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BIM in the Saudi Arabian
construction industry: state of the
art, benefit and barriers
Abdullah Al-Yami
Department of Building Engineering,
Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia, and
Muizz O. Sanni-Anibire
Dammam Community College,
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
Abstract
Purpose –Although there is a boom in the construction industry in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA), it
is yet to fully adopt building information modeling (BIM), which has received a lot of attention in the US,
UK and Australian construction industries. Thus, the purpose of this paper is to provide the current
state of the art in BIM implementation in Saudi Arabia, as well as perceived benefits and barriers through a
case study.
Design/methodology/approach –A broad overview of BIM, the construction industry in KSA and the
research and implementation of BIM in KSA was presented in this study. The research further established the
perceived benefits and barriers of BIM implementation through a case study of a local AEC firm. A
questionnaire survey was used to obtain lessons learned from the BIM team of the pilot project and was
further analyzed using the RII approach.
Findings –The study’s findings include the lack of policy initiatives in KSA to enforce BIM in the construction
industry, as well as the lack of sufficient research in the domain of BIM in KSA. Furthermore, the case study also
revealed that the most important benefit of BIM adoption is “detection of inter-disciplinary conflicts in the
drawings to reduce error, maintain design intent, control quality and speed up communication,”whereas the
most important barrier is “the need for re-engineering many construction projects for successful transition
towards BIM.”
Originality/value –The study provides a background for enhanced research towards the implementation of
BIM in Saudi Arabia and also demonstrates the potential benefits and barriers in BIM implementation.
Keywords Sustainability, Construction, Saudi Arabia, Quality, Building information modelling
Paper type Research paper
Introduction
The construction industry has been lagging behind the service and manufacturing sector in
terms of quality and productivity for more than 40 years. This has been attributed to the
continuous fragmentation of the AEC industry (Lindblad, 2013), globalization of
construction, inadequate resources, the need for quality improvement (Al-Hammadi,
2015), the need to reduce lifecycle costs and the need to increase productivity, efficiency,
infrastructure value and sustainability (Arayici, 2008; Arayici, Egbu and Coates, 2012).
Thus, the twenty-first century has witnessed a paradigm shift with a lot of research efforts
geared towards boosting efficiency and quality in the industry through the adoption of
innovative strategies, techniques, approaches and performance improvement tools in
construction project delivery (Yan and Damian, 2008). Building information modeling (BIM)
is one of the most promising and recent developments in the construction industry to
achieve the long-desired goal of the industry for quality through effective design and
management of projects (Azhar, 2011; Hussain and Choudhry, 2013). Although BIM is not a
new concept, it has started receiving a lot of attention in the recent past (Azhar, 2011;
Conradie, 2007; Murphy et al., 2009; Bynum et al., 2012), as evident from the ever-increasing
trend to adopt BIM in the construction projects. Policy measures such as the
Received 9 August 2018
Revised 26 January 2019
20 June 2019
Accepted 30 September 2019
The current issue and full text archive of this journal is available on Emerald Insight at:
www.emeraldinsight.com/2398-4708.htm
BIM in the
Saudi Arabian
construction
industry
International Journalof Building
Pathologyand Adaptation
Vol. 39 No. 1, 2021
pp. 33-47
© Emerald Publishing Limited
2398-4708
DOI 10.1108/IJBPA-08-2018-0065
33
“UK Government Construction 2025”vision to embrace the BIM model for lowering
construction costs and faster delivery of construction projects (Arayici Onyenobi and Egbu,
2012) are a significant example of such policies. Also, countries such as Finland, Denmark
and the USA insist on the submission of BIM or Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) files by
AEC firms while carrying out public construction projects (Won and Lee, 2010). Many
reviews (Succar, 2009; Azhar, 2011; Liu et al., 2011; Whyte, 2012; Azhar et al., 2012; Conradie,
2007; Ilter and Ergen, 2015) that provide overview of BIM, applications, benefits, risks,
challenges and international guidelines are available.
The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is one of the largest construction industries in
the world, with numerous developmental projects. KSA is dedicated to achieve its
developmental goals set in “Vision 2030,”with its 2018 budget of USD260.8bn, the largest
in the Kingdom’s history. Hence, there is no better time for KSA to follow the trend of
sustainable development that is being witnessed in countries like the US, the UK and
Australia through the adoption of BIM. An extensive survey of literature shows that KSA
is yet to fully explore the potential benefits of BIM, even though few works have been
reported (Al Soliman, 2012; Albukhari, 2014; Baik et al., 2015; Al-Sulaihi et al., 2015;
Almuntaser et al., 2018; Sodangi et al., 2018). There is a wide scope for research on the
adoption and implementation of BIM in the Saudi Arabian construction industry.
