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65
Illiteracy or Poverty of Information? Addressing Growing
Health Concerns of Visceral Obesity Among Young
Adults in Nigeria
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31920/2976-7784/2024/v2n1a5
James, Adebayo John
Department of Mass Communication,Faculty of Social Sciences,
Federal University Oye-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria
E-mail: Adebayo.james@fuoye.edu.ng
Phone No: +2348038189936
Raman Olaniyan Abubakri
Department of Mass Communication
Achievers University, Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria
Email: abubakriramanintegrity@gmail.com
Phone No: +2348034664305
&
Raphael Olugbenga Abimbola
Department of Mass Communication
Adekunle Ajasin University
Akungba-Akoko, Ondo State, Nigeria
Email: gbegbib@gmail.com
Phone No: +2348033814255
African Journal of Human Kinetics, Recreation and
Health Studies (AJHKRHS)
ISSN 2976-7776 (Print) ISSN 2976-7784 (Online)
Indexed by SABINET
Volume 2, Number 1, June 2024
Pp 65 - 79
John, Abubakri & Abimbola (AJHKRHS) Vol. 2, (No. 1), June 2024, pp 65 - 79
66
Abstract
Abdominal obesity is a rising public health concern to stakeholders and policy-
makers in the health sector in Nigeria. This research paper explores the causal
factors of a raging abdominal obesity among young adults in Nigeria. The study
adopted quantitative survey method to assess the opinions and thoughts of
respondents about causal factors of a rising public health concern of abdominal
obesity among young adults in Nigeria. The Google form was used to construct
a Likert scale format instrument. The Google form link created thereafter was
shared on WhatsApp and Facebook groups purposively selected. The
respondents were students and faculty members. Findings showed that 38.4%
respondents stated that poverty and illiteracy created gaps in the information
acquisition about visceral obesity among young adults in Nigeria. Findings also
showed that 29.8% respondents agreed that poor access to media and
information created gaps in the information acquisition about visceral obesity
among young adults in Nigeria. It is, however, recommended that critical roles
of the media, both indigenous and exogenous systems, cannot be ruled out in
bridging the information and knowledge gaps between the rural and urban
dwellers, who are considered as Visceral Obesity-Information poor and
abdominal Obesity-knowledge destitute.
Keywords:
Illiteracy, Poverty, Information, Growing Health, Concerns, Visceral Obesity,
Young Adults.
Introduction
The menace of abdominal obesity is not only peculiar to the developing
nations. Morley et al., (2009) aver that central obesity rose from 23% to
34 % in the United States of America, and also increased from 15% to
23% in England in the last decade. In the last decade, as Yin, et al.,
(2022) maintain, the predominance of obesity has risen globally, due to
the nature of people‟s food intakes and fluid consumptions. Many
factors, as Seo et al., (2022) opine, are known to be leading causes of
visceral obesity, including westernised diet, physical inactivity, sedentary
lifestyle and excessive consumption of alcoholics and soft drinks. The
rising health concerns of visceral obesity and the associated type 2
diabetes, as Gariballa et al., (2023) observe, have become a source of
concern to policy-makers in the health sector in Nigeria. Studies have
long established a correlation between physical inactivity and visceral
obesity. More men than women, as Delgado et al., (2022) maintain, tend
to have abdominal fat in the belly, a health condition that has been
labelled as android obesity. Rosch (2003) says visceral obesity is a rising
Illiteracy or Poverty of Information?…
67
health concern whose predominance has been described as global
pandemic. Studies have established a correlation between excessive
alcoholic drinks, sedentary lifestyle and non-physical exercise as the
major cause of visceral obesity, however, no research has been carried
out to determine a correlation between visceral obesity and falls
(Monteiro et al., 2023). Studies have also suggested a relationship
between body mass indices, central fat area and colorecta cancer (Seo, et
al., 2022). Also, Morley et al., (2009) aver that there is a strong correlation
between visceral obesity and increased risk of colon cancer and post-
menopause. Many visceral obesity yardsticks such as waist circumference,
lipid accumulation product and visceral obesity index, as Kisiel et al.,
(2023) maintain, are related to the risk of non-alcoholic fatty liver
diseases. Visceral obesity and reduced muscular power, as De Paiva
Souza et al., (2023) observe, are risk indices for people on hemodialysis.
Central or visceral obesity is increasingly becoming a major health issue
among young adults in Nigeria, where the knowledge and information
about the non-communicable disease are relatively low.
