Social and Economic Contribution of 5G and Blockchain With Green Computing: Taxonomy, Challenges, and Opportunities

Abstract

In recent years Fifth Generation (5G) technology is the most recent advancement in a
wireless communication network. There is the advent of using the 5G with diverse data structures. The Blockchain (BC) has become an approving adoption for decentralized, peer-to-peer, distributed transparent ledger systems with a diverse data structure. The use of 5G with BC is an emerging trend in communication technology. The elasticity of 5G with BC enables many applications to reciprocity information molds it a fast, transparent, consequential, and safe for transportation of data in this smart era. Green computing
(GC) is presently the intense optimistic tactic for the integration of smart technology in a diverse and distributed world of power consumption. This Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) has been analyzed by cautiously elected publications between 2016 and 2020 in well-putative venus. This study analyzed the advanced research on power consumption solutions for BC-based 5G communication, Moreover, a taxonomy of 5G based on green BC and GC in various areas is presented. Furthermore, Green energy renewable communication (GERC) problems are being observed in this research by integrating three
discrete technologies such as 5G with green BC and GC also along with smart systems. Lastly, the research gaps had been bestowed to render future directions for the researchers in 5G with green BC and GC as the solution for rechargeable data packets.

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Date of publication xxxx 00, 0000, date of current version xxxx 00, 0000.
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/ACCESS.2021.DOI
Social and Economic Contribution of 5G
and Blockchain with Green Computing:
Taxonomy, Challenges and
Opportunities
ADEL KHELIFI3, OMER AZIZ1,2, MUHAMMAD SHOAIB FAROOQ1(MEMBER, IEEE), ADNAN
ABID1(MEMBER, IEEE), FATIMA BUKHARI2.
1School of Systems and Technology, University of Management & Technology, Lahore, Punjab, 54770, Pakistan
2Department of Computer Science, NFC Institute of Engineering & Technology, Multan, Punjab, 60000, Pakistan
3Department of Computer Science and Information Technology, Abu Dhabi University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
Corresponding author: Muhammad Shoaib Farooq (e-mail: shoaib.farooq@umt.edu.pk).
ABSTRACT In recent years Fifth Generation (5G) technology is the most recent advancement in a
wireless communication network. There is the advent of using the 5G with diverse data structures. The
Blockchain (BC) has become an approving adoption for decentralized, peer-to-peer, distributed transparent
ledger systems with a diverse data structure. The use of 5G with BC is an emerging trend in communication
technology. The elasticity of 5G with BC enables many applications to reciprocity information molds it
a fast, transparent, consequential, and safe for transportation of data in this smart era. Green computing
(GC) is presently the intense optimistic tactic for the integration of smart technology in a diverse and
distributed world of power consumption. This Systematic Mapping Study (SMS) has been analyzed
by cautiously elected publications between 2016 and 2020 in well-putative venus. This study analyzed
the advanced research on power consumption solutions for BC-based 5G communication, Moreover, a
taxonomy of 5G based on green BC and GC in various areas is presented. Furthermore, Green energy
renewable communication (GERC) problems are being observed in this research by integrating three
discrete technologies such as 5G with green BC and GC also along with smart systems. Lastly, the research
gaps had been bestowed to render future directions for the researchers in 5G with green BC and GC as the
solution for rechargeable data packets.
INDEX TERMS Fifth Generation (5G), Blockchain, Green Computing, Green Blockchain, Renewable
energy, SDN, WPT, Systematic mapping study (SMS), Criteria
I. INTRODUCTION
FIFTH Generation (5G) is the most trendy technology
in this smart era. For smart homes, transportation, TVs,
health-care, farming, agriculture, banking system, industries,
furniture items, and cities smart technology is smartly con-
tributing with 5G as shown in figure 1. 5G applications
had varying requirements in terms of bandwidth, speed, and
latency of auto rechargeable devices with many different
factors and energy. High band frequency is having great
bandwidth, that is obtainable to transfer large data. Wave-
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FIGURE 1: Smart System
length spectrum with multiple bands like the high band,
mid-band, and low band can build 5G networks in various
ways. The best transmission rate in 5G is nearly 20GB/sec
which offers great interconnection with low latency [1]. Au-
tonomous vehicles and many other smart devices are being
used in augmented reality with 5G for fast and reliable com-
munication [2]. This smart era of contemporary technology
with smart devices might be reached up to five hundred
(500) billion in number by 2030 [3]. This nimble network
bandwidth named 5G with the smart system is going to
rule on this world and ornament more crucial to its security
which is a major agitation [4]. The consolidation of radio
ideas in [5] such as ultra-dense networks, massive machine
(MM) communications, massive Multiple-Input Multiple-
Output (mMIMO), device-to-device (D2D) moving networks
and ultra-reliable can allow 5G as in figure 2to assist the
anticipated growth in mobile data volume while developing
the limit of application zone that mobile communications
can assist on the far side 2021 [6]. Challenges are increased
for 5G networks by merging Artificial Intelligence (AI) and
network operator which can be one of the impressive results
to address these complexities. To justify these dilemmas,
BC must be integrated. BC, as a decentralized methodology
furnished a secure sharing of data, information, and resources
among respective nodes of 5G areas [7]. 5G, BC, and smart
systems are opposite domains but by their integration future
can be better [8]. 5G requires BC for the vast deployment
of 5G services. BC is contemplated one of the nascent
FIGURE 2: Energy Consumption
technology that will be having a great effect in the future. BC
concede its security attributes such as credibility and integrity
to respective applications such as smart contracts and bitcoins
[9]. For economic transactions, BC is also a distributed ledger
that is recently used to present cryptocurrency Bitcoins for
the first time [10] [11]. Transaction data can be easily man-
aged in peer to peer network as in figure 3. For financial
and industrial services rapid development of BC extends for
the next generation. But a lot of issues are being observed
during the deployment like privacy, security, transparency,
cost, decentralization, power consumption, and trust. BC
manipulate efficient and fast over uncertain networks then
5G. BC is not only introduced to overcome the security issues
but also helps in the faster distribution of real-time data. [12].
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FIGURE 3: Peer to Peer network
BC technology is non-repudiation, immutable, integrity,
proof of provenance, and trustful with privacy. BC’s com-
bination with 5G and smart systems still needs essential
modalities about abstract application domains, privacy is-
sues, scalability, performance, and potential financial ac-
quires but the energy problem was constant [13]. For cellular
network operators upcoming mobile generations are becom-
ing increasingly evidential for energy efficiency. Green en-
ergy represents diverse modules of wireless communication.