Accordingly, with a view to provide a background for further research on BIM in KSA, the
potential research areas and gaps, as well as benefits and barriers, have been identified in
this paper.
Methodology
The methodology employed in this research can be summarily categorized as follows.
Stage 1: review of the extant literature
This involved a systematic review to provide a descriptive summary of the relevant
literature that formed the contextual background upon which the study is based.
Furthermore, an historical literature review was carried out to identify the areas of research
that have been covered in the BIM research domain in Saudi Arabia.
Stage two: case study
A qualitative case study approach has been employed in this research. The approach
provides an insight to the potential benefits and barriers of BIM implementation from a
case study of a single organization. The advantage of this approach is in its richness in
capturing accurate data from a limited sample size through face-to-face interviews with
the respondents (Crouch and McKenzie, 2006). However, such an approach limits the
possibility for generalizations, and it, however, derives lessons learned to formulate
theories in a particularistic context. The case study used is a leading architectural firm
involved in the delivery of mega projects in the region of Saudi Arabia for over 25 years.
The firm had recently completed a BIM pilot project in a bid to move from the traditional
CAD to BIM. The BIM implementation team was composed of seven professionals. These
professionals consisted of a senior architect as the BIM manager, a design architect, a
structural engineer, an electrical engineer, a mechanical HVAC engineer, a mechanical
plumbing engineer and a draftsman. These professionals’total experience was over ten
years, except the design architect and draftsman who both had experience of over five
years. A questionnaire tool was administered through an interview with the professionals
to obtain their feedback on the perceived benefits and barriers in the implementation of
BIM at the end of the pilot project.
IJBPA
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39,1
Stage three: data analysis
The results of the questionnaire survey were analyzed to derive the Relative Importance
Index (Dominowski, 1980), and the ranks were provided in tabular format:
Relative Importance Index RIIðÞ¼
P5
i¼0ai
ðÞxi
ðÞ
5Pxi
;
where a
i
is the constant representing the weight assigned to iand x
i
is the variable
representing the frequency assigned to i. The response for iis 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, and it is
illustrated as follows:
•X
5
¼frequency of “Extremely Important”response corresponding to a
5
¼5.
•X
4
¼frequency of “Very Important”response corresponding to a
4
¼4.
•X
3
¼frequency of “Important”response corresponding to a
3
¼3.
•X
2
¼frequency of “Somewhat Important”response corresponding to a
2
¼2.
•X
1
¼frequency of “Not Important”response corresponding to a
1
¼1.
Overview of BIM
BIM evolution and background
Information technology (IT) has played a tremendous role in solving many problems in the
construction industry. Although computer-aided design (CAD) was the tool used in the
industry for more than three decades, it has recently been replaced by BIM (Parvan, 2012).
The concept of BIM was proposed by Professor Chuck Eastma of American Georgia
wave-tech College (Liu et al., 2011); however, researchers were investigating the components
and repercussions of building product models for many years before the emergence of BIM
(Succar, 2009). In 1982, Graphisoft Company developed a software called ArchiCAD, based
on the concept of BIM, which was named as “Virtual Building.”An extension of this concept
was made in 1984, called virtual building model (VBM), which could be regarded as the
earliest presentation of BIM technology (Liu et al., 2011).
Succar (2009) defined BIM as “a set of interacting policies, processes and technologies
generating a methodology to manage the essential building design and project data in
digital format throughout the building’s life-cycle.”According to the US National BIM
Standard (2007), BIM is “a digital representation of physical and functional characteristics
of a facility. As such it serves as a shared knowledge resource for information about a
facility forming a reliable basis for decisions during its lifecycle from inception onward.”
These definitions show that BIM involves generating a computer model to simulate the
planning, design, construction and operation of a facility, thereby providing a detailed
understanding of a facility throughout its lifecycle (Azhar, 2011). This will include adequate
support for the various phases of design, to ensure that the computer model contains precise
geometry and data needed to support the construction, fabrication and procurement
activities through which the building is realized (Hussain and Choudhry, 2013).
Contrary to popular opinion, BIM is more than just a tool for three-dimensional (3D)
visualization and rendering; it is a tool for information use, reuse and exchange (Parvan,
2012). Furthermore, BIM as a parametric digital representation, with 3D visualization
capabilities, allows automatic checking and updating of all inserted information. It is similar
to an excel spreadsheet where a change in any of the cells leads to an automatic change in all
other linked cells. Thus, with BIM, the traditional error-prone process of 2D-CAD, which is
one of the major causes of poor documentation, is eliminated (Azhar, 2011). Besides
providing 3D intelligent models, BIM has also made significant changes to the workflow
BIM in the
Saudi Arabian
construction
industry
35
and project delivery process, by transforming the way buildings, utilities and
infrastructures are planned, designed, built and managed. This can be attributed to the
interoperability and collaboration amongst major stakeholders in the whole life cycle of a
facility (Parvan, 2012).
