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Employing of Some Criteria in Soil Pollution Magnitude
Estimation by Residues of Electricity Musayyib Thermal Station
Abbas S.S. AL-Wotaify1 Marwa A.S. AL-Msafree2 Zaid A. S. Almamoury2
1Soil Sciences and Water resources, Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific research Agriculture
Coll. AL-Qasim Green Univ., Hilla, Iraq, dr.abbassabr@yahoo.com
2M.CS. Soil Sciences and Water resources, Agriculture Coll. AL-Qasim Green Univ., Hilla, Iraq,
marwaahmed19901993@gmail.com; Zaidalmoosawey@gmail.com
Abstract- The research dealt with the effect of the residues of Al-Musayyib electricity thermal station in
soil pollution with Vanadium, Chromium and Arsenic in Babylon governorate located between Longitude
°32 99 861 N and Latitude °44 29 00 E. The content of study soils from heavy metals was estimated ˊ ˊˊ ˊ ˊˊ
by XRF, it was high, especially V and Cr 210-265, 326.3-1126.0mg kg-1 respectively. Consequently, the CF
reached the highest values in sample Ss12via V and Cr: 3.73, 10.73; 3.63, 10.54 respectively compared with
Sco1 and Sco2, and so, PLI reached 4.56, 4.45 for heavy metals group in the same sample. While As
recorded the highest values in sample Ss11. Igeo recorded the highest values in sample Ss12 for V: 0.75, 0.73;
Cr: 2.15, 2.11 and As: 0.54, 0.53 in Ss11 compared with Sco1 and Sco2.
Keywords: Pollution factors; Geo-accumulation Index; Vanadium; Chromium; Arsenic; XRF.
I. INTRODUCTION
The human impact on the environment
has become widespread since the beginning of
the industrial revolution leading to
environmental changes were a clear risk to
health and natural balance in many ecosystems
through the accumulation residues of mining
operations and the burning of fuel such as coal,
petroleum and other Industries[1,2].Vanadium,
Chromium and Arsenic are considered heavy
elements resulting from fuel combustion,
especially electric generation stations are
soluble compounds in an ambit of pH towards
into alkaline [3,4]. Since the Iraqi soils locate
within the dry and semi-dry areas characterized
by pH is tended to alkaline and prevail in them
long-life power stations are located on the banks
of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers such as the
Musayyib thermal power station, which
surrounded an important agricultural soils
irrigated with Euphrates water and vegetation
cover from trees and orchards and crops with
economic benefits[5]. it is expected an
accumulation of these heavy elements reaching
humans is expected to be facilitated by food
chains from their agricultural and industrial
sources[6].
There are several indicators that can
estimate the magnitude of soil pollution in
heavy elements as a result of inputs of human
activity, including the pollution factor(CF)
provides a measure of the degree of overall
contamination of surface layer depending on
human activity inputs and lithogenic source[7).
Pollution Load Index(PLI)is a quick tool in
order to compare the pollution status of different
places through determined pollution severity
and its variation along the sites[8].While Index
of Geo-accumulation (Igeo) has been used
widely to evaluate the degree of environmental
contamination because of parent material
pollution for the terrestrial, aquatic and marine
environment [9]. In this study, an attempt has
been made to: 1) estimation of soil content of
heavy metals V, Cr and As; 2) using of some
criteria in the assessment of soil pollution
magnitude via the residues of electricity
Musayyib thermal station.
selected at a depth of 1-50cm, according to[10]
1
soil samples respectively[7].
PLI= (CF1 x CF2 x CF3 x….x CFn)1/n (3)
Where: PLI is pollution load index; CF1 and CF2
to CFn are values of the pollution agent for a
group of heavy metals in each site; n: means
number of heavy metals in that site[12].
Igeo = log2 Cmetal / 1.5 × Cmetal(control)] (4)
Where: Igeo is Index of Geo-accumulation.
Cmetal is the concentration of heavy metal in
enrich sample and Cmetal(control)is the
concentration of metal in unpolluted sample.