To cognize upcoming green networks founded on energy-
efficient discipline that meets the atomistic demands in terms
of content, elements triggered by the upcoming mobile gen-
eration, 5G can be helpful to fulfill the required necessities
[14]. Green Computing (GC) must take the effective circu-
lation impression, to operate and recycle, this smart system
can save up-to 15-20% energy. [15]. For uncovering the
security issues, costs and to reduce power consumption 5G
is usually used in smart devices to making smart systems
more worthy and trustful [16]. GC can be another impor-
tant attribute for 5G systems, as power consumption from
ICT (Information and communication technology) parts are
predicted to grow insignificantly by 2030. The instant best
time is when coming traffic backhauling the optimum instant
time when traffic backhauling should switch with different
technologies to minimize the whole power consumption [17].
At successor and transmitter interference cancellation (SIC)
at the receiver is Power-domain superposition coding (SC)
multiplexer. NOMA assigns one frequency channel to many
users at a time in a corresponding cell [18].
LTE-Advanced systems is also having the purpose to
support the deployment of cheap devices, tuning and net-
work control power devices by having growing radio access
network coverage. LTE susceptibility execution based on
devices per physical resource block indicates insignificantly
more number of devices are supported in an LTE system
[19]. 5G promises quality of service (QoS) and high rates
to the end-users and BC assures a high level of security and
trust among the peers. Because LTE was the only step toward
the 4th generation (4G) of radio technologies designed to in-
crease the capacity. Social influence, trust, effort expectancy,
and facilitating conditions are very critical constructs that
affect BCT adoption directly. BC with the improvement of a
security system with 5G, as the enforcement of and scaling up
the miner security to deduct 50% attacks without damaging
to PKI management system can be enacted [20].
In this article state of the art, is presented concerning 5G
for BC. 5G with green BC is presently an intense propi-
tious tactic for the amalgamation of smart technology in a
divergent and distributed world. The idea of 5G and BC
turned up from the obviate to stir out from conventional
amalgamation structures, that flatter hard to come via the
transition of time. Energy consumption, trust problems are
being observed in this research by integrating two discrete
technologies such as 5G with green BC and GC in IoE to
some extend. This article is analyzed by giving a review
on cautiously elected study published between 2016 and
2021 in known channels. Similarly analyzing the advanced
research on power consumption solutions for BC-based 5G
communication, a taxonomy of 5G based green BC and GC
in various areas has been proposed. Apart from the study,
5G along with green BC and GC has also been presented
for power consumption issues and rechargeable data packets.
Rechargeable data packets are very necessary as this smart
era of Internet of Everything (IOE) needs to proffer battery
life. Moreover, it is also being observed there is very little
adoption of any latest technology just because of trust issues.
Mostly it took more than 10 years to adopt any latest tech-
nology which is a wastage of money and time. Lastly, the
study gaps have been bestowed to render future directions
for the study in 5G with green BC and GC as the solution for
rechargeable packets and power consumption.
This paper is maintained as in figure 4. Sector 2 will
be of background where the use of BC and 5G has been
discussed in detail according to different work industries.
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FIGURE 4: Paper Organization
Sector 3 about methodology adopted for this SMS by ex-
plaining some questions, exclusion/inclusion criteria, search
techniques, quality assessment (QA), sector 4 is about results
where answers to the defined questions have been given. Sec-
tor 5 is about the discussion where the proposed taxonomy is
presented including main findings and open challenges. In
the last sector, 6 conclusions and future directions have been
discussed.
II. BACKGROUND
For the growth of the local economy, 5G is playing an
important role. So, for the growth of the economy, 5G has
become a brand new operating tool. 4G trade life but the
world is changed by 5G. 5G has reduced the problems like
privacy, security, low latency rate and speed, transparency
problems. 5G has not only increased the speed of the internet,
but it has also brought moderation in man’s life making,
economic and social life, enjoyment and work is remodeled
and has become more advantageous. In simultaneous eco-
nomic growth and social development, 5G has become a
vital technology [21]. In financial transactions, BC provides
an extraordinary chance for revolution. A completely new
world of probability for banking, insurance, money trans-
fer, investment, stock market, and lending is waiting. Cy-
bersecurity and privacy problems however inhibit the more
likely acquiring of BC [22]. BC can realign the modern
legal, economic, political, and cultural topography claimed
by stakeholders such as entrepreneurs, developers, and tech-
nology supporters. To improve transparency, effectiveness,
and security over a vast range of transactions BCT is at
the Centre of modern attempts [23]. As by [24] to make
localized and shared economy applications that empower
people to securely monetize their gadgets to create more
revenue BC can be utilized. But paired with distributed file
system framework it is desegregated as an unworthy public
ledger. Interplanetary file system (IPFS) direct clearness,
security, and challenges of scaling. In forecasting BCT as-
sumption aim Facilitating process is recognized, belief, social
influence, and attempt expectancy as analytical constructs
[25]. BC only authorize the transferring of the digital tokens,
for otherworldly transactions cryptocurrency BC was not
used. Ethereum launch illustrates was feasible to program
BC to keep up many types of transnational logic by smart
agreements that accomplish precoded segments of software
on the BC when particular conditions are connected. with
no intervention from representative or requiring approval
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from third party’s Smart agreements can perform transactions
independently, [26]. In [27] author explain how these dispute
notions can be sorted out and investigate the potential of
BCT for sorting out the issues of safekeeping in the sharing
economy. In [28] Three ordinary misapprehensions on the
application of BCT to the sharing economy as well the wide
forum economy had been shared:
•BCT not only solves all safe keeping problems when
they come to the physical word interlinked with humans,
trust-free misconceptions.
•Significance and part of forms as the agent and cus-
todian should not be abandoned but frequently is the
disintermediation misconception.
Information asymmetry and costs of transactions intricate
with matching entrepreneurs with an investor [29]. IoT, 5G,
and blockchain can give an advantage to shared economy
practices. These advantages can be highlighted by a higher
level of productivity, operating efficiency, and atomization,
and smart factories in terms of resources should be renewable
and sustainable. [30]. The security, confidence, and account-
ability issues have been solved by introducing BC along
with 5G but energy efficacy is a major concern. In new
mobile cellular wireless networks (MCWN) with high energy
and auto recharging green communication from the network
providers, giant networking is expected [31].
Involving areas of 5G and BC like smart vehicles, smart
agriculture, smart hospitals, and smart cities have been dis-
cussed below.
A. SMART VEHICLES
the definition has become one of the popular trends currently
with the growing need for data generation and program-
ming tasks. IoV is a distributed network that uses vehicle-
generated data to enhance road safety for smart cities. [32].
Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) is typically installed in
a smart city in static mode in base stations (BSs). IoV
could assist the smart city, Via paying share of idle vehicle
computing services, to achieve scalable computing resource
demand response (DR). Peer-to-Peer (P2P) computing re-
source trading system to balance IoV-assisted smart city
spatio-temporal complex computing resource requirements
and ensure transaction security and privacy preservation in
our [33] system. A large amount of complex real-time sensor
data is used in the Intelligent Transport System (ITS), so
its stability is also a big concern. Security specifications,
security threats, and security attacks are addressed in [34]
in various security elements of IoV. To prevent traffic delays
and collisions, drivers can be aware of the mobile location,
direction, speed, and other real-time data of surrounding
vehicles. In the absence of safety protections, though, IoV
conditions may be unsafe. Due to the Internet’s transparency
and self-organization, there are tremendous malicious at-
tackers in cars, [35]. Through the enhancement of automa-
tion and networking, autonomous vehicles are progressing
at a rapid pace, opening up new possibilities for numer-
ous cyber-attacks, including in-vehicle attacks and vehicle-
to-everything contact attacks. A huge amount of data can
be transmitted by 5G. It is especially helpful for the IoV,
ensuring fast communications and protection [36]. As two
rapidly emerging areas, the growth of IoT and BCT could
strengthen the condition of the food chain today. The state-
of-the-art creation of systems that use BCT to provide infor-
mation security. Yet, researchers evaluate, the speed problem
remained the same, if 5G is combined then [37] can also
solve this problem. BC-based Stable message and revoca-
tion transparency scheme for safe vehicular communication.
Smart Energy (SE) has contributed to the introduction of
innovative energy initiatives, infrastructure ventures, and
business models as a transformative idea. The goal is to make
the electric power grid more effective by generating/storing
distributed electricity, adding smart meters, or reducing con-
sumption/implementation costs. A major problem is the suc-
cessful integration of solutions within SE structures [38].
In the 5G age, energy usage is a challenging concern to
combat many challenges such as reactive mode of operation,
high latency wakes up times, incorrect cell user association,
multiple Self-Organizing Networks (SON) cross-functional
operation [39].
B. SMART AGRICULTURE
The global demand for smart agriculture is projected to hit $
15.3 billion by the end of 2025, relative to $ 5 billion in 2016.
IOT [40] has been implemented in smart agriculture using
wireless sensor networks (WSNs) such as irrigation sensor
networks, prediction of frost events, precision soil farming,
blind object recognition, smart farming, and precision agri-
culture [41]. 5G is likely to drive smart agriculture to the
next level when it is possible to gather vast and real-time data
to track crop and livestock status, logistics management, and
other significant information. More human interest has been
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drawn by COVID-19 to food protection, which also has a
positive effect on the market share of smart agriculture [42].
The privacy and security of smart farming, however, have
become more common. Emerging finance, operations, and
administration (FOM) problems in the Green Implementation
in agriculture, IoT projects, such as IoT finance, funding
for the supply chain and big data, recharging and upgrading
network nodes, and Green IOT system [43] can overcome IoT
data management. Through switching the resources on/off
when they are inefficient, and building virtualized network
resources such as proxies to minimize network traffic, the
network solution would be able to reduce energy usage. It
is possible to reduce energy consumption through SDN [44].
C. SMART HOSPITALS
are now in several domains of medicine to furnish more
reliable treatment services to patients. There is a non-unified
architecture restricted to the connectivity protocol that can
connect all intelligent things in smart hospitals [45]. There
are also some challenges to the big data research tool us-
ing AI, such as centralized infrastructure, protection, and
privacy, budget limitations, inadequate training data. BC-
enabled AI Intelligent IoT Architecture that offers an effec-
tive way to merge BC and AI for IoT with existing state-
of-the-art [46] techniques, algorithms, and applications. To
reduce the optimization time for those algorithms several
hybrid techniques can be used [47] [48]. Hospital records
are also a significant contribution without breaching con-
fidentiality. To fix anonymity, accountability, low latency
problems, BC with 5G will play a critical role [49]. There
is still a challenge to create sharing trust between healthcare
providers, suitability, anonymity, and give patients access
to health data management and high energy usage because
BC may rethink the way the electronic health records of
patients are exchanged and processed [50]. The convergence
of 5G and Renewable rechargeable packets has resolved the
need for reliable energy, delivery, and utilization models,
the lack of accurate data flow profiles, the use of power
conversion, energy cooperation, energy exchange strategies,
and rechargeable packets. But there are still security, latency,
confidence, and transparency problems. But there are still
security, latency, confidence, and transparency problems. To
achieve sustainable 5G and Green Connectivity with the BC
framework [51], these issues are discussed along with some
research directions to pursue.
D. SMART CITIES
Industry adaptation is effectuated in cities, the digital eco-
nomic system is enforced sequent in smart companies,
plants, and organizations which correspond nigh entirely a
computer-aided fabrication. The parametric quantity imag-
inary being a smart city are explicit: the high caliber of
life; accessibility of advanced modern technologies; city Sub-
structure with the digital economic system elements; flexible
living state of affairs. The groomed staff that will be needful
to makeover smart cities and come through efficaciously
observation [52]. The modern city infrastructure, immersion
on many scourge associate to security, privacy, low latency,
transparency, smart energy consumption, and auto recharg-
ing. Gainsay for smart city cue and architectural plan as
BC-based systems and substantial usage of AI turn integral
to scheme discipline, is to hold over man in the cringle
to spawn the obligatory plane of reliance in security and
privacy from the public. Meanwhile highlighting gainsay is
auto rechargeable tendency [53].
mMIMO systems, an extremely parallel continual neu-
ral network (NN) for energy-efficient precoding. Simulation
consequences for emblematical 5G readying premise exhibit
an energy efficiency transmutation of one command order of
magnitude or high with esteem to the actual state-of-the-art
method can be formulated [54]. Green Cell-free mMIMO
networks intelligibly amend the doable energy efficiency.
Furthermore, they also unveil the existent exchange among
the accomplishable energy efficiency, the accessible network-
state substance, and hardware constellation [55]. 5G with
BC will be the mainstay of the smart system and mount the
effectuation for the evolution of smart cities but it is not
reliable to preserve the energy by devising auto recharging
smart devices [56].
Many issues are determined which have been resolved by
using 5G and BC. In this 5G smart era, GC is an eminent
gainsay for the sustainable evolution of networks. The en-
ergy harvesting subject is an auspicious strategy to uphold
network lifetime [57]. Energy harvesting networks, knobs
may replenish energy to subdue a variant of renewable energy
from a mobile charger. Ascension in energy phthisis in cellu-
lar networks consequence in a growth in the carbon dioxide
expelled into the surroundings, and revelation to the huge
abstraction of noxious radiations [58]. Simultaneous Wire-
less Information and Power Transfer (SWIPT) for wireless
communication systems presents a new paradigm, allowing
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wireless nodes to recharge their rechargeable batteries from
RF signals while decoding information. Successful realiza-
tion of SWIPT, 5G communications, and IoT technology
assisted technical issues must be overcome at various layers
to achieve an impelling green communication [59]. Green
communication is an urgent need for power optimization
of the upcoming 5G networks [60]. The advancement in
communication researchers has the main focus of making
this communication as green as possible by emerging it with
5G [61]. But energy affliction from spiteful smart devices
can affect momentous energy failure to energy transmitters.