Thus, BIM represents a new paradigm within the construction industry, which
encourages integration of the roles of all stakeholders in a project. Such a collaborative
framework is also a driver for another parallel concept called integrated project delivery,
which is a novel approach to integrate people, systems, business structures and practices
into a collaborative process to reduce waste and optimize efficiency through all phases of the
project life cycle (Azhar et al., 2012).
The main concept of BIM is to improve the way construction projects are managed
through improved visualization and better coordination of various elements of the model.
More specifically, BIM applications may include the following: visualization, fabrication/
shop drawings, code-reviews, forensic analysis, facilities management, cost estimating,
construction sequencing, conflict, interference and clash detection. In the construction
phase, the project team can use BIM for activities such as project progress monitoring by
using 4D phasing plans, trade coordination meetings, integrating RFIs, change orders and
punch list information in the BIM models. Throughout the construction period, the project
team must continuously update the BIM model so that it reflects the most up-to-date
information that can be used later on by the facility managers for operations and
maintenance (Azhar et al., 2012). The applications of BIM are summarized in Table I. The
concept of BIM is a subject of continuous research.
BIM in the global construction industry
There is a positive global trend in the implementation of BIM. Countries such as Australia,
Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, Norway, Singapore, the UK and the US top the list of
industry players (Kassem et al., 2015). Some of these countries have enacted policies to foster
the rapid adoption of BIM as a strategy to boost the future growth of the construction
industry (Arayici Onyenobi and Egbu, 2012). This is buttressed by the fact that several
countries including Finland, Denmark and the US recommend that contractors and
architectural firms submit BIM or IFC files in carrying out public construction projects
(Won and Lee, 2010). Also, in the USA, an increasing number of large institutional
clients now require object-based 3D models to be provided as a part of tender submissions
(Succar et al., 2012). BIM continues to be applied in various construction projects in the USA
(Zeng, 2012).
Design Analysis Construction Operation
Existing conditions Modeling Energy analysis Site utilization planning Record modeling
Site analysis Structural analysis Construction system
design
Space management/
tracking
Programming Lighting analysis Phase planning (4D
modeling)
Maintenance
scheduling
Design authoring 3D Building system
analysis
3D control and planning Disaster planning
Design reviews Mechanical analysis Cost estimation Asset management
Code validation Other engineering
Analysis
Digital fabrication –
Design coordination LEED evaluation ––
Source: BuildingSMART (2011)
Table I.
BIM functions
IJBPA
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Various economies in the European continent have also widely embraced the BIM model.
For instance, the UK Government Construction Strategy stipulated that all governmental
construction projects need to incorporate collaborative Level 2 (fully collaborative 3D) BIM
(with all project and asset information, documentation and data being electronic) by 2016
(Succar et al., 2012; Eadie et al., 2015). Also, the “UK Government Construction 2025”vision
is enshrined on the need to embrace the BIM model (Arayici Onyenobi and Egbu, 2012).
The construction industry in Asia is currently experiencing a new wave of digital
revolution. BIM is already promoted by the Singapore Government (BuildingSMART, 2011).
The high demand for commercial and residential developments in China and India has led to
the rapid adoption of BIM for quality improvement and effective management of
construction projects. In China, BIM is still largely employed as a visualization tool, and its
way of implementation is significantly associated with project characteristics (Cao et al.,
2015). Malaysia also took the bold step to implement BIM, based on the initiative of the
Director of the Public Works Department in 2007. It is expected that BIM will become
widespread in the Malaysian construction industry in the coming years due to the support
of the government (Latiffi et al., 2013). Also, in Pakistan, there is an increasing level of
awareness of BIM technology and its processes (Hussain and Choudhry, 2013).
A survey conducted in the Middle East (including key construction industry sectors
operating in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Oman, Bahrain, Kuwait
and Jordan) by BuildingSMART in 2011 showed that the BIM usage is around 25 percent
and the level of competency is underdeveloped. The survey has also observed that although
the recognition of the importance of BIM is strong, the lack of availability of skilled staff and
training might hinder its adoption. This calls for support from the industry leaders and
adequate expert guidance (BuildingSMART, 2011). A more recent study by Gerges et al.