The factor 1.5 is used for possible variations of
background or control values due to lithological
variations in soil [13,14].
Pollution levels and degrees for these indicators:
CF, PLI and Igeo as shown in Table 1and2 [15,
16, 17].
TABLE1. GRADES AND LEVELS OF CF AND PLI
CF PLI
Grades Levels Grades Level
CF < 1 Low PLI= 0 Perfection
1 ≤ CF ≥ 3 Moderate PLI<1 Baseline
Level
2
Igeo
Grades Level
Igeo≤0 Unpolluted
0<Igeo≤1 Unpolluted to Moderate
1<Igeo≤2 Moderate
2<Igeo≤3 Moderate to Heavy
3<Igeo≤4 Heavy
4<Igeo≤5 Heavy to Severity
Igeo≤5 Severity
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Table3 shows dominance of clay,
followed silt and sand respectively in soil
samples Ss11 and Ss12. While sand was more
than clay and silt which alternate by the quantity
in samples Ss21 and Ss22. Quantity of clay and
sand were alternation, and silt finally in sample
Ss31, Ss32. Results indicate effecting river
sediment in the soils of studying and the flow
rate and its ability to carry the granules
according to size[18]. Therefore sand is near to
sedimentation source for its large size compared
to silt and clay which is transferred to far away
distances because of size less than 0.002 mm.
Accordingly, the comparison soil samples had a
texture between clay loam- clay due to river
source may be far away. pH of soils was
towards alkaline(Table3), perhaps encouraged
an accumulation of heavy metals in current
study soils.
TABLE3. SIZE DISRIBYTION OF SOIL
FRACTIONS AND pH
Samples Grain Size Distribution
(g kg-1)
Class of
Texture
pH
Sand Silt Clay
Ss11 105.7 170.0 724.3 C 7.7
Ss21 77.7 125.3 797.0 C 7.7
Ss21 519.0 113.0 368.0 SC 7.7
Ss22 527.0 305.0 168.0 L 7.4
Ss31 235.9 119.3 644.8 C 7.8
Ss32 426.1 209.5 364.4 CL 7.8
Sco1377.9 229.2 392.9 CL 7.5
Sco2255.8 325.5 418.7 C7.6
V was 210-265, Cr: 326.3-1126.0 and As:
10.2-12.2mg kg-1 in soils affected by electricity
thermal station residues(Table4). These heavy
metals were 70-73, 104.6-106.8 and 4.5-4.6 mg
kg-1 respectively in the compared soil. V
exceeded the value 60.4mg kg-1 cited by[19,20]
for the topsoil, as well as Cr was much greater
than the limit1-5mg kg-1 mentioned by[21].
Results indicate the accumulation of these
heavy metals due to station residues, especially
the V which uses in the power generating units
(Crude Oil).
TABLE4. THE CONTENT OF HEAY
METALS IN SOILS
Samples Heavy metals(mg kg-1)
V Cr As
Ss11 254.0 326.3 12.2
Ss21 265.0 1126.0 11.1
Ss21 253.0 411.0 11.6
Ss22 221.0 372.6 10.2
Ss31 210.0 520.3 10.5
Ss32 223.0 464.0 10.4
Sco171.0 104.6 4.5
Sco273.0 106.8 4.6
CF of heavy metals V: 2.96-3.73, Cr:
3.12-10.76 and 2.27-2.71 in soil polluted
samples with the Sco1 comparison, while they
were 2.88-3.63, 3.06-10.54 and 2.22-2.65
respectivily compared with Sco2. The levels of
contamination were moderate to considerable
for V, but they for Cr between very high to
considerable, Level of contamination via As
was moderate(Table5). CF for V and Cr
recorded the highest values 3.73, 10.72
respectively in the sample Ss21, and As was 2.71
in the sample Ss11 compared with Sco1 (Fig.1).