Visceral obesity, also known as central or abdominal obesity, as Li et
al., (2023) aver, is too much concentration of fat in the abdominal region
of the body. Min and Stephens (2015) aver that index of central obesity is
the ratio of waist circumference to height. In the older people with
visceral obesity, morbidities and mortalities, including falls tend to
increase (Monteiro et al., 2023). Evidence suggests that apart from
physical, mental, psychological and physiological changes that
accompany ageing process, the concentration of adipose tissues in the
abdominal region, as Monteiro et al., (2023) observe, are risk indices for
disabilities and death in older adults. Android visceral obesity, as Delgado
et al., (2022) maintain, is reputed to increase health disorders such as
insulin resistance, cardiovascular issues and metabolic syndrome in men.
Although, several studies have linked central obesity with stroke,
hypertension and diabetes, kidney diseases and cancer, abdominal obesity
is a life-threatening non-communicable disease with a sustained growth
in Nigeria. Visceral obesity is the most common manifestation of
metabolic syndrome.
Going by health concerns and challenges posed by visceral obesity
among young adults in Nigeria, there must be enlightenment campaign
messages, aimed at totally eliminating or reducing the effects of the
visceral obesity to barest minimum. Though, a number of interventions
have been suggested such as behavioural and dietary interventions,
pharmacological intervention as well as physical exercise to manage
John, Abubakri & Abimbola (AJHKRHS) Vol. 2, (No. 1), June 2024, pp 65 - 79
68
visceral obesity, but the availability of adequate information to prevent
the central obesity is better than its cure or management. Literature about
visceral or abdominal obesity is very low and there have not been studies
conducted or findings of a research work on the risk factors associated
with central obesity among young adults in recent times in Nigeria. This
research work is specifically designed to explore gaps in information
acquisition about visceral obesity among young adults in Nigeria.
Consequently, what factors create gaps in information acquisition about
visceral obesity among young adults in Nigeria? This calls for systematic
and empirical investigations.
The Knowledge–Gap Theory
This study is hinged on the knowledge-gap theory. Information, which is
equal to knowledge, is extremely useful to live a healthy life. The theory
was adopted because there is a wide gap in the information acquisition
and exposure between classes in the society. A class of higher social
economic status enjoy smooth and unhindered access and exposure to
information and knowledge to aid their personal, social and health lives.
Knowledge-gap theory emphasises the inequality in information
acquisition between the privileged and ordinary members of the society
(Aina, 2003). As Aina (2003) maintains, the gap in knowledge between
people of higher socio-economic status and those in the lower segment
tends to increase rather than decrease as messages pour into the system.
Difference in communication skills between the two groups „gatekeep‟
information acquisitions. The rich might have background knowledge of
some issues through education and previous media exposure. They may
also have other enlightened social contact with which they discuss public
issues. Besides, mass media are naturally geared towards individuals of
higher socio-economic status, due to the frequent appearance of science
news and public affairs in the elitist print media (Aina, 2003).
Two Step-Flow of Information Theory
The relevance of the two-step flow of information theory to this study is
that interpersonal information dissemination system still reverberates in
many African societies, where modern media of mass communication
dread to tread. Step-flow theory, according to Anaeto, Onabajo and
Osifeso (2008), states that mass media effects are shaped by existing
social relationships as well as rival sources of information and power.
The assumption here is that mass media messages move first to relatively
Illiteracy or Poverty of Information?…
69
informed individuals considered as opinion leaders, who frequently
attend to mass communication messages. From the opinion leaders,
information and knowledge flow through interpersonal channels to
individuals, who had less exposure and are dependent upon others for
their information (Anaeto, Onabajo & Osifeso, 2008). Opinion leaders
are active information seekers, who pass information and share
knowledge with less active information seekers regarded as opinion
followers, who consider the opinion leaders as influential (Aina, 2003).
Prevalence of Visceral Obesity Among Young Nigerian Adults
As NCT (2020) aver, abdominal obesity among young adults rises from
8.1% to 12.9% in 2013 in developing countries. Visceral obesity has now
become a global health phenomenon now regarded as “visceral
globesity”. Body fat deposition, as Vilella et al., (2023) aver, precipitates
the risk of having a non-communicable disease, most likely the central
obesity. Debeila et al., (2021) World Health Organisation (1995) aver
15% of the adolescents are obese in Nigeria. One of the factors that
sustains abdominal obesity is the kind of food intakes and nature of
fluids people consume, and sedentary lifestyle of most young adults in
Nigeria. As Kunzova et al., (2020) maintain, being male, advanced age,
and low educational level are some of the factors associated with
abdominal obesity apart from food intakes and fluids. As Börnhorst et
al., (2020) maintain, poor parental level of education increases the risk of
visceral obesity and several metabolic disturbances.