(2017) showed that not much improvement has been made, and BIM usage in the Middle
East is still at its infancy. Although the UAE takes the lead in BIM adoption and
implementation in the Middle East, Mehran (2016) reported that the lack of standards is a
main factor in affecting BIM implementation in the UAE construction industry. Similar
results peculiar to the UAE have been reported by Venkatachalam (2017). Other research
studies that have been reported in the region include the following: Vukovic et al. (2015) and
Hafeez et al. (2016) in Qatar; Skaik and Ali (2013) and Omar and Dulaimi (2015) in UAE; and
Matarneh and Hamed (2017) in Jordan.
Summary of global researches on BIM
Numerous research efforts have been recorded so far in the global scene; a diverse range of
research areas in the domain of BIM has been identified, which can be grouped as follows:
(1) reviews of background information and the key concepts and knowledge areas
of BIM;
(2) investigations of the challenges, risks and barriers to the adoption and
implementation of BIM;
(3) advances and novel approaches to BIM technology such as Radio Frequency
Identification (RFID), Ultrawide Band (UWB), Global Navigation Satellite System
(GNSS), 2D imaging, Photogrammetry and 3D Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS);
(4) the use of BIM in tracking project schedules and monitoring of work progress,
construction safety analysis and management;
(5) BIM in quantity surveying, cost and financial implications;
(6) frameworks and information on BIM for existing structures, operations and
maintenance and facilities management;
BIM in the
Saudi Arabian
construction
industry
37
(7) application of BIM to document and analyze cultural heritage sites and their
environments;
(8) BIM for life cycle assessment, gaseous emissions, green building design and construction;
(9) BIM maturity and performance measurement tools for individuals, organizations,
project teams and countries;
(10) the status of BIM practice in various countries and regions;
(11) BIM educational programs, courses and teaching approaches; and
(12) case studies in BIM implementation.
Overview of the Saudi Arabian construction industry
The construction industry is the economical backbone in many countries, often accounting
for between 7 and 10 percent of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) (Al-Hammadi, 2015). The
KSA is the largest exporter of oil in the world; thus, its construction industry is one of the
largest in the world (Husein, 2015; Al-Hammadi, 2015). The discovery of oil in KSA has led
to the rapid development of the largely desert area into one of the fastest growing modern
cities in the world. The Saudi Arabian construction industry was worth more than $20bn,
accounting for 11.7 percent of GDP in 2011 (Al-Hammadi, 2015), and it has sustained a
consistent positive motion due to expanded investments, high demands for buildings and
policies that attract foreign investors (Geyer, 2012).
Despite the fall in oil prices, KSA continues to pursue its ambitious development agenda
“Vision 2030.”Consequently, a positive impact has been noted on the progress of residential
and industrial construction activities within the Kingdom. Thus, its construction industry
maintains a bright outlook for years to come. Currently, there are over 80 mega projects due
for completion in 2030. Significant developmental projects in KSA include the following:
Abraj Kudai Development, worth USD3.4bn, King Abdullah Economic City in Rabigh,
worth USD27bn, The Kingdom Tower in Jeddah, worth USD1.23bn, Riyadh Metro, worth
USD22.5bn, Jubail II industrial expansion project, worth USD80bn, King Abdulaziz
International Airport, Phase I, worth USD1.5bn, King Abdullah Medical City in Makkah,
worth USD1.2bn, King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz, security Forces Medical Complexes, worth
USD6.7bn, Jazan Economic City, worth USD27bn, and The Knowledge Economic City in
Madinah, worth USD7bn.
By virtue of the number of ongoing mega projects in KSA, it is also subjected to issues
that affect the global construction industry such as the continuous fragmentation of the
industry, involving intensive activities across the supply chain and lifecycle. This requires
the collaboration of a wide range of disciplines during a project’s life cycle, and thus an
enormous amount of data. The common approach to procurement used in KSA is the
Design‒Bid‒Build (DBB), which is a general agreement between the construction contractor
and the client (Al-Hammadi, 2015; Husein, 2015). The client in this case is usually an
individual entity, or in the case of large construction projects, the government. The
government projects are usually handled by large Saudi construction companies such as the
Saudi Bin Ladin Group, Saudi Ogeir, El Seif and so on. In such general agreements, the client
has a planned design, EPC (engineering, procurement and construction) agreements and
build-only agreements involving just one contractor. International firms, especially Chinese
firms, are also increasingly becoming popular in KSA; however, there has also been a
significant increase in consortium contractors. These consortia consist of many different
local and/or international partnerships (Husein, 2015). Thus, practically, the conventional
procurement practice in KSA does not involve the contractor in the conceptual design phase
(Husein, 2015), which often results in higher costs and missed project deadlines.