TABLE5. CONTAMINATION FACTOR OF
HEAVY METALS IN SOILS
Samples CF of heavy metals in
samples with Sco1
CF of heavy metals in
samples with Sco2
V Cr As V Cr As
Ss11 3.58 3.12 2.71 3.48 3.06 2.65
Ss21 3.73 10.72 2.47 3.63 10.54 2.41
Ss21 3.56 3.93 2.58 3.47 3.84 2.52
Ss22 3.11 3.56 2.27 3.03 3.49 2.22
Ss31 2.96 4.97 2.33 2.88 4.87 2.28
Ss32 3.14 4.44 2.31 3.05 4.34 2.26
Levels M-C VH-C M M-C VH-C M
M: Moderate; C: Considerable; VH: Very High
Ss11 Ss21 Ss 21 Ss 22 Ss 31 Ss32
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
3.12
10.72
2.71 2.27
3.73
2.96
CF metals in soil polluted with Sco1
V
C
r
A
s
Fig.1MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM VALUES
OF CF IN SOILS 2.90-4.56, 2.83-4.45 in soil polluted samples
3
Table1 that all soil samples were polluted by
heavy metals in the present study.
TABLE6. POLLUTION LOAD INDEX OF
HAVY METALS IN SOILS
Samples PLI for metals in
samples with Sco1
PLI for metals in
samples with Sco2
V Cr As V Cr A
s
Ss11 3.08 3.01
Ss21 4.56 4.45
Ss21 3.27 3.19
Ss22 2.90 2.83
Ss31 3.21 3.14
Ss32 3.14 3.07
Index of Geo-accumulation results in
Table6 were 0.59-0.75, 0.62-2.15 and 0.45-0.54
of V, Cr and As respectively in soil polluted
with comparison the Sco1, and so was 0.58-0.73,
0.61-2.11 and 0.44-0.53 for V, Cr and As in soil
polluted with comparison the Sco2(7). It was a
moderate level of pollution (Table2), except for
Cr was a moderate to heavy level of
contamination(2.11-2.15) in Ss12 sample.
TABLE7. INDEX OF GEO-CCUMULATION
FOR HEAVY METALS IN SOILS
Samples Igeo of metals in
samples with Sco1
Igeo of metals in
samples with Sco2
V Cr As V Cr As
Ss11 0.72 0.62 0.54 0.70 0.61 0.53
Ss21 0.75 2.15 0.49 0.73 2.11 0.48
Ss21 0.71 0.79 0.52 0.69 0.77 0.50
Ss22 0.62 0.71 0.45 0.61 0.70 0.44
Ss31 0.59 0.99 0.47 0.58 0.97 0.46
Ss32 0.63 0.89 0.46 0.61 0.87 0.45
It most is noted here that all the results of the
polluted samples compared to the sample
Sco1were always higher than the results of
comparison with the sample Sco2 because their
content of heavy metals was high compared to
the sample values Sco1(Table2).
Igeo for V and Cr recorded the highest values
0.75, 2.15 respectively in the sample Ss21 too,
and so As was 0.54 in Ss11, as a result of their
higher content of these heavy metals under
study(Fig.2).
The differences between the values of the
CF and the results of Igeo confirm that there are
pollution inputs other than the parent material
that Igeo refers to it; perhaps they were added to
the study soils due to the thermal electricity
station residues ,and the differences between the
values of the pollutant load index and the results
of ground accumulation, mean that there is
sedimentation of heavy metals in the soil of the
study from the sources transferred by the air or
water currents in addition to parent materials.
Ss11 Ss21 Ss21 Ss22 Ss31 Ss32
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
0.62
2.15
0.54 0.45
0.75
0.59
Igeo of metals in soil polluted samples with Sco1
V
C
r
Fig.2 MAXIMUM AND MINIMUM OF Igeo
IN SOIL POLLUTED SAMPELS
III. CONCLUSIONS
The current study found that the content of the soils from V, Cr and As metals were high. Thus,
the CF, especially Cr reached a very high level in some samples affected Musayyib electricity thermal
station residues. The PLI was greater than one for refers to that all the sites were polluted. The Igeo
was moderate to heavy, except arsenic was unpolluted to moderate.
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