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Content uploaded by Abderrahmane Herbadji
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All content in this area was uploaded by Abderrahmane Herbadji on Sep 25, 2020
Content may be subject to copyright.
Information Gathering and Controlling over the Internet by Internet of Things (IoT)
Abderrahmane Herbadji1*, Djamel Herbadji2, Abdelhadi Labiad3
1 Laboratoire d'Analyse des Signaux et Systémes (LASS), Department of Electronics, University of M'sila, BP 166, Route
Ichebilia, M'sila 28000, Algeria
2 Laboratoire de Recherche en Electronique de Skikda, Université 20 Août Skikda, BP 26 Route d'El-hadaeik Skikda 21000,
Algeria
3 Telecommunication, Signals & Systems Laboratory, University of Laghouat, Laghouat 30000, Algeria
Corresponding Author Email: abderrahmane.herbadji@univ-msila.dz
https://doi.org/10.18280/rces.070301
ABSTRACT
Received: 11 July 2020
Accepted: 20 August 2020
The main goal of this work is to create an application that has the ability to communicate,
connect, and control physical entities via the Internet. This purpose can be achieved by the
Internet of Things or Internet of everything (The more complete form) which is a new
revolution of the Internet to allow objects to be connected to the internet. Connected
objects can communicate with each other or with us via an HTML interface that allows to
create a communication between the user and the server ESP8266 through its IP address.
Objects have been connected wirelessly (WiFi communication). A sensor is used to collect
data then transfer it to the user via the Internet in order to make correct decisions in
anywhere at any time.
Keywords:
Internet of Things, embedded systems, WiFi,
Arduino
1. INTRODUCTION
Technology has become an integral part of our lives,
especially the internet. The internet is now widely used by
most people for a wide range of services: file sharing,
information retrieval, online shopping, banking, social media,
etc. [1-3]. But as the Internet continues to evolve, it not only
connects people with each other or with a service, but also
allows objects to connect with each other to get and share
information or to take action [4, 5]. The Internet of Things is
currently translating into an increase in the number of
connected objects. These objects carry a growing number of
sensors and actuators allowing them to measure the
environment and act on it, thus making the link between the
physical world and the virtual world [6, 7]. Specifically, the
Internet of Things poses several problems, in particular
because of its very large scale, its dynamic nature and the
heterogeneity of the data and the systems that compose it
(powerful / not very powerful, fixed / mobile devices, powered
by batteries / DC power supplies, etc.). These characteristics
require tools and methods for the creation of applications
capable of extracting useful information from the many
available data sources and of interacting with the environment,
by means of actuators, as well as with users, through dedicated
interfaces. Indeed, the Internet of Things must be designed for
easy use masking the underlying technological complexity,
and quiet handling preventing threats and potential risks [8].
In the IoT, any object is potentially connected to the Internet
and capable of communicating with other objects. This creates
new security threats [9, 10]. In the past, the Internet linked
traditional objects such as PCs, tablets, etc. But currently the
internet has to connect non-traditional objects [11].
In this work anew will try to connect previously
unconnected objects such as sensors and actuators (example:
LEDs, fans, temperature sensors) (see Figure 1), where
information technology will become integrated into the objects
of our daily life.
An application based on HTTP protocol has been created.
this application allow user to control the objects via The
ESP8266 module, which offers a WiFi communication. This
module is an electronic “component” that can easily be
integrated into electronic assemblies and will allow us to
create a client-server application. The application is
subdivided into two operating modes, automatic mode and
manual mode, in the latter mode the user will interact with the
objects connected through the IP address of the server. The fan
and LED control are managed by PWM pulse width
modulation. We are going to create an HTML interface in
order to allow the user to send and receive requests and
responses respectively using a web browser that uses the
HTTP protocol.
Figure 1. Principle of operation
Review of Computer Engineering Studies
Vol. 7, No. 3, September, 2020, pp. 49-54
Journal homepage: http://iieta.org/journals/rces
49
Figure 2. Communication protocol sn
Figure 3. Minimalist HTML5 page
As a result, various physical objects have been controlled.
where the elements are controlled remotely and automatically.
Each physical object has an IP address in the communication
network. Therefore, we could independently send/receive the
data to/from the various physical objects.