IJBPA
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Furthermore, there are a number of existing concerns in the Saudi Arabian Construction
Industry. For instance, Al-Hammadi (2015) mentioned issues of underachievement in project
performance, lengthy delays and financial loss. Arain et al. (2006) studied the causes of
inconsistencies between professionals at the project design and construction interface in large
building projects in KSA. This study identified issues such as the involvement of designer as
consultant, communication gap between constructor and designer, insufficient working
drawing details, lack of coordination between parties, lack of human resources in design firm,
lack of designer’s knowledge of available materials and equipment, and incomplete plans and
specifications, project management as a professional service, weather conditions, nationalities
of participants, involvement of the contractor in design conceptual phase, unforeseen
problems, involvement of the contractor in design development phase and government
regulations. Al-Sedairy (1994) investigated the management of conflict in public sector
construction projects in KSA and identified the relationships between stakeholders to be
the key reason for conflict. It was also identified that the conflicts persisted into
the post-construction stages of the projects. These conflicts occur in the major aspects of the
project such as timing, project concepts, costs and specifications. The reported reasons for
these conflicts include differences in perceptions, priorities and goals, which are probably
caused by cultural differences, lack of sufficient project management and inherent structure of
conflicting interests in a project. Assaf et al. (1996) and Al-Hammad et al. (1997) presented the
effects of faulty design and construction on building operation, maintenance and facilities
management, and they emphasized the need for an overall collaborative framework.
Thus, some of the pressing needs of the construction industry in KSA include increased
efficiency and the level of productivity of housing as a means to promote affordability,
boosting the value of infrastructure as an incentive to the investors, ensuring sustainability
of the industry and reduction of lifecycle costs. In order to achieve successful governance of
construction projects in KSA, a holistic and systemic approach to procurement procedures is
crucial (Al-Hammadi, 2015). Similar to other Gulf Corporation Council (GCC) countries, KSA
has embraced the construction lifecycle management approach with the use of BIM, even
though at a very moderate (around 25 percent) level, and the level of competency is
underdeveloped compared to regions such as Western Europe and the USA
(BuildingSMART, 2011).
Researches on BIM in KSA and future scope
There is limited amount of published literature on the use of BIM in the construction industry
in KSA (Al Soliman, 2012; Albukhari, 2014; Baik et al., 2015; Al-Sulaihi et al., 2015). The works
of Baik et al. (2014) and Baik et al. (2015) were focused on the conservation of heritage
buildings in Jeddah for conserving, documenting, managing and creating full engineering
drawings and information. This was started with the creation of the Hijazi architectural
elements library based on laser scanner and image survey data to speed up the process of
creating the Jeddah Historical Building Information Modeling (JHBIM) model (Baik et al.,
2014). This work was pursued further to propose a framework through the integration of
JHBIM and GIS (Baik et al., 2015). These works offer the specific advantage of providing data
for the operation, maintenance and conservation of heritage buildings in Jeddah.
Albukhari (2014) presented a BIM-based decision support framework to evaluate
architectural submittals during construction in an accurate, efficient and speedy manner,
which included consideration of the impact of construction-related and operation-related
costs. Although the research scope was generalized, it made use of a faculty housing unit at
Umm Al-Qura University (UQU) in KSA as a case study.
Al-Sulaihi et al. (2015) presented a framework to integrate indoor environmental quality
data into a BIM model to detect and track the indoor environmental problems.
This framework was proposed for educational buildings in KSA. It involved the use of a
BIM in the
Saudi Arabian
construction
industry
39
semi-automated inspection system using a wireless sensor network, which obtains data
such as temperature, gas and humidity to be incorporated into a BIM-based model.
This framework is significant for the detection of locations of poor environmental quality by
the facilities manager.
More recently, Almuntaser et al. (2018) presented a case study on the adoption and
implementation of BIM in a Saudi Arabian AEC firm. The study carried out a BIM maturity
measurement and concluded with a proposed framework for BIM implementation based on
the Project Management Institute’s (PMI) project management framework. Similarly,
Sodangi et al. (2018) examined the awareness of subcontractors in Saudi Arabia regarding
BIM. The findings showed that there is a widespread lack of BIM knowledge. Thus, it is
obvious that, when compared with the global trends, there is a huge research gap in the
development, adoption and implementation of BIM in Saudi Arabia. Accordingly, the
potential future directions for research have been identified as follows:
(1) challenges, risks and barriers to the adoption and implementation of BIM in
Saudi Arabia;
(2) BIM adoption in project management and construction site management to solve issues
such as construction delay, project cost performance, stakeholder interoperability,
construction safety, conflict management, labor diversity, amongst others;
(3) BIM adoption in the post-construction stage to deal with the issue of faulty design
and construction;
(4) BIM adoption for the conservation, adaptation, remodeling or maintenance of
historic buildings in Saudi Arabia;
(5) BIM adoption in energy analysis and in sustainable design and construction;
(6) BIM performance and maturity measurement of organizations and projects in KSA;
(7) adoption of BIM in the educational curriculum for graduate and undergraduate
programs related to the construction industry; and
(8) case studies of BIM implementation in Saudi Arabia.
