilizer [38]
their way to the oceans and farmlands where crops normally
absorb them. When zinc is present in large quantity in human body,
it affects considerably human’s health [38], although human health
can handle large extent of zinc too much of it can still cause health
problems [47]. Zinc content of both fruits and vegetables from the
three market locations 1, 2 and 3 ranges from 22.94 ± 0.06 mg/kg
to 146.76 ± 001 mg/kg. The entire sample from the three market
Cucumber, Oha leave/Scent leave in table 1. The range of zinc in
vegetables and fruits from the three locations are high compared to
the range reported by [11-13]. All the fruits from the three market
locations had a zinc content within the 60 mg/kg permissible limit
set by [43] except for Banana in table 1 which may be from solid
Zinc (Zn) mg/kg
Citation: Chinazo Amala Ezeilo., et al. “Determination of Heavy Metals in Some Fruits and Vegetables from Selected Market’s in Anambra State". Acta
4.4 (2020): 163-171.
169
Determination of Heavy Metals in Some Fruits and Vegetables from Selected Market’s in Anambra State
waste which are normally dumped around the root of banana
the three market locations fall within the safe limit except for
Pumpkin leave, Bitter leave, Water melon, Oha leave and Uziza
leave in table 1, Pumpkin leave, Bitter leave and Water melon in
table 2, Pumpkin leave, Bitter leave, Water melon and Uziza leave
in table 3. The high content of zinc in some of these vegetables
may be from fertilizer applied on the soil during cultivation or the
water used for irrigation purpose. Prolong consumption of these
vegetables may cause some health implications. Excess zinc in
human body system can lead to depression, lethargy, neurological
From the investigation carried out so far in the determination
of the concentration of heavy metals in fruits and vegetables
obtained from three selected markets in Anambra State, it was
observed that some of the fruits and vegetables showed low levels
of heavy metals while some showed high levels of heavy metals
in them. When compared with the standard permissible limit set
by the FAO/WHO (Food and Agricultural Organization and World
Health Organization), the levels of heavy metals were observed
to be higher than the safe limit set by the FAO/WHO. This may be
from the high level of pollution in the area under investigation. The
levels of heavy metals obtained in some of the fruits and vegetables
are not within the acceptable range and can pose a health hazard
to the human life. Health authorities in collaborations with
Agricultural ministries in these areas should work out models to
ensure reduction in the heavy metal content of soil samples in
areas that are used for cultivation so as to reduce the potential
health hazard.
Conclusion
This is our Original collaborative work. Author CAE designed
the study, conducted literature searches, managed analysis of the
study and wrote the manuscript. Author SIO coordinated the en-
-
nal manuscript for publication. Author CCO assisted in writing the
manuscript, discussion and literature search. Author ACL did the
statistical analysis and result interpretation while author NEU as-
sisted in discussing the work.
Authors Contribution
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4.4 (2020): 163-171.