Bonded wireless power transfer framework is requisite by
commuting BC with it [62].
To protect the information in the network efficiently and
securely for the upcoming 5G era has become a problem. A
scheme based on a BC to solve the privacy issues in content-
centric mobile networks for 5G is being proposed. The author
[63] implement the mutual trust between content providers
and users. Besides, the openness and tamper-resistant of
the BC ledger ensure the access control and privacy of the
provider. Trust-enhanced BC-based tracing mechanism for
the whole content delivery process is in information-centric
networking (ICN). It analyzes the records of behaviors on
ICN nodes and locates the malicious ones. Secure energy
data delivery in a BICN based smart grid, where we perform
security analysis and conduct experiments [64].
Green IoT is a rising track that has appeal a huge number
of basic cognitive processes on energy-efficient and modifies
the product and usage of renewable energy [65]. Threat
models against green IoT-based systems including, attacks
against privacy, authentication, confidentiality, availability,
and integrity properties are also analyzed by privacy-oriented
BC-based solutions as well as consensus algorithms for green
IoT-based systems [40]. A security model which is a decen-
tralized system based on the smart contract and lightning net-
work in the BC ecosystem; known as lightning network and
smart contract (LNSC)has been proposed. But model entails
scheduling, registration, charging phases, and authentication.
It meshed with the latest scheduling criteria to intensify the
security of trading among charging piles and EVs [66].
III. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
For this study, SMS has been chosen as an analysis method-
ology. Figure 5elaborate the mapping steps precede to
accomplish this article, which is owning three divergent
steps as 1. Planning, 2. conducting the mapping study, and
3. conclusions and reviews. An SMS is different from the
systematic literature review (SLR) [67], Which content re-
garding the evolution of the confederation of the manifest,
straining the recognition of the most similar pattern, and
wherever particular indication truant or adequately explicit
in organic literature. Meanwhile, it is not the grail of the
study, as the elaborated study of articles/papers is not here.
The main objective is having classification, content analysis
and recognition of publishing forums [68] [69].
A. RESEARCH OBJECTIVES
The main key intents are discussed here:
•To represent a comparison of proceeding study on 5G
and BC to analyze real-world wield and to know mutual
exclusiveness for future.
•Present and clear the present study topics, challenges,
and future directions concerning secured 5G applica-
tions.
•A taxonomy has been proposed for saving energy of
IOE.
•To integrate GC with 5G communication and BC.
•To overcome the energy consumption with strong and
secure devices SDN approach with WPT protocol can
be proposed along with green BC in 5G communication.
•To summarize research direction as well as to find if
there is manifest for research and possible evidence.
•Another goal is to determine the publication fields of the
study.
B. RESEARCH QUESTIONS
To conclude the selected research, Six (06) questions are
being designed in Table 1. Entirely 06 RQs delegated for
chosen criteria with pertinent causation. The given solution
will assist to categorize extant studies, challenges, and fur-
ther commandments referring to Secure 5G communication
network and BC with GC.
C. SEARCH SCHEME
Following scientific databases/sources have been used to get
the nearly germane articles for the chosen acquisition: IEEE
Digital Library, Springer, ACM, Google Scholar, Elsevier,
and MDPI also used for applied studies. For the develop-
ment of bibliometric studies, google scholar has been used
functionally. Five different strings worn to demeanor the
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FIGURE 5: Systematic Mapping Study
instinctive research for a chosen scientific depository is in Fig
6. Incontestable the investigation strategy appealed in various
databases to find relevant articles is in table 2. Some strings
are commonly used in different databases to find the expected
outcome.
D. SELECTION PROCESS
TABLE 3: Including and excluding standards for the chosen
study
Inclusion criteria Exclusion criteria
IC1- Papers published in jour-
nals and conferences.
EC1- Duplicated arti-
cles.
IC2- Studies published between
2016 to 2020.
EC2- Articles does not
address BC and 5G
green computing.
IC3- Articles presenting
blockchain and 5G green
computing
EC3- Books, thesis and
published abstracts.
IC4- Studies from any geo-
graphical location.
EC4- Articles that are
published pre 2016.
Selected criteria are designed at distinguishing the research
studies that are most relevant to the content of this study.
Repetition of the same articles from different sources is also
excluded. Selection of all articles is keenly observed by its
keywords, abstract, and title, for the making the decision
whether it will be included or rejected. After the first process
of observation of the articles was to exclude the similar titles,
obviously the titles are not for the review. The next step was
to insert and exclude the articles based on chosen criteria as
discussed in Table 3. Figure 7demonstrate ramification of a
selection process. 23 articles are being selected out of 214
identified studies.
E. QUALITY ASSESSMENT
One more important step in the assessment process was to
ascertain the enclosed article’s nature. Quality assessment
(QA) is mostly performed in discussed mapping studies.
Even, a questionnaire is designed [70] [67] to assess the
selection of articles in it.
(1) Solution is in the articles. Likely consequences are
No(+0), Moderate (+0.5), and No (+1).
(2) The contribution of the articles toward how 5G and BC
linked with GC conducted is mentioned. No (+0), Moderate
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TABLE 1: Research Questions
No Research Questions Main Motivation
Q1 How has the prevalence of
technologies related to 5G
technology with BC and
GC evolved over years?
To categorize the publica-
tion inclination of 5G com-
munication with BC and
GC research over time.
Q2 Which publication Venus is
the prime quarry for 5G
with BC and GC study?
To categorize where 5G
communication with BC
and GC study can be orig-
inated as premier publica-
tion Venus for future re-
search.
Q3 What are the research type
of 5G with BC and GC
strategies?
To search about the various
types of research delineated
in the SMS concerning 5G.
Q4 Which strategies have been
proposed to overcome the
energy efficiency issues?
To identify the effective
strategy used to overcome
the energy efficiency is-
sues.
Q5 What are the contemporary
challenges and gaps in the
smart era of 5G technology
by having BC with GC?
To recognize and ascertain
unanswered RQs in current
5G communication tech-
nology.
Q6 What approaches have been
reported in the 5G and
BC study to address power
problems?
To dictate the present 5G
strategies reported in the
current 5G with BC and GC
mapping research.
TABLE 2: Search strings used in scientific libraries.
Database Search String
Google Scholar. 1,2,3,4,5
IEEE 3,4
Springer 2,5
Elsevier 2
MDPI 1
(+0.5), and Yes(+1).
(3) Future directions and gaps of the research distinctly
defined. No (+0); Modest (+0.5), and Yes (+1).
(4) Articles are from known and trustworthy databases. Fol-
lowing is the ranking of the conference and journal (CORE).