Case study: pilot project BIM implementation in a Saudi Arabian AEC firm
A BIM pilot project was carried out by a private architectural firm in Saudi Arabia. The firm
aimed at transition from 2D-CAD to BIM, with the aim of controlling issues related to
inefficiency such as exceeded project deadlines, extended hours in preparing construction
and shop drawings, duplications, reworking, ineffective design coordination and
management and lack of integration and communication. At the end of the pilot project,
an interview of the team of seven participants in the BIM implementation process was
carried out with the aid of questionnaire surveys. The results of the benefits and barriers of
BIM implementation as perceived by the team are presented in Tables II and III,
respectively. The RII values derived showed that the most important benefit perceived by
the participants was “detection of inter-disciplinary conflicts in the drawings to reduce error,
maintain design intent, control quality and speed up communication,”whereas the most
important barrier was “the need for re-engineering many construction projects for
successful transition towards BIM.”The detailed results of the benefits and barriers are
presented in a tabular format in the ensuing sections.
Benefits of BIM
The various benefits of BIM to the stakeholders are well established in the literature (Barlish
and Sullivan, 2012; Yan and Damian, 2008; Arayici, Egbu and Coates, 2012; Azhar, 2011;
IJBPA
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S/N Benefits of BIM RII Rank References
Design-related benefits
1. Effective and faster design process 0.89 2 Azhar (2011), Parvan (2012), Barlish and
Sullivan (2012), H Yan and Damian (2008),
Arayici, Egbu and Coates (2012)
2. Extra design and engineering analyses such
as illumination analyses, energy analysis,
climate analysis, structural analysis, etc.
0.77 7 Parvan (2012), Barlish and Sullivan (2012)
3. Comparison of design alternatives,
performance benchmarking and correction of
information shared between stakeholders
0.89 2 Azhar (2011), Parvan (2012), Barlish and
Sullivan (2012), Arayici, Egbu and Coates
(2012)
4. Error, time and risk reduction (Effective
design and technical review of the projects to
avoid potential problems arising from
mistakes in the future such as changes to
specifications, specified materials, effective
planning and scheduling)
0.80 6 Parvan (2012), Barlish and Sullivan (2012),
Arayici, Egbu and Coates (2012)
5. Improved drafting quality through
automated 2D view generation, automated
schedule and material take-off and
automated change managements
0.89 2 Parvan (2012), Barlish and Sullivan (2012),
Yan and Damian (2008), Khosrowshahi
and Arayici (2012)
6. Detection of inter-disciplinary conflicts in the
drawings to reduce error, maintain
design intent, control quality and speed
up communication
0.91 1 Parvan (2012), Barlish and Sullivan (2012),
Yan and Damian (2008), Arayici, Egbu
and Coates (2012)
Performance-related benefits
7. Effective reuse of information via knowledge
database as it stores information centrally
such as house types, materials used, code for
sustainable home rating and clients
0.89 2 Arayici, Egbu and Coates (2012)
8. Storing lessons learnt and experiences from
the past projects as company asset
0.83 4 Arayici, Egbu and Coates (2012)
9. Improved company performance (and
simultaneous work by staff in the company)
0.83 4 Barlish and Sullivan (2012), Arayici, Egbu
and Coates (2012)
10. Adaptation of standard building prototypes
to site conditions
0.77 7 Yan and Damian (2008)
11. Availability for life cycle data for building
operation and facilities management
(Improved documentation). Also, life cycle
cost analysis
0.80 6 Azhar (2011), Parvan (2012), Barlish and
Sullivan (2012), Yan and Damian (2008)
12. Reducing engineering work not only off-site
but labor input on-site (labor productivity
and pre-fabrication savings)
0.83 5 Azhar (2011), Parvan (2012), Barlish and
Sullivan (2012)
Business-related benefits
13. Better visualization and understanding of
building, and thus customer satisfaction
0.83 4 Azhar (2011), Barlish and Sullivan (2012),
Arayici, Egbu, and Coates (2012)
Finance-related benefits
14. Reduction in overall project cost 0.74 8 Barlish and Sullivan (2012), Yan and
Damian (2008), Arayici, Egbu and
Coates (2012)
15. Reduced communication cost (Effective
information distribution to external
stakeholders) and reduced staff
0.69 10 Barlish and Sullivan (2012), Yan and
Damian (2008), Arayici, Egbu and
Coates (2012)
(continued )
Table II.