Objects are capable of communicating, either with each
other or with a command interface. We will use a development
kit based on the ESP8266 module which integrates GPIO,
PWM.
I2C, ADC and WiFi communication (with an integrated
mini antenna). As additional components we will use a
temperature sensor (LM35), LEDs and a fan (DC motor).
2. PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
The ESP8266 behaves like a web server and like a
microcontroller. The user issues a request to the server using
his IP address and his port number, which designates a
particular service of the server, the server receives the request
and responds using the address of the client machine and its
port. The router ensures the orientation of the data towards
such or such port according to the source and destination IP
addresses of the message. The microcontroller is passive until
the arrival of a request. When a request arrives, it performs the
appropriate action.
Our application resembles the client-server model. The
application layer provides an interface to the user, the
communication between the processes is managed by the
transport layer and its protocols (TCP, UDP) [12, 13].
Network layer protocols (IP address) organize communication
data from the source host to the destination host. Finally, the
data link layer prepares the network layer packets in order to
transmit them. (see Figure 2).
Figure 4. Arduino software interface
In the figure the port number 2387 represents the local port
of the client process - randomly determined by the operating
system, while port 80 is the port of the web server.
3. DEVELOPMENT TOOLS
3.1 Hardware tools
ESP8266 node MCU: The ESP-12E WiFi module is
developed by Ai-thinker Team, it offers a complete and
autonomous Wi-Fi network solution [14].
3.2 Outils software
Notepad ++: It is a website creation tool that supports
several languages. By optimizing many functions while
maintaining ease of use and a certain user-friendliness. Each
user can define the language they want to use, we used
Notepad++ with HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) to create our web interface.
HTML5 language: Html is the standard markup language
for creating web pages, it defines the content of web
pages.HTML elements are represented by tags. Browsers do
not display HTML tags, but use them (see Figure 3).
CSS3 language: CSS3 is the latest CSS standard. CSS isa
language that describes the style of an HTML document. It
describes how HTML elements should be displayed. In a CSS
code, there are three different elements: tag names, CSS values
and properties.
Arduino software: The Arduino modules programming
software is a Java application, free, multi-platform, source ope,
and easy to use, serving as code editor and compiler. It also
makes it possible to transfer the firmware and the program to
our module through the USB serial link [15]. The
programming language used in the Arduino software is the C
language. The source code of our web interface was written
50
with the editor Notepad ++ using the HTML5 language and
CSS3(see Figure 4). With the Arduino software, we translate
the code into C language and transfer it to the ESP8266.
4. IMPLEMENTATION
Users can communicate with the connected objects (fan
control, control of the LED brightness and the temperature
measured by the LM35) through their electronic devices such
as PCs, tablets and smart phones using the Internet source. The
fan is controlled using an BC337 npn transistor (see Figure 5).
Figure 5. The proposed client-server application
4.1 Communication between ESP8266 and WiFi router
The first step we do is to have the ESP8266 communicate
with the router wirelessly because the ESP8266 development
board offers WiFi communication. This wireless
communication solves distance and obstacle problems using
radio waves. WiFi communication can be presented according
to the Figure 7.
4.2 Client (user) - server communication (esp8266)
The server must still be active and wait for a request. If a
client connects to the server, the server waits for a request. The
request is sent to the server by the client (user) asking it to
perform an operation. The server can respond to or serve
multiple users or clients simultaneously. After processing the
request sent by the user, the server sends a response to the
client [5]. The flowchart below explains this communication,
see Figure 8.
4.3 The fan control
After reading the temperature displayed on our web
interface (see Figure 6), we can increase or reduce the fan
speed by 20% (the step chosen by us). The fan control is based
on the PWM pulse width modulation, the operating principle
of this modulation as shown in Figure 10 is to generate an
analog signal using a digital source (the Esp8266 offers 9 pins
which can be configured as PWM output). A PWM signal
consists of two elements (Figure 9):
The duty cycle: describes the duration during which the
signal is high, it is expressed in%.
Frequency: determines the speed at which the PWM cycles.
The average voltage then depends on the duty cycle. The fan
speed varies depending on this average voltage.