(Q.1, Q.2, Q.3, and Q.4), and JCR reports, this query was
ranked. Realizable answers to this queries:
Conference ranking for different core (C) :
•C (A) ranking (1.5),
•C (B) ranking (1),
•C (C) ranking (0.5),
•If there’s no ranking in C (0)
Ranking in Journals:
•If Q.1 is rated (2)
FIGURE 6: Search Strings
•If Q.2 is rated (1.5)
•If Q.3 and Q.4 is rated (1)
•When it is not rated in JCR list (0)
We furnished an ultimate score of every article ( rated 0 to 5)
by adding evaluation for each query.
F. DATA EXTRACTION AND SYNTHESIS TECHNIQUE
Approached is pivoted to collect auspicious answers to the
given questions.
Q1. Articles must be classified according to a published
year for the sake of getting publication drift.
Q2. For these queries (RQ), to determine the publishing
medium and source is compulsory. Q3. Research type can be
outlined in the pursuing aggregation [71]:
•Solution proposal: Solution for energy problem in 5G is
proposed. Can be proved a fresh resolution or essential
elaboration of a grooved strategy. Some arguments with
instances, the potential performance, and the connection
of the resolution are shown.
•Conceptual Proposals: These researches processed con-
ception by keenly observing and analyze accumulation
already exist on the 5G with BC, GC With 5G communi-
cation technology, and GC with BC. Practical inquiries
are not enclosed in this.
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FIGURE 7: Study selection criteria
•Evaluation Research: Assessment and analysis of the 5G
with BC and GC is performed. It refers to recognize
troubles in 5G with BC and GC communication appli-
cations.
•Others: As Experimental, Investigation, analytical sur-
veys, development, performance analysis, reviews com-
parative analysis, and case study.
Q4. Apprehension incumbent study in direction of 5G with
BC and GC is the essential RQ of study. Piling up all the suit-
able researches from scientific databases, we are confident to
propose a generic apprehension on 5G communication which
is also tract the present energy-efficient study trends. This
study will modify the latest studies and gross practician to
the latest knowledge on extant study problems that will assist
in the procedure to boost 5G communication technology
with BC and GC to make the efficient devices. Different
strategies are given in the classification table by which we
can make the renewable devices in IOE system more efficient
and secure by using the green BC and SDN approach along
with WPT protocols. Q5. This SMS assists to recognize
the present research gaps about those study challenges will
consent advance questers and epitome on the field where the
foster probe was required. By existing GC implementations
with 5G and BC, will assist to realise unanswered research
queries. Q6. Given approach can be classified as recommen-
dation [71], in the following aggregation:
•Method: A procedure indirect the steps are adopted to
gain GC and BC with 5G.
•Model: The scheme content that modifies the reasoning
of the 5G communication technology with BC and GC.
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•Infrastructure: Administrative structures requisite for a
paunch or business to purpose utilitarian in 5G with BC
and GC.
•Architecture: A planning, process, and designing struc-
tures for 5G with BC and GC.
•Framework: A theoretical framework planned to influ-
ence or straight the artifact of something that expands
the artifact into something utilitarian in integrating GC
and BC with 5G.
•Guideline: An instance of a pattern or pattern that can
be utilized to constitute a course of state in 5G with BC
and GC.
•Tool: Anything utilized to execute 5G.
•Other: framework, platform.
Synthesis cognition was adjusted for considering the research
keys that are classified in consequence to all RQ, existing
studies standing on the fundament of QA, and oblation
graphical presentation for the intention of categorized con-
sequences.
IV. RESULTS
This segment precise the results that are related to RQs
delineated in given Table 1. Many papers are chosen to
pretense the model for every RQ’s results. We anticipated
they are essential and form a momentous endeavor to 5G with
BC.
A. RESULTS OF SELECTION
318 research studies are keenly observed by their keywords,
abstract, and titles, 295 papers were spurned and 23 articles
were cautiously selected. The recognition of 23 papers was
observed to state the RQs delineated over. The itemization of
chosen papers is bestowed in the given table 6with a given
statement of categorization results and their given QA.
B. Q1. HOW HAS THE PREVALENCE OF
TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO 5G TECHNOLOGY WITH
BC AND GC EVOLVED OVER YEARS?
Figure 11 (a) pretense general dispersion over the time of
elected primary research, figure 11 (b) shows the drift of 5G
with BC, BC with GC, and 5G with GC by years, meanwhile
figure 11 (c) render the over years distribution of publication
Venus. The abstraction of research publicized per year from
2016 to 2020 is shown in figure 11 (a). Most research papers
were publicized in 2020 as it was a Fifth Generation with BC
and GC is the year of evolution and modification. That could
be described as, the 5G vantages adherent detrition with BC
architects focussing on Green Computing. The emergence in
2020 might be processed by the time this mapping research
was a conduit and is improbable to bring out the distinct
number of studies in 2020. 2016 to 2018 was the time in
which 5G with BC and GC found less, as portrayed in
figure 11 (b). Figure 11 (b) pretended that a large number of
5G articles were published in journals. Yearly three to four
researches were published in journals as in figure 11 (a).
C. Q2. WHICH PUBLICATION VENUS IS THE PRIME
QUARRY FOR 5G WITH BC AND GC STUDY?
Publication databases of the chosen papers are shown in
figure 8. The journal and conferences were the publication
sources entangled in this mapping study. As in fig 8, most
articles were published in the journal (19)(82%) and confer-
ence (4)(18%). Moreover, the table 8cardinal all the publi-
cation channels where the chosen papers were published. All
the chosen articles used in various publications as shown in
the table 4.
FIGURE 8: Publication channel
D. Q3.WHAT ARE THE RESEARCH TYPE OF 5G WITH
BC AND GC STRATEGIES?
In this study, six (6) types of studies were identified, as
evaluation research and survey are (2 articles)(8%), Solu-
tion proposal (8 studies)(34%), Experimental study (9 arti-
cles)(39%), and only 1 article found as implementation study
and investigation study (3 studies)(13%) as in figure 10. Most
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of the chosen studies (Solution proposal) are accordingly
experimental to 5G with BC and GC issues, whereas some
solutions and investigation research of 5G with BC and GC
applications presented in figure 9. In the pursuing paragraph,
several models of research types are listed: In this 5G smart
FIGURE 9: Research Types
era, GC is a great gainsay for the property evolution of
networks. For prolongs network life energy harvesting ap-
plication is an auspicious approach [57]. But energy flack
from cattish IoT inclination can affect momentous energy
loss transmitters. Secured wireless power communication
architecture is requisite by commuted BC with it [62]. To
FIGURE 10: Approaches
assist information in network expeditiously and firmly for
the upcoming 5G smart era has got over trouble. A strategy
supported a BC to cipher the privacy reussite in content-
centric mobile networks for 5G is projected. The authors
enforced the bilateral reliance between users and content
providers. Likewise, the sociability and tamper-resistant BC
ledger ascertain the admittance privacy and control of the
end-user [63]. Moreover, a taxonomy figure 13 is presented
to highlight the solutions to the defined issues.