Benefits of BIM
implementation in the
case study
BIM in the
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construction
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41
Parvan, 2012). It can be said that the overarching benefit of BIM is its accurate geometrical
representation of the parts of a building in an integrated data environment (Azhar, 2011).
The potential benefits identified in this study are grouped into five categories and ranked, as
presented in Table II.
Barriers to the implementation of BIM
Despite its enormous benefits, as outlined in the previous section, the construction industry
in many countries is yet to adopt BIM. This can be attributed to a number of challenges,
risks and barriers to its adoption and implementation (Eadie et al., 2015). This fact has been
the focus a number of research studies (Tse et al., 2005; Yan and Damian, 2008; Kerosuo
et al., 2015; Arayici, Egbu and Coates, 2012; Arayici, Onyenobi and Egbu, 2012; Gibbs et al.,
2015; McAdam, 2010; Lindblad, 2013). The potential challenges, risks and barriers to the
adoption and implementation of BIM identified in this study are grouped into three
categories and ranked, as presented in Table III.
Discussion
It is evident from this study that BIM is an emerging and innovativeway of how infrastructure,
utilities and buildings are planned, built and managed. It represents a new paradigm within the
construction industry, which encourages integration of all stakeholders in a project. Building
performance and predictability of outcomes are greatly improved by adopting BIM. As the use
of BIM accelerates, collaboration within project teams should increase, which will lead to
improved profitability, reduced costs, better time management and improved customer/client
relationships, among other benefits. Azhar et al. (2012) stated, “the way the BIM movement is
progressing; it is not very far that BIM will completely replace CAD systems.”
Due to this fact, substantial amount of research on BIM has been carried in the global
construction industry. Although the main areas of research focus were the challenges, risks,
benefits and barriers in the implementation of BIM, few researches attempted to provide
solution through strategies and frameworks for its successful implementation. Thus, it can
be said that BIM has come to stay, and its future is promising and exciting.
As shown in this paper, Saudi Arabia has become one of the investment destinations in
the building construction sector, and it continues to reassure investors about its
commitment to achieve its developmental goals. The large scale of activities that
predominate the construction domain in Saudi Arabia, combined with the inherent
performance issues that continue to plague the construction industry globally, necessitates
the need to adopt modern construction tools and techniques. This study has also shown that
countries such as the US, the UK and Singapore now require the adoption and
implementation of BIM in their construction projects. Furthermore, the study highlights the
potential benefits that may accrue to potential stakeholders in the Saudi construction
S/N Benefits of BIM RII Rank References
Construction-related benefits
16. Feasibility of the construction schedule 0.83 4 Barlish and Sullivan (2012)
17. Improved construction safety 0.71 9 Barlish and Sullivan (2012), Hu and
Zhang (2011)
18. Effective construction sequencing,
consistency and material procurement
0.80 6 Barlish and Sullivan (2012), Arayici, Egbu
and Coates (2012)
19. Accelerating the construction process and
improving the construction quality due to
automated manufacturing/assembling of
structural elements
0.86 3 Azhar (2011), Parvan (2012), Arayici, Egbu
and Coates (2012)
Table II.
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industry, as well potential barriers that may forestall its adoption and implementation.
Results from the case study of a pilot project showed that the top three benefits perceived by
stakeholders include “detection of inter-disciplinary conflicts in the drawings to reduce
error, maintain design intent, control quality and speed up communication,”“improved
drafting quality through automated 2D view generation, automated schedule and material
take-off and automated change managements,”and “accelerating the construction process
and improving the construction quality due to automated manufacturing/assembling of
S/N Barriers of BIM RII Rank References
Business-related barriers
1. The need for re-engineering many
construction projects for successful transition
towards BIM. The need to change current
business practices and work processes
(resistance to change)
0.86 1 Yan and Damian (2008), Arayici et al. (2011),
Lindblad (2013)
2. Interdisciplinary conflicts/perceptions based
on profession and size of firm
0.74 4 Lindblad (2013)
3. Lack of demand and interest by stakeholders 0.71 5 Tse et al. (2005), Lindblad (2013)
4. Use and management of information 0.71 5 Gibbs et al. (2015), Barbosa et al. (2016)
5. Role of BIM model manager 0.77 3 Gu and London (2010), Lindblad (2013)
6. Lack of knowledge and information on BIM
benefits and compensation (Lack of case study
evidence of the financial benefit of BIM)
0.83 2 Arayici et al. (2011), Eadie et al. (2015), Yan
and Damian (2008), Lindblad (2013), Gu and
London (2010)
7. Collaboration and interface between the
various stakeholders; interoperability
between various programs
0.77 3 Arayici et al. (2011), Kerosuo et al. (2015),
Gibbs et al. (2015), McAdam (2010),
Lindblad (2013)