Health Concerns of Visceral Obesity
Too much consumption of sugar-coated beverages, as Lin et al., (2023)
maintain, has been attributed to different health disorders in adults.
There is a link between abdominal obesity, hypertension and
cardiovascular disease (Chen et al., 2020). Studies have long established a
link between drastically reduced period of sleep and weight gain
(Giannos et al., 2023). Obesity and decreasing physical fitness and
resultant deformities, as Encarnacao et al., (2023) aver, are the concerns
of health workers and policy-makers in Nigeria. Abdominal obesity, apart
from cancer, is one of the leading causes of death among young adults in
Nigeria. Many factors such as westernised lifestyle, nature of occupation,
age, marital status, socio-economic status, gender, sustained consumption
of non-alcoholic drinks, dietary intakes, as Sanusi et al., (2015) maintain,
John, Abubakri & Abimbola (AJHKRHS) Vol. 2, (No. 1), June 2024, pp 65 - 79
70
are responsible for visceral obesity among young population in Nigeria.
Although, there are obvious differences among ethnic groups regarding
visceral obesity, Watts et al., (2023), especially among womenfolk, food
intakes and fluid consumptions, to a great extent, determines the visceral
obesity among young adults in Nigeria.
Bridging Knowledge Gaps of Visceral Obesity in Nigeria
Enlightenment campaigns about visceral obesity have to be initiated,
sustained and maintained to curb the raging health concerns of visceral
obesity. Information on the predominance of abdominal obesity and its
associated predictors such as sedentary lifestyle, food intakes and sugar-
sweetened beverages, as Gouveia et al., (2021) posit, have to be reported
in different media of mass communication. Chinedu et al., (2013) posit
that abdominal obesity has continued to ravage human population by
depleting its young adults, especially in the rural areas of Africa and Asia
where knowledge and precautionary information about abdominal
obesity is extremely poor. The fundamental roles of mass media or
traditional media otherwise known as indigenous communication system
are to create awareness and knowledge about the issues of abdominal
obesity and its effects on people. Information about visceral obesity is
still very scanty in the programming of radio and television, including
newspaper contents in Nigeria. Radio and television news analysis,
reportage and health personality interview have always failed to address
the issue of a rising visceral obesity among young adults in Nigeria.
Those living in the rural areas of Nigeria are at more risk of visceral
obesity because little or no information exists in the media for
sensitisation about the monster of the disease. Mass media are an
inevitable entity in the marketplace of information and knowledge, this is
due to their roles as a custodian of cultural, political, social, economic
and health-related information and knowledge among the rural and
urban dwellers in most societies of Africa. Of all the roles that media, as
James (2019) avers, shoulder in African societies, health-related role takes
a pre-eminence because it is dependent on the lives of the citizenry. The
rate of abdominal obesity-induced death is on the increase in many rural
areas of Africa largely because of high level of illiteracy, diseases, absence
of social amenities, and poverty among rural dwellers. Knowledge and
information about abdominal obesity are extremely poor in the rural
areas because media of mass communication such as radio, television
newspaper and internet, as James, Bello and Olatunji (2020) maintain,
dread to tread rural areas of Nigeria as a result of many factors among
Illiteracy or Poverty of Information?…
71
which social facilities take a pre-eminent position. Indigenous
communication media systems are part of the culture of a local people.
When exogenous media systems are compared to indigenous media
system, indigenous media system, though hardly go beyond the
immediate environment of the bearer, is more effective in the
information system. For one, indigenous communication systems are
part of the people‟s culture, owned by the community or society where
they are used and enjoy credibility when compared with modern mass
media system. However, with the seeming effectiveness of the
indigenous media system, it has not been able to mobilise and orientate
local people to embrace a certain health initiative. The deficiency
emanates from the fact that users of indigenous communication media
have to work in concert with the health personnel and get trained to have
the skill to disseminate relevant health information and knowledge in
rural areas of Nigeria.
Limited information is available in the public space, as Oladapo et al.,
(2010) observe, about the predominance of the risk factors for
abdominal obesity and its associated health effects among young adults.