E. Q4. WHICH STRATEGIES HAVE BEEN PROPOSED TO
OVERCOME THE ENERGY EFFICIENCY ISSUES?
Table 6cataloged all the content that is already addressed
in chosen papers. The outcome pretense that mostly content
settled by 5G with BC OR BC with GC OR 5G with GC sys-
tems, performance valuation, and evaluation of GC. Several
instances are bestowed in the given paragraphs: In the given
article [72], indite evaluated 5G is anticipated to acquire into
green networks, which utter high Caliber of divine service
and energy efficiency. To know the petition of upcoming
applications, momentous ameliorate required in 5G network
bailiwick with the commencement of BC. BC sceptered
complacent caching issues to exploit system substitute and
acquire a new caching strategy by commute abyssal rein-
forcement learning in [73]. To acquire a spectrum-efficient
and incentive-compatible framework supported by BC and
5G can be enforced into two phases: 1. H2H (human to hu-
man) users signed a written agreement for spectrum sharing
along with the base station. 2.The distributed spectrum is
awarded to M2M tendency [74]. The Green BC can also
enterprise similar uses to help in the funding of efficient
renewable energy. The secure and decentralized existence
of green BC could modify a p2p network for energy effi-
ciency [75]. It can assist renewable devices to grow over
because they form renewables more conveniently. Moreover,
the emergent thought of SDN can furnish an overall prospect
of the networks for embedded the devices management [76].
Furthermore, the demand for WPT protocol is also trended
to leave the unsuitability due to using power cables [77].
Optimal use of transmitter and receiver antenna increases the
skillfulness in WPT devices.
F. Q5. WHAT ARE THE CONTEMPORARY CHALLENGES
AND GAPS IN THE SMART ERA OF 5G TECHNOLOGY
BY HAVING BC WITH GC
Most applications known in this research settled on 5G
and BC. 5G is a modish technology as reported to study
by 2030 the endeavor of smart devices and 5G will be
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everywhere like smart cities, vehicles, banking, healthcare,
agriculture, farming, TVs, smart homes, vacuum cleaners,
furniture as in figure 1. Even so, some study gaps also have
been indicated. The primary study gap is that current articles
have not included working of 5G with BC and GC based
methodology, which needs more study shortly.
TABLE 4: Publication Channels of the selected research
Publication source References
Elsevier Journal of Network
and Computer Applications
[58]
Elsevier Computers & Indus-
trial Engineering
[30]
Conference IEEE Wireless
Communications
[57]
Conference IEEE 86th Vehic-
ular Technology Conference
(VTC-Fall)
[59]
MDPI Signals [39]
Elsevier Computer Communi-
cations
[51]
MDPI Information [31]
IEEE Access [60], [14],
[40], [66],
[55]
IEEE Transactions on
Green Communications and
Networking
[17]
International Conference
on Information Science and
Communication Technology
(ICISCT) IEEE
[61]
IEEE Network [62], [64],
[65], [74]
IEEE communications maga-
zine
[43]
Springer International Con-
ference on Industrial Net-
works and Intelligent Systems
[18]
Springer Wireless Networks [54]
Springer Mobile Networks
and Applications
[44]
Another search notch is mostly study is supported on
security problems, low latency, privacy, transparency, and
high speed but according to this study, there is no work
found on smart energy. It can be ascertained to hold on to the
energy consumption. Furthermore, according to this study,
not a single study has been found on 5G with BC and GC. All
the current literature is on 5G with BC OR 5G with GC OR
BC with GC. Moreover, it will obviate more study shortly.
There is another gap in the limited number of publications on
conference-level publishing channels. Mostly study is found
in known journals. SO, high-grade symposium and confer-
ences are requisite which accent on 5G with BC and GC.
Furthermore, for the implementation of such kinds of smart
devices, staff training for maintenance and management is
required. Training can be the largest loss of money and time.
Lastly, the acceptance level for such kinds of devices is very
low. Public or authorized organizations always took too much
time to accept this kind of smart device, mostly the gap
between the invention and implementation is more than 10
years. Which is the biggest loss of technology, time, and
money as well.
G. Q6. WHAT APPROACHES HAVE BEEN REPORTED IN
THE 5G AND BC STUDY TO ADDRESS POWER
PROBLEMS?
In figure 12 conclusions pretense that nearly all of the
approaches to the study nonce the method (8)(34%), model,
and architecture (3)(13%). Leftover approaches depict a
framework (4)(17%), guideline (5)(21%), and infrastructure
(2)(8%). The various framework has been proposed to solve
the highlighted issues. 5G with BC will enactment as the
grit of smart devices and setting the effectuation for the
evolution of smart system but it could not assist to relieve
the energy by devising auto recharging devices [56]. GC is a
corking contest for the sustainable evolution of networks. For
protract lifetime network Energy harvesting technology is an
auspicious approach [57]. A taxonomy is given with different
protocols and approaches used in this study figure 13.
H. QUALITY ASSESSMENT
The QA score for every chosen article is in the given table
5. Nearly 8% of the chosen articles having an average score,
39% hold standard numbers, and 9% grasp the nether scores.
QA can assist the experts to choose apt articles sited on
defined asserted in Subsection.
TABLE 5: Quality assessment score
Ref T.Score No.