Figure 6. The configuration of the operating mode
Figure 7. ESP8266 WiFi communication flowchart
Figure 8. User communication program flowchart-Esp8266
51
The following flowchart (Figure 11) explains how the fan
speed is varied based on a PWM signal. the flowchart is
divided into two parts: one part is executed at the server level
and the other part is performed by the user.
Figure 9. A PWM signal
Figure 10. The fan control flowchart
4.4 LED brightness
Control The brightness of the LED is managed by a PWM
signal, the step of variation of the brightness is ±25% (see
Figure 12). After the brightness change (by the user), the
server displays the new brightness value in the web interface.
In our web interface, we have created buttons in order to
manage the speed of rotation of the fan or the brightness of the
LED, by pressing a button, the web browser sends a request to
the server. The request / response exchange between the user
and the server is carried out by the hypertext transfer protocol
(HTTP) via the IP address and the port (80) of the server.
HTTP was designed specifically for the web to allow access to
information stored on servers. It works like a request -
response protocol between the client and the server. The
following figures show the interaction between the user and
the server.
Figure 11. Automatic fan control flowchart
Figure 12. LED brightness control flowchart
4.5 Connected objects
In order to strengthen our application, we use two operating
modes, a manual mode which allows us to monitor and control
the objects connected remotely. This is the mode that we
explained in the previous titles. The second mode is the
52
automatic mode where objects communicate with each other.
In this mode the ESP8266 module behaves like a classic
microcontroller, and decides for itself the actions to take. The
operating mode is configured (chosen) remotely by the user.
The server deactivates the command buttons when a request
for automatic mode arrives in order to avoid any conflict (see
Figure 11). The electrical diagram of the connected objects is
displayed in Figure 14.
5. MODELIZATION
The internet of things consists of four elements: process,
data, people and things, our client-server system (application)
can be translated into an IoE model as shown in Figure 13.
Things: the “things” are the physical devices and objects
connected to the internet in our project the “things” are: the
fan and the LED.
Data: The Data collected by the LM35 temperature sensor
is processed at the level of the microcontroller and then
disseminated on the Internet so that the best decisions are
made.
Process: we can define a process as a transformation of
information, it is the process carried out by the microcontroller.
The microcontroller plays an important role because it
receives information from the outside (temperature sensor),
processes the information and then sends the commands to the
outside (fan).
People: users are able to interact with connected objects
thanks to the IP address of the ESP8266 module. Users
(customers) can control objects from anywhere and anytime.
Figure 13. Connected objects
Figure 14. Electrical diagram of our application carried out
6. CONCLUSION
In this project we studied the new paradigm “Internet of
things” (IoT), and as we have seen, IoT is a very promising
concept where technologies are naturally integrated into
everyday objects, because it affects almost all areas of our life.
IoT relies heavily on the infrastructure used by the Internet to
communicate between objects. The transition from the Internet
of Things to the Internet of Everything (IoE) paves the way for
connecting a very large number of objects, IoE tries to connect
everything that can be connected to the Internet. The key
elements of IoE are people, data, processes and objects
(things). IoE makes it possible to create new connections
between its different elements: Machine-to-machine (M2M),
Machine-to person (M2P) and Person-to-person (P2P). The
appearance of IPv6 which offers an almost unlimited address
field facilitates communication between a large number of
objects between them and also with us (users or customers).
The large number of heterogeneous objects connected to the
internet and the information exchanged between them in
different fields with advanced technologies amplify the risks,
vulnerabilities and security threats, IoT requires data
confidentiality, integrity and authentication.
The objective of our application is to connect physical
entities (examples: fan, temperature sensor and LED) to the
Internet. The information collected by the temperature sensor
is processed at the level of the ESP8266 microcontroller, then
sent back to customers or other physical entities using the
Internet telecommunications infrastructure. Our ESP8266
module also behaves like a web server to allow the user to
interact with objects connected via the IP address of the
ESP8266 server and the HTTP protocol. The user can interact
with these objects through a web interface designed using the
HTML5 and CSS3 languages. An “Internet of things”
application allows us to control and monitor connected objects
from anywhere at any time when needed. In the future work
automatic measuring the level to alert the peoples via secured
Short Message Service (SMS) mobile messages.
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