Even despite the level of awareness of central obesity in developed
nations of the world, the level of its control, as B. J. C. et al., (2011) aver,
is still extremely poor. Media of mass communication require a measure
of education before a listener, reader or viewer can relate to their
messages. Most Nigeria audience are media illiterate because a large
number of them live in the rural areas without adequate access to
education, healthcare system and other vital infrastructural facilities. In
spite of the urban-centric nature of mass media such as radio, television,
newspapers and magazine, the capability of radio for enlightenment of
illiterates and semi-literates, especially in the rural areas of Nigeria cannot
be compared (James, 2019). Besides, being educated does not forbid one
from being a media illiterate. James, Bello and Olatunji (2020) avers that
of the media of mass communication available for wide circulation of
messages and other pieces of information, radio takes the leads on many
fronts. Radio unites diverse ethnic groups and can build national
consensus, and make the citizens to toe the path of national unity. It has
the tongue of diverse ethnic nationalities, and remains a powerful tool
with regard to public sensitization on education and health issues and
other socio-economic development indices (James, 2019).
John, Abubakri & Abimbola (AJHKRHS) Vol. 2, (No. 1), June 2024, pp 65 - 79
72
Methodology
The study used descriptive research method as research design for data
collection. Descriptive research is appropriate when a researcher intends
to access the opinions, views and thoughts of a group of people with
regard to a research work. Hence, it was apt to adopt survey method to
retrieve data from respondents using a free online Google form link. The
Google form was used to construct a Likert scale format instrument. The
Google form link thereafter created was shared on WhatsApp and
Facebook groups purposively selected. The respondents were students
and faculty members. The message which accompanied the URL link
encouraged participants to further share the link. Of the 1,146
respondents who filled the online copies of questionnaire, only 1,063 of
those copies of questionnaire were found to be useful. Data was analysed
using SPSS version 16. Frequency and simple percentages were used.
Results
Table1: Demographic Information of Respondents
Options F/% F/% F/% F/%
F/%
Age of Respondents: 18-25 26-35 36-45 46-55
56 and above
280(26.3) 261(24.6) 213(20) 129(12.1)
180(16.9)
Marital Status: Married Single Widowed Divorced Separated
360(33.9) 408(38.4) 81(7.6) 111(10.4)
98(9.2)
Level of Education: BSC HND Master‟s PGD PhD
446(42) 392(36.9) 92 (8.7) 73(6.9) 60(5.6)
Religions: Christianity Islam Traditionalist Judaism
Others
301(28.3) 378(35.6) 138 (12.9) 134(12.6) 112(10.5)
Source: Researcher’s Fieldwork, 2023
Table one shows that 280 respondents representing (26.3%) are aged
between 18 and 25, 261 respondents representing (24.6%) are aged
between 26 and 35, 129 respondents representing (12.1%) are aged
between 46 and 55, while 180 respondents representing (16.9%) are aged
between 56 and above.
Illiteracy or Poverty of Information?…
73
Three-hundred and sixty respondents representing (33.9%) are
married, 408 respondents representing (38.4%) are single, 81 respondents
representing (7.6%) are widowed, 111respodents representing (10.4%)
are divorced, while 98 respondents representing (9.8%) are separated.
Four-hundred and forty-six respondents representing (42%) are Bsc
Holders, 392 respondents representing (36.9%) are HND holders, 92
respondents representing (8.7%) are master‟s degree holders, while 60
respondents representing (5.6%) are PhD holders.
Three-hundred and one respondents representing (28.3%) are
Christians, 378 respondents representing (35.6%) are Moslems, 138
respondents representing (12.9%) are traditional worshippers, 134
respondents representing (12.6) practice Judaism, while 112 respondents
representing (10.5%) practice other religions.
Table 2: Factors That Create Gaps in the Acquisition of Knowledge
About Visceral Obesity
Options VGE GE
F/% F/%
LE VLE NE
F% F/% F/%
Poverty &Illiteracy 408 318
(38.4%) (29.9%)
Access to Media 236 317
And Information (22.2%)
(29.8%)
Poor Access to 244 293
Opinion Leaders (23%)
(27.6%)
Low Level of 223 242
Education (21%) (22.8%)
159 62 116
(15%) (5.8%) (10.9%)
186 97 227
(175%) (91%) (21.4%)
193 143 190
(18.2%) (13.5%) (17.5%)
234 127 237
(22%) (11.9%) (22.3%)
Source: Researcher’s Field, 2023
Table shows that 408 respondents representing (38.4%), to a very great
extent, agreed that poverty and illiteracy created gaps in the information
acquisition about visceral obesity among young adults in Nigeria, 318
respondents representing (29.9%), to a great extent, stated that poverty
and illiteracy created gaps in the information acquisition about visceral
obesity among young adults in Nigeria, while 159 respondents
representing (15%), to a little extent, affirmed that poverty and illiteracy
created gaps in the acquisition information about visceral obesity among
young adults in Nigeria.