[74] 4.5 1
[58] [30] [62] [43] [60] [40]
[65] [14] [55]
4 9
[57] [14] [17] [64] [54] [44] 3.5 6
[51] [66] 3 2
[61] [59] 2 2
[31] [39] [18] 1.5 3
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FIGURE 11: Trends in studies by year
TABLE 6: Classification of the selected studies
Ref. Classification Quality Assessment
P.Year P.channel Research Type Research Topics Approach Strategy (1) (2) (3) (4) T.Score
[58] 2017 Journal Survey A survey on green
communication and
security challenges
in 5G networks
Architecture Green Com-
munication
0.5 0.5 1 2 4
[30] 2020 Journal Investigation
Study
Looking at energy
through the lens
of Industry 4.0:
A systematic
literature review
of concerns and
challenges
Guideline PICOC 0.5 0.5 1 2 4
[57] 2017 Conference Solution
Proposal
Software Defined
Energy Harvesting
Networking
for 5G Green
Communications
Architecture SD-EHN for
5G green
communica-
tion
0.5 0 1 2 3.5
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TABLE 6: Continued Classification of the selected studies
Ref. Classification Quality Assessment
P.year P.Channel Research type Research Topics Application Approach (1) (2) (3) (4) T.score
[59] 2017 Conference Experimental
research
Wireless
Information and
Power Transfer:
Issues, Advances,
and Challenges
Method SWIPT, RF
WPT
0.5 0.5 1 0 2
[39] 2020 Journal Solution
Proposal
Mobility
Management-
Based Autonomous
Energy-Aware
Framework Using
Machine Learning
Approach in Dense
Mobile Networks
Framework ML
algorithms
0.5 0.5 0.5 0 1.5
[51] 2018 Journal Solution
Proposal
Energy Sustainable
Paradigms and
Methods for Future
Mobile Networks: a
Survey
Guideline SDN and
CRN
0.5 0.5 1 2 3
[31] 2020 Journal Experimental
Research
A New Green
Prospective of Non-
orthogonal Multiple
Access (NOMA)
for 5G
Model 5G and
NOMA
0.5 0.5 0.5 0 1.5
[60] 2016 Journal Experimental
Research
Power Optimization
in 5G Networks: A
Step Towards Green
Communication
Method EE
techniques
0.5 0.5 1 2 4
[17] 2017 Journal Experimental
Research
A green communi-
cation model for 5G
systems
Model SCNs 0.5 0.5 0.5 2 3.5
[61] 2020 Conference Implementation
Solution
A Review of
Techniques
and Challenges
in Green
Communication
Model D2D
commu-
nication and
mMIMO
system
1 0.5 0.5 0 2
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TABLE 6: Continued Classification of the selected studies
Ref. Classification Quality Assessment
P.year P.Channel Research type Research Topics Application Approach (1) (2) (3) (4) T.score
[62] 2019 Journal Solution
Proposal
Blockchain
Empowered
Wireless Power
Transfer for Green
and Secure Internet
of Things
Architecture DPoS and
WLPTS
1 0.5 0.5 2 4
[43] 2020 Journal Solution
Proposal
A Life Cycle
Framework of
Green IoT-Based
Agriculture and Its
Finance, Operation,
and Management
Issues
Framework Green IOT
system
0.5 0.5 1 2 4
[64] 2019 Journal Experimental
research
Trust-Enhanced
Content Delivery in
Blockchain-Based
Information-
Centric Networking
Model BICN 0.5 0.5 0.5 2 3.5
[40] 2020 Journal Investigation re-
search
Security and
Privacy for
Green IoT-
Based Agriculture:
Review, Blockchain
Solutions, and
Challenges
Infrastructure Consensus
algorithms
for IoT and
blockchain
0.5 0.5 1 2 4
[65] 2020 Journal Solution
Proposal
Blockchain
Technology
Toward Green
IoT: Opportunities
and Challenges
Method Green IOT
Ecosystem
0.5 0.5 1 2 4
[66] 2018 Journal Experimental
research
LNSC: A Security
Model for Electric
Vehicle and
Charging Pile
Management Based
on Blockchain
Ecosystem
Model LNSC 0.5 0.5 0 2 3
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TABLE 6: Continued Classification of the selected studies
Ref. Classification Quality Assessment
P.year P.Channel Research type Research Topics Application Approach (1) (2) (3) (4) T.score
[74] 2020 Journal Experimental
research
Blockchain-
Empowered
Secure Spectrum
Sharing for 5G
Heterogeneous
Networks
Framework Large-scale
Spectrum in
5G
1 0.5 1 2 4.5
[14] 2019 Journal Survey How to Meet In-
creased Capacities
by Future Green 5G
Networks: A Sur-
vey
Guideline Green Radio 0.5 0.5 1 2 4
[18] 2019 Conference Solution
Proposal
User-Pairing
Scheme in NOMA
Systems: A PSO-
Based Approach
Method SDN 0.5 0.5 0.5 0 1.5
[54] 2019 Journal Experimental
research
Sustainable green
networking:
exploiting degrees
of freedom towards
energy-efficient 5G
systems
Architecture mMIMO 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 3.5
[55] 2020 Journal Solution
Proposal
Access Point
Switch ON/OFF
Strategies for Green
Cell-Free Massive
MIMO Networking
Framework Green
cell-free
mMIMO
0.5 0.5 1 2 4
[44] 2019 Journal Experimental
research
Policy-Based
Management for
Green Mobile
Networks Through
Software-Defined
Networking
Method SDN 0.5 0.5 1 1.5 3.5
[73] 2019 Journal Solution
Proposal
Blockchain and
deep reinforcement
learning
empowered
intelligent 5G
beyond
Method Deep
learning and
Blockchain
0.5 0.5 0.5 2 3.5
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V. DISCUSSION
SMS is cited on 5G communication with BC. Researches
are supposed to answer the RQ’s tendered at the start of this
research. The conclusions show that GC have been proposed
to solve the power issues in Green based 5G communication.
A. PROPOSED TAXONOMY
In this 5G communication, a strategy has been used to
overcome the power consumption among smart devices.
For IoE energy storage is very essential to overcome en-
ergy consumption. Integrating green BC within the smart
devices for security purposes is the first step to wireless
smart devices. It can increase the trust level on devices
due to this green renewable distributed ledger and secure
technology. The study on 5G applications with green BC
identifies multiple issues like power consumption and trust
concerns. These strategies can be used to overcome energy
issues in different contexts. The strategies have been there-
fore classified into some main subsections based on their
method: 5G, Green radio signal, WPT, SDN, green BC, IoTs,
and green computing. 5G always has a fast, decentralized,
reliable, and transparent feeling upon the development of
smart devices. The realization shows the continuous effort
of the fifth generation which shows the best result in the
connectivity of smart devices. Fast speed always attracts the
users towards IoE. However, green radio signals also have a
close relationship with this advanced technology because it
is energy efficient and are having full radio flexibility at the
spearhead of this smart system design. RF radio signals can
cover all the requisite bands and bandwidths with meeting
all specifications. BC with its unconventional conviction of
decentralized power can anticipate security, immutability
for storage, high level of data privacy, transparency, of 5G
heterogeneous data. BC is contemplated to be a requisite tool
to accomplish the execution expectation for 5G systems with
the lowest costs and management aloft. Energy consumption
encompassing both downlinks and uplinks for IOE with 5G
communication. 5G are on the purview as IoE is getting
the center space as smart devices are anticipated to form
a significant part of this 5G network. IoT-based technolo-
gies such as m2m communication accompanied with smart
data analytics are anticipated to sharply varying orientation
of various industries. Similarly green methodology for 5G
Communication network and gleaning energy for GC, with
a blistering stipulation of wireless communication. Lastly,
micro-integration also furnished the communal facet. It tied
up multiple strategies together. Micro-integration of different
strategies created a catchy environment for giving the idea
to overcome energy consumption in 5G communication for
smart and efficient devices. These tiers furnished the way
to overcome the power consumption problem among 5G
communication devices and green BC with integrating GC.
This state of the art could assist us in resolving the power
consumption issues by following different strategies. Taxon-
omy has been proposed in figure 13 to help the researcher in
the following study.