8. Poor match with users’needs 0.60 9 Tse et al. (2005), Lindblad (2013)
Legal barriers
9. Model ownership 0.74 4 Azhar (2011), Eadie et al. (2015), Gibbs et al.
(2015), McAdam (2010), Lindblad (2013)
10. Incorporation of BIM into the contractual
relationship of the parties involved
0.71 5 Eadie et al. (2015)
11. Reliance on data/software 0.63 8 Eadie et al. (2015), Gibbs et al. (2015),
McAdam (2010), Lindblad (2013), Barbosa
et al. (2016)
12. Evolution and responsibility for creating,
analyzing and updating the model
0.71 5 Eadie et al. (2015), Gibbs et al. (2015),
McAdam (2010), Lindblad (2013), Barbosa
et al. (2016)
13. Intellectual Property (IP) rights and sharing
of copyright data
0.69 6 Eadie et al. (2015), McAdam (2010),
Lindblad (2013)
14 The alteration of standard form
appointments
0.71 5 Eadie et al. (2015), Lindblad (2013)
15. Claims/disputes and additional project
insurance
0.69 6 Eadie et al. (2015)
16. Standard of care 0.69 6 Eadie et al. (2015)
17. Breach of duty to warn 0.66 7 Eadie et al. (2015)
18. Design liability 0.69 6 Azhar (2011), Eadie et al. (2015), McAdam
(2010), Lindblad (2013)
19. Software liability 0.69 6 Eadie et al. (2015), McAdam (2010)
Finance-related barriers
20. Cost of BIM process, investment in software,
hardware and training
0.74 4 Gibbs et al. (2015), McAdam (2010)
21. Need to dedicate sufficient time and human
resource to the training process
0.77 3 Yan and Damian (2008), Arayici et al. (2011),
Lindblad (2013)
Table III.
Barriers to BIM
implementation in
the case study
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43
structural elements.”However, the top three barriers include “the need for re-engineering
many construction projects for successful transition towards BIM. The need to change
current business practices and work processes (resistance to change),”“lack of knowledge
and information on BIM benefits and compensation (lack of case study evidence of the
financial benefit of BIM),”and “collaboration and interface between the various
stakeholders; interoperability between various programs.”
Very few BIM studies have been carried out in Saudi Arabia as compared to the extant
literature available in the global arena. This study identifies the potential scope for research
related to BIM in Saudi Arabia, as well as areas with similar construction context. BIM
awareness and competency are still in their infancy, as confirmed by the 2011 BIM market
survey in the Middle East by BuildingSMART and a recent study by Gerges et al. (2017).
The issues highlighted include the lack of competence, skill, training and experience of BIM
in the region. The authors opine that there needs to be more research and awareness to
support the implementation of BIM in Saudi Arabia. The potential research areas in BIM
continue to increase exponentially, and a comprehensive review of these areas is beyond the
scope of this paper. However, a number of research directions, particularly those of
contextual significance to KSA, have been identified in this study.
Conclusion
An overview of BIM and its adoption and implementation in the global construction
industry, with a specific focus on the Saudi Arabian construction industry, has been
presented. The potential benefits and barriers to the implementation of BIM are identified
through a case study approach. Utmost care was taken to cover all the key areas of BIM
research, yet the authors apologize for possible of omission in citing relevant works. The
trends and developments of BIM in the global construction industry are highlighted, along
with a summary of the previous research efforts. Subsequently, an overview of the
construction industry in Saudi Arabia is provided, with a summary of the previous research
works and suggestions for future works. An interesting point noted in this study is the
policy initiative for BIM adoption in some countries. The “UK Government Construction
2025”vision is a significant example of such policies. Developing countries such as KSA will
need to promote such policy initiatives to achieve their overall goal of sustainable
development. Such policies will stimulate the research environment and catalyze rapid BIM
development in the region. Furthermore, the lack of sufficient research in the domain of BIM
in KSA, as shown in this study, is a potential opportunity for relevant stakeholders to call
for research papers, projects and funding. Finally, the authors believe that this paper would
definitely be of benefit to the researchers of KSA, in particular, and the global research
community, in general, in identifying and addressing the potential research gaps across the
BIM domain. Other potential beneficiaries of this study include designers, architects,
engineers, contractors, building material suppliers, facility managers and policymakers.
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methodologies”,Automation in Construction, Vol. 20 No. 2, pp. 155-166.
Corresponding author
Muizz O. Sanni-Anibire can be contacted at: muizzanibire10@gmail.com
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