Two-hundred and thirty-six respondents representing (22.2%), to a
very great extent, agreed that poor access to media and information
John, Abubakri & Abimbola (AJHKRHS) Vol. 2, (No. 1), June 2024, pp 65 - 79
74
created gaps in the information acquisition about visceral obesity among
young adults in Nigeria, while 317 respondents representing (29.8%), to a
great extent, stated that poor access to media and information created
gaps in the information acquisition among young adults in Nigeria, 186
respondents representing (17.5%), to a little extent, agreed that poor
access to media and information created gaps in the information
acquisition about visceral obesity among young adults in Nigeria.
Two-hundred and forty-four respondents representing (23 %), to a
very great extent, agreed that poor access to opinion leaders created the
information acquisition gaps about visceral obesity among young adults
in Nigeria, 293 respondents representing (27.6%), to a great extent,
agreed that poor access to opinion leaders created gaps in the
information acquisition about visceral obesity among young adults in
Nigeria, while 193 respondents representing 18.2% to a little extent
affirmed that poor access to opinion leaders created the acquisition of
information about visceral obesity among young adults in Nigeria.
Two-hundred and twenty-three respondents representing (21%), to a
great extent, agreed that low level of education created gaps in the
information acquisition among young adults in Nigeria, two-hundred and
forty-two respondents representing (22.8%), to a great extent, affirmed
that poor educational level created gaps in the information acquisition
among young adults in Nigeria, 234 respondents representing (22%), to a
little extent, affirmed that poor educational level created gaps in the
information acquisition about visceral obesity bin Nigeria, while 127
respondent representing (11.9%), to a very little extent, agreed that low
educational level created gaps in the information acquisition about
visceral obesity among young adults in Nigeria.
Discussion of Findings
Poverty and illiteracy created gaps in the information acquisition about
visceral obesity among young adults in Nigeria. Negative socio-economic
factors such as illiteracy and poverty, as Mahmoodi et al., (2022)
maintain, are some of the causal factors of abdominal obesity.
Poor access to media and information created gaps in the
information acquisition about visceral obesity among young adults in
Nigeria. Morley et al., (2009) buttressing this position say poor access to
media of wide communication are crucial to curbing the raging issue of
abdominal obesity among young adults in developing world. Mass media
of communication create awareness about the health effect of abdominal
Illiteracy or Poverty of Information?…
75
obesity and means of arresting its quick spread among young adults in
developing world (Morley et al., 2009).
Findings revealed that low level of education created gaps in the
information acquisition among young adults in Nigeria. Low level of
education, physical and inactivity and old age, as Gouveia et al., (2021)
maintain, are the basic causal factors of a rising abdominal obesity among
young adults in developing societies of Africa. Family history, meal
patterns and educational level, as Zarrati et al., (2013) aver, are also a
causal factor in the issue of abdominal obesity.
Recommendations
Lifestyle modifications are the only surest means of curbing abdominal
fat among young adults in Nigeria. However, the critical roles of the
media cannot be ruled out in bridging the information and knowledge
gaps between the rural and urban dwellers who are considered as Visceral
Obesity-Information poor and abdominal Obesity-knowledge poor.
Media of communication, especially the locally based ones must, as a
point of duty, embark on aggressive enlightenment campaigns in the
rural areas to educate the rural populace on the importance of physical
exercise to keep the body fit and abolition of sedentary lifestyles.
A number of enlightenment programmes on radio and television, and
messages should be publicised in newspaper, magazine and on billboard
across major cities, towns, semi-urban centres about good eating habit
and balanced diet to rein in the rising issue of central obesity among
young adults. The caution should be taken about the nature of food
intakes not only among the rural dwellers, but also among the dwellers of
cities on the continents of Africa and Asia. Knowledge and awareness of
the risk factors associated with central obesity and health-seeking
behaviour will reduce very drastically the economic and public health
burden on government and individual Nigerians.
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