B. MAIN FINDINGS
Total 318 articles are keenly analyzed by their names, key-
words, and abstract, 295 papers were spurned and 23 articles
were cautiously selected. The selection of 23 papers was
observed to give the answers to given queries. The selected
studies are bestowed with the interpretation in classification
conclusions and their quires. Our main findings are listed
below:
•Most of the studies taken from 2016 to 2020. The rise of
technology is in 2020. 5G with BC found less in 2016-
2018.
•Two different publish channels have been selected
where 82% articles found in different journals and 18%
articles found in conferences.
•Six (6) types of research were identified, such as evalu-
ation research and survey are (2 articles)(8%), Solution
proposal (8 studies)(34%), Experimental study (9 arti-
cles)(39%), and only 1 article found as implementation
study, and investigation study (3 studies)(13%).
•Most of the studies are based on 5G with BC, 5G and
GC, BC and GC. We are not able to find 5G with BC and
GC for introducing the power efficient smart devices.
So 5G is expected to evolve into green networks, which
deliver a high quantity of services and energy efficiency.
•Current challenges are that according to this study latest
literature is not having study 5G with Blockchain and
Green computing-based methods.
•Most of the approaches of research type present method
34%, model 13% and architecture 13%. The remaining
approaches describe a framework 17%, guideline 21%,
and infrastructure 8%.
•Green blockchain along with SDN approach and WPT
protocol can be helpful for IOE to resolve the energy
18 VOLUME 1, 2020

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Author et al.: Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS
FIGURE 12: Approaches used in selected studies
consumption issue by generating renewable data pack-
ets.
C. OPEN CHALLENGES
Open challenges are being discussed in this fragment. After
the integration of BC still, some issues are reported such as
power consumption, renewable data packets, and trust issues.
Energy storage and expansion of battery life is important
phenomena in IOE. Another open issue is being observed
that is the adoption of any new technology is very slow
because of trust issues. No one is ready to accept any new
technology immediately. According to the observation every
technology needs almost 10 years to be a part of our lives.
This trust gap is the big loss of money and time we need
to overcome this loss. We need to take some key steps to
remove this acceptance gap. Moreover for adopting these
green blockchain-based 5G devices, it is necessary to train
the staff for the maintenance and management of the latest
technology, it will also take time and money to produce
experts. So, Trust and education level need to be improved by
defining some standards. 5G must be integrated with Green
BC and GC to overcome some of these power issues. By
integrating the SDN approach along with green BC and WPT
protocol in GC-based 5G communication performance can
be much better.
VI. CONCLUSION
This study reports an SMS of the fifth generation with green
BC. This comprehensive review has been based on 23 stud-
ies. After having an in-depth study of the previous studies,
it has been concluded that for power concerns green BC and
GC can be merged with 5G.
Considering this motility condition, green computing will
be merging with 5G for developing energy-efficient applica-
tions. The main intent of this study was to scrutinize the afoot
existing subjects and concise them in 5G with BC. Between
2016 and 2020, 318 papers were chosen from an initial set
of 80700 studies, 23 were chosen from that selection, and
categorized them as intent criteria: research and contribution
kind, 5G strategy, topics examined articles, and approaches.
It is assumed that 5G with BC has acquired valued attention
since 2020. Most elected studies were founded in journals,
but some mature articles were also from conferences. Three
kinds of esquires are founded: experimental solution, solu-
tion proposal, and evaluation research. The designs and im-
plementations of 5G with BC and GC were not the normally
addressed articles in this mapping study.
But the searching techniques to gauge energy efficiency
introducing green computing and green BC with 5G tech-
nology in the future. For improving energy efficiency in IOE,
WPT protocol with SDN approach can be merged with green
VOLUME 1, 2020 19

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Author et al.: Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS
FIGURE 13: Taxonomy of 5G, Blockchain, and Green Computing
BC for producing renewable data packets to save energy.
Moreover, a taxonomy is presented in this study which can
help other experts to identify many methodologies which
can enhance the performance of the study. However, further
evaluation research must be regulated to appraise existing
strategies.
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Author et al.: Preparation of Papers for IEEE TRANSACTIONS and JOURNALS
ADEL KHELIFI received the Ph.D. degree
from the Engineering School of High Tech-
nology,Canada, in 2005. He was the Dean of
the Computer Information Technology, American
University in the Emirates, Dubai, United Arab
Emirates.He has held impressive past careers. He
was a Lecturer with the Engineering School of
Technology, Canada. He was also a United Na-
tions MSF, Canada, the Ministry of Relations with the Citizen and Immigra-
tion, Canada, and the Ministry of Finances, Tunisia. He is currently a Faculty
Member with Abu Dhabi University. He holds a high-level of knowledge and
expertise. He is involved in prompting the open source software paradigm
in the region. As a Canadian ISO Member in software engineering, he is
contributing in developing software measurement standards. His research
interest includes archeology.
OMER AZIZ has received his MS in Computer
Science Degree from National College of Business
Administration & Economics, Lahore. He is doing
Ph.D. in Computer Science from University of
Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
and working as Lecturer in Department of Com-
puter Science, NFC Institute of Engineering &
Technology, Multan. He has fourteen years of pro-
fessional experience in education and industry. He developed software ap-
plications, websites and mobile application for different companies around
the globe. He has strong analysis and software architecture design skills
according to emerging software market demand of Data Science, Machine
Learning, Cross Platform and Artificial Intelligence.
MUHAMMAD SHOAIB FAROOQ (Member,
IEEE) is currently working as a Professor of com-
puter science with the University of Management
and Technology, Lahore. He is also an affiliate
member of George Mason University, Fairfax, VA,
USA. He possesses more than 24 years of teaching
experience in the field of computer science. He
has published many peer-reviewed international
journal and conference papers. His research interests include theory of
programming languages, big data, the IoT, the Internet of Vehicles, machine
learning, as well as distributed systems and education.
ADNAN ABID (Member, IEEE) was born in Gu-
jranwala, Pakistan, in 1979. He received the B.S.
degree from the National University of Computer
and Emerging Science, Pakistan, in 2001, the M.S.
degree in information technology from the Na-
tional University of Science and Technology, Pak-
istan, in 2007, and the Ph.D. degree in computer
science from the Politecnico DiMilano, Italy, in
2012. He has spent one year in EPFL, Switzerland, to complete his M.S. the-
sis. His research interests include computer science education, information
retrieval, and data management. He is currently working as a Professor with
the Department of Computer Science, University of Management and Tech-
nology, Pakistan. He has almost 40 publications in different international
journals and conferences. He has served as a reviewer in many international
conferences and journals.
FATIMA BUKHARI She received the B.S. degree
from the Women University, Multan, Pakistan. She
is doing M.S. degree in Computer Science from
the NFC Institute of Engineering & Technology
Multan, Pakistan. She is teaching in College, Mul-
tan, Pakistan. Her area of interest are 5G, Smart
Technologies, Blockchain, Green Computing, and
Data Science.
VOLUME 1, 2020 23