A Review: Uses of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) Technique for Analysis of Bioactive Natural Compounds of Some Plants

Abstract

Chromatography is the term used to describe a separation technique in which a mobile phase carrying a mixture is caused to move in contact with a selectively absorbent stationary phase. It also plays a fundamental role as an analytical technique for quality control and standardization of phyto therapeuticals. Gas Chromatography is used in the separation and analysis of multi component mixtures such as essential oils, hydrocarbons and solvents. Various temperature programs can be used to make the readings more meaningful; for example to differentiate between substances that behave similarly during the GC process. Intrinsically, with the use of the flame ionization detector and the electron capture detector (which have very high sensitivities) gas chromatography can quantitatively determine materials present at very low concentrations. Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites with interesting biological activities. In general, these secondary metabolites are an important source with a variety of structural arrangements and properties. Gas chromatography-specifically gas-liquid chromatography-involves a sample being vapourised and injected onto the head of the chromatographic column. The sample is transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile phase. The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid. The principle of gas chromatography is adsorption and partition. Within the family of chromatography-based methods gas chromatography (GC) is one of the most widely used techniques. GC-MS has become a highly recommended tool for monitoring and tracking organic pollutants in the environment. GC-MS is exclusively used for the analysis of esters, fatty acids, alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes etc. It is the key tool used in sports anti-doping laboratories to test athlete's urine samples for prohibited performanceenhancing drugs like anabolic steroids. Several GC-MS have left earth for the astro chemistry studies. As a unique and powerful technology the GC-MS provides a rare opportunity to perform the analysis of new compounds for characterization and identification of synthesized or derivatized compound.

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International Journal of Toxicological and Pharmacological Research 2017; 9(1); 81-85
ISSN: 0975-5160
Review Article
*Author for Correspondence: imad_dna@yahoo.com
A Review: Uses of Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)
Technique for Analysis of Bioactive Natural Compounds of Some
Plants
Abeer Fauzi Al-Rubaye1, Imad Hadi Hameed2*, Mohanad Jawad Kadhim3
1Department of Biology, College of Science for women, University of Babylon, Iraq
2College of Nursing, University of Babylon, Iraq
3College of Biotechnology, Department of Genetic Engineering, Al-Qasim Green University, Iraq
Available Online: 1st March, 2017
ABSTRACT
Chromatography is the term used to describe a separation technique in which a mobile phase carrying a mixture is caused
to move in contact with a selectively absorbent stationary phase. It also plays a fundamental role as an analytical
technique for quality control and standardization of phyto therapeuticals. Gas Chromatography is used in the separation
and analysis of multi component mixtures such as essential oils, hydrocarbons and solvents. Various temperature
programs can be used to make the readings more meaningful; for example to differentiate between substances that
behave similarly during the GC process. Intrinsically, with the use of the flame ionization detector and the electron
capture detector (which have very high sensitivities) gas chromatography can quantitatively determine materials present
at very low concentrations. Plants are a rich source of secondary metabolites with interesting biological activities. In
general, these secondary metabolites are an important source with a variety of structural arrangements and properties.
Gas chromatography - specifically gas-liquid chromatography - involves a sample being vapourised and injected onto the
head of the chromatographic column. The sample is transported through the column by the flow of inert, gaseous mobile
phase. The column itself contains a liquid stationary phase which is adsorbed onto the surface of an inert solid. The
principle of gas chromatography is adsorption and partition. Within the family of chromatography- based methods gas
chromatography (GC) is one of the most widely used techniques. GC-MS has become a highly recommended tool for
monitoring and tracking organic pollutants in the environment. GC-MS is exclusively used for the analysis of esters, fatty
acids, alcohols, aldehydes, terpenes etc. It is the key tool used in sports anti-doping laboratories to test athlete’s urine
samples for prohibited performanceenhancing drugs like anabolic steroids. Several GC-MS have left earth for the astro
chemistry studies. As a unique and powerful technology the GC-MS provides a rare opportunity to perform the analysis
of new compounds for characterization and identification of synthesized or derivatized compound.
Keyword: Chromatography, GC-MS, Bioactive compounds, Advantages, Applications.
INTRODUCTION
Gas chromatography has a very wide field of
applications. But, its first and main area of use is in the
separation and analysis of multi component mixtures such
as essential oils, hydrocarbons and solvents1-3.
Intrinsically, with the use of the flame ionization detector
and the electron capture detector (which have very high
sensitivities) gas chromatography can quantitatively
determine materials present at very low concentrations. It
follows, that the second most important application area
is in pollution studies, forensic work and general trace
analysis. Because of its simplicity, sensitivity, and
effectiveness in separating components of mixtures, gas
chromatography is one of the most important tools in
chemistry. It is widely used for quantitative and
qualitative analysis of mixtures, for the purification of
compounds, and for the determination of such thermo
chemical constants as heats of solution and vaporization,
vapor pressure, and activity coefficients4-9. A knowledge
of the chemical constituents of plants is desirable not only
for the discovery of therapeutic agents, but also because
such information may be of great value in disclosing new
sources of economic phytocompounds for the synthesis of
complex chemical substances and for discovering the
actual significance of folkloric remedies. Higher plants as
sources of bioactive compounds continue to play a
dominant role in the maintenance of human health.
Reports available on green plants represent a reservoir of
effective chemotherapeutants, these are non-phytotoxic,
more systemic and easily biodegradable11-13. Hence a
thorough validation of the herbal drugs has emerged as a
new branch of science emphasizing and prioritizing the
standardization of the natural drugs and products because
several of the phytochemicals have complementary and
overlapping mechanism of action. In recent years GC-MS
studies have been increasingly applied for the analysis of
medicinal plants as this technique has proved to be a
valuable method for the analysis of non-polar

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IJTPR, Volume 9, Issue 1, February- March 2017 Page 82
components and volatile essential oil, fatty acids, lipids
and alkaloids14-17.
Advantages and Applications of GC-MS
Forensic and criminal cases
GC-MS can analyze the particles from suspect to
correlate his involvement in case. The analysis of fire
debris using GC-MS can be established by American
Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) standard for fire
debris analysis18-29. It is also commonly used in forensic
toxicology to find poisons, steroids in biological
specimens of suspects, victims, or the deceased30,37.
Environmental monitoring
The cost of GCMS equipment has decreased whereas the
reliability has markedly increased. The determination of
chloro-phenols in water and soil, polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH), unleaded gasoline, dioxins,
dibenzofurans, organo-chlorine pesticides, herbicides,
phenols, halogenated pesticides, sulphur in air is very
convenient to be screened by this technique. It can be
used to screen the degradation products of lignin in bio-
mass research, pesticides in spinach38-47. Analysis of
decacyclene, ovalene and even C60 degradation analysis
of carbamazepine and its metabolites in treated sewage
water and steroid can be done without derivatization48,49.
Food, beverage, flavor and fragrance analysis
Foods and beverages have several aromatic compounds
existing naturally in native state or formed while
processing. GC-MS is also used to detect and measure
contaminants, spoilage and adulteration of food, oil,
butter, ghee that could be harmful and should to be
controlled and checked as regulated by governmental
agencies. It is used in the analysis of piperine50, spearmint
oil, lavender oil, essential oil, fragrance reference
standards, perfumes, chiral compounds in essential oils,
fragrances, menthol, allergens, olive oil, lemon oil,
peppermint oil, yiang oil, straw berry syrup, butter
triglycerides, residual pesticides in food and wine51.
Security and chemical warfare agent detection
Explosive detection systems have become a part of all
United State airports, GC-MS. Is an essential part of
chemical analysis unit. For enhancing capability in
homeland security and public health preparedness,
traditional GC-MS units with the transmission quadrupole
mass spectrometers, as well as those with cylindrical ion
trap (CIT-MS) and toroidal ion trap (T-ITMS) mass
spectrometers have been modified for field portability
and near real-time detection of chemical warfare agents
(CWA) such as sarin, soman, and VX13,14.
Astro chemistry and Geo chemical Research
The Huygens probe of the Cassini-Huygens mission
landed one GC-MS on Saturn’s largest moon, Titan. The
material in the comet 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko will
be analyzed by the Rosetta mission with a chiral GC-MS
in 2014. Significantly enhanced molecular ions, major
isomer and structurally significant mass spectral peaks,
extended range of low volatility hydrocarbons that are
amenable for analysis and unique isotope ratio
information make GC-MS valuable for organic
geochemical applications52.
Medicine and Pharmaceutical Applications
Dozens of congenital metabolic diseases called as inborn
error of metabolism are now detectable in newborn by
screening tests using gas chromatography–mass
spectrometry. GC-MS can determine compounds in urine
even in minor concentration. These compounds are
normally not present but appear in individuals suffering
from metabolic disorders. This is easy, effective and
efficient way to diagnose the problem like in case of
genetic metabolic disorders by a urine test at birth52. In
combination with isotopic labeling of metabolite, the
GCMS is used for determining metabolic activity. Most
applications are based on the use of 13C labeling and the
measurement of 13C-12C ratios with an isotope ratio
mass spectrometer (IRMS); an MS with a detector
designed to measure a few select ions and return values as
ratios. It is useful to detect oils in creams, ointments,
lotion etc16.
Biological and pesticides detections
GC-MS is exclusively used in bio-analysis of blood, urine
for the presence of barbiturates, narcotics, alcohols,
residual solvents, drugs like anesthetics, anticonvulsant,
antihistamine, anti-epileptic drug, sedative hypnotics,
narcotics and food items .This technique could be used
for detecting adulterations, fatty acid profiling in
microbes, presence of free steroids, blood pollutants,
metabolites in serum, organo-chlorinated pesticides in
river water, drinking water, soft drinks by head space,
pesticides in sunflower oil etc.53.
Petrochemical and hydrocarbons analysis
Significantly enhanced molecular ions that are always
observed, isomer and structurally significant mass
spectral peaks and extended range of low volatilite
hydrocarbons that are amenable for analysis including
waxes up to C74H150 makes the GC-MS a most valuable
technique. Broad range of petrochemicals, fuels and
hydrocarbon mixtures, including gasoline, kerosene,
naphthenic acids, diesel fuel, various oil types,
transformer oil, biodiesel, wax and broad range of
geochemical samples can be analyzed by GC-MS38,39.
Clinical toxicology
Enhanced molecular ions, extended range of compounds
amenable for analysis, superior sensitivity for compounds
and faster analysis are the main attractive features of the
clinical toxicology. The toxin and venoms are identified
by GC-MS. It is extensively used in clinical toxicology17.
Industrial applications
GC-MS is used in industries for the analysis of aromatic
solvents, inorganic gases, amino alcohol in water,
impurities in styrene, glycol, diols, xylene, allergens in
cosmetics etc. GC-MS is used for the characterization of
formic acid in acetic acid for industrial use. In Industries
acetic acid is important intermediate in coal chemical
synthesis. It is used in the production of poly ethylene,
cellulose acetate and poly vinyl as well as synthesic fiber
and fabrics.
Energy and fuel applications
GC-MS is used for the analysis of aromatic solvents,
sulphur, impurities in polypropylene, sulphur in
menthane, natural gases, 1,3 butadiene, ethylene, gas oil,
unleaded gasoline, polyethene, diesel.oil, unleaded

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IJTPR, Volume 9, Issue 1, February- March 2017 Page 83
gasoline, polyethylene, diesel, modified biomass, grafted
polymers etc.24. GC-MS has triggered a new arena of
research and taken to new heights of impactful
presentation and characterization of compounds by its
wide range of applications17,18.
Academic research
It is widely used in pure and applied sciences like
Chemistry, Polymers, Nanotechnology and
Biotechnology etc. It yields useful information that can
be used in research publication internationally53.
CONCLUSION
GC-MS is widely used in pharmaceutical industries for
analytical research and development, quality control,
quality assurance, production, pilot plants departments for
active pharmaceutical ingredients (API), bulk drugs and
formulations. It is used for process and method
development, identification of impurities in API. It is an
integral part of research associated with medicinal
chemistry (synthesis and characterization of compounds),
pharmaceutical analysis (stability testing, impurity
profiling), pharmacognosy, pharmaceutical process
control and pharmaceutical biotechnology.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I thank Dr. Amean A. Al-yasiri, College of Nursing, for
valuable suggestions and encouragement